皮秒脉冲泵浦光子晶体光纤超连续谱产生的研究

在包含自发拉曼散射噪声的广义非线性薛定愕方程的基础上,利用单光子噪声模型,理论研究了泵浦脉冲的中心频率和峰值功率对皮秒脉冲在光子晶体光纤中时域和频域演化的影响．发现在正常色散区泵浦,由色散和自相位调制的联合作用引起光波分裂导致皮秒脉冲展宽;零色散波长附近泵浦,光波展宽以四波混频为主;反常色散区域泵浦,调制的不稳定性将初始脉冲分解成一系列孤子脉冲后,高阶孤子分裂、拉曼散射、孤子自频是导致光谱展宽的主要机制．自相位调制感应调制不稳定性在皮秒脉冲初始分裂过程中发挥了重要作用。     

耗散孤子和束缚态脉冲可切换的超连续谱产生

当超短脉冲进入高非线性光纤时,在色散和非线性效应的共同作用下,脉冲频谱中会产生一些新的频率分量,使得输出频谱比输入频谱宽得多。这种光谱被称为超连续谱。超连续谱光源具有光谱范围宽、方向性好、亮度高、空间相干性好等优点。在锁模激光器中,传统孤子、耗散孤子和类噪声脉冲可以作为种子源产生超连续谱。文中,笔者建立了一个NPR被动锁模光纤激光器来产生脉冲激光。然后,添加一段DCF以补偿腔中的色散,从而产生耗散孤子。同时,通过调节腔内PC,可以实现束缚态和耗散孤子的状态切换。输出脉冲经10 m单模光纤压缩后注入部分拉锥后的高非线性光纤以产生超连续谱。实验中,我们得到了脉宽为5.6 ps、重复频率为32 MHz、信噪比为52 dB的耗散孤子锁模脉冲,压缩后的脉冲宽度为868 fs,用作超连续谱产生。超连续谱的覆盖范围约为1200~2200 nm,其20 dB谱宽为357 nm。通过调节偏振控制器,实现耗散孤子脉冲与束缚态脉冲之间的切换,束缚态脉冲持续时间为1.4 ps,脉冲间隔为14 ps,信噪比为51 dB,产生1600~1870 nm的超连续光谱,20 dB的光谱宽度为135 nm。     

高非线性光子晶体光纤中超连续谱产生的特性研究

利用数值方法求解广义非线性薛定谔方程,数值模拟了光脉冲在高非线性光子晶体光纤正常色散区超连续谱产生的演化,研究和分析了脉冲参数如峰值功率,脉冲宽度及初始频率啁啾对超连续谱形成的影响.结果表明,当脉冲峰值功率一定时,随着传输距离增大,超连续谱随之愈宽,平坦度愈好;随着脉冲峰值功率逐渐增大,超连续谱随之更宽,平坦度有所劣化.相反,脉冲宽度逐渐增大,超连续谱展宽范围减小,其平坦度也逐渐劣化;具有适当的正负啁啾脉冲,在高非线性光子晶体光纤传输中获得宽而平坦超连续谱.     

Dispersion-Engineered Photonic Crystal Fibers for CW-Pumped Supercontinuum Sources

We report recent advances on the spectral control of continuous-wave-pumped supercontinuum sources. We show that the generated infrared SC spectrum can be tailored by using photonic crystal fibers with two zero-dispersion wavelengths. The dynamics of the spectral broadening is studied, and we show that slightly different nonlinear mechanisms occur as the zero-dispersion wavelengths are brought closer to each other. We also report the generation of a visible continuous-wave-pumped supercontinuum by using dispersion engineered photonic crystal fibers in which the zero-dispersion wavelength slightly decreases as a function of length over 200 m. The resulting supercontinuum source spans from 650 nm to 1380 nm with an average output power of 19.5 W. The nonlinear mechanisms producing this spectacular effect are carefully investigated with support of numerical simulations. We show that the generation of visible wavelengths is due to the trapping of dispersive waves by powerful red-shifting solitons.      

Noise of a single-ion frequency standard

A frequency source supposed to serve as a standard requires feedback for short-term and long-term frequency control. A spectral discriminant for short-term control may be provided, in the microwave regime, by a hyperfine resonance of a multi-ion ensemble confined in an electrodynamic trap, and in the optical regime by an eigenmode of a focal Fabry-Pérot cavity. For long-term frequency control, resonances of single trapped ions are discriminants of superior accuracy although the controlled frequency shows random fluctuations caused by noise on the feedback signal. Its fundamental contribution is quantum projection noise. The detection of fluorescence for the generation of feedback is incompatible with the ions being prepared in a superposition state in the excitation by the wave emitted from the oscillator. Attempts of circumventing this limitation by preparing ensembles of correlated ions prior to the measurement (spin squeezing) are reviewed.     

脉冲内部受激喇曼散射对暗孤子的影响

利用数值分析,研究了在高能状态下脉冲内部受激喇曼散射（ISRS）对暗孤子的影响．分析表明,暗孤子在ISRS的影响下,在时间域和频率域上都有自漂移现象,并随输入脉冲强度的增加而漂移增大。文中还将亮狐子与暗孤子进行比较,证明了相同条件下,暗孤子比亮孤子所受的影响更小。     

高阶效应对微结构光纤中超连续谱产生的影响

采用分布傅立叶方法求解了广义非线性薛定谔方程（GNSE）,数值模拟了飞秒激光脉冲在微结构光纤中的非线性传输和超连续谱的产生,详细分析了脉冲拉曼散射、自陡峭效应以及三阶色散对超连续光谱产生的影响。分析结果表明：超短脉冲在微结构光纤中传输时出现孤子自频移现象,同时也发现脉冲内拉曼散射和自相位调制的联合作用导致高阶孤子分裂,光谱得到极大展宽,在时域中出现两个滞后的拉曼孤子,三阶色散和自陡效应对光谱的形状影响较小,起着与脉冲内拉曼散射相反的作用,自陡效应比三阶色散效应对光脉冲的影响大一些。     

Modulational Instability and Stimulated Raman Scattering in Normally Dispersive Highly Birefringent Fibers

The nonlinear interaction of two laser beams in normally dispersive highly birefringent optical fibers leads to a large set of fascinating physical effects such as modulational instability (MI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). These two nonlinear phenomena have a positive role as a mechanism for the generation of short optical pulses and represent a drawback in fiber-optics transmissions. Indeed, we will show that an induced process of modulational instability may be exploited for the generation of THz train of vector dark solitons. The technique of frequency-resolved optical gating is used to completely characterize the intensity and phase of the dark soliton trains. On the other hand, we shall discuss control processes for MI and SRS in birefringent optical fibers. In particular, we analyze experiments showing that with dual-frequency, orthogonal polarization pumping one may achieve the simultaneous suppression of modulational instability and substantial reduction of stimulated Raman scattering.     

扩散对非相干耦合屏蔽光伏亮孤子之间相互作用的影响

为了得到扩散效应对非相干耦合屏蔽光伏亮-亮孤子对相互作用的影响的结果,将两束互不相干的光束做为入射波,采用数值方法求解有扩散的波传播方程.结果表明,当两孤子中心间距适当的条件下,非相干屏蔽光伏亮孤子对之间发生相互吸引和缠绕现象;如果两孤子间距过大或过小时,孤子之间没有相互作用.扩散效应使两孤子光束整体向同一方向偏转.     

Effect of Initial Frequency Chirp on Supercontinuum Generation in Dispersion-flattened Fibers

. Supercontinuum generation in dispersion-flattened fibers is studied theoretically. It is found that the flat spectral width of the supercontinuum generation in normal dispersion-flattened fiber can be increased from 66 nm to over 100 nm when the absolute value of the initial frequency chirps is increased from zero to 10. It is further found that initial frequency chirps are adverse to flat and wideband supercontinuum generation in anomalous dispersion-flattened fiber, and when the absolute value of the frequency chirps is increased to a certain degree, supercontinuum spectrum even can not be achieved.     

Quadratic cavity solitons-the up-conversion case

We derive mean-field equations for intra-cavity second-harmonic generation. Based on this model, we show that a variety of quadratic cavity solitons can exist. Highly symmetric and resting cavity solitons originate from primary bifurcations of the underlying stationary plane wave solutions. For certain control parameters, these solutions may undergo a secondary bifurcation leading to symmetry-reduced and/or moving/breathing quadratic cavity solitons. In particular, we predict for the first time the existence of triangular cavity solitons and derive a criterion for an nonequilibrium Ising-Bloch transition.     

克尔双周期PT对称光晶格中的空间光孤子

数值研究了克尔双周期Parity-time对称光晶格中能存在的空间光孤子。通过平面波展开法详细研究了此光晶格的带隙结构并获得其相变点。数值研究了此光晶格中能存在的空间光孤子及其传播稳定性。数值结果显示位于不同周期波导上的空间光孤子其稳定性区间不同。     

On the formation of noise-like pulses in fiber ring cavity configurations

We give an overview of the current status of fiber-based noise-like pulse (NLP) research conducted over the past decade, together with presenting the newly conducted, systematic study on their temporal, spectral, and coherence characteristics in nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR)-based erbium-doped fiber ring cavity configurations. Firstly, our study includes experimental investigations on the characteristic features of NLPs both in the net anomalous dispersion regime and in the net normal dispersion regime, in comparison with coherent optical pulses that can alternatively be obtained from the same cavity configurations, i.e., with the conventional and dissipative solitons. Secondly, our study includes numerical simulations on the formation of NLPs, utilizing a simplified, scalar-field model based on the characteristic transfer function of the NPR mechanism in conjunction with the split-step Fourier algorithm, which offer a great help in exploring the interrelationship between the NLP formation and various cavity parameters, and eventually present good agreement with the experimental results. We stress that if the cavity operates with excessively high gain, i.e., higher than the levels just required for generating coherent mode-locked pulses, i.e., conventional solitons and dissipative solitons, it may trigger NLPs, depending on the characteristic transfer function of the NPR mechanism induced in the cavity. In particular, the NPR transfer function is characterized by the critical saturation power and the linear loss ratio. Finally, we also report on the applications of the fiber-based NLP sources, including supercontinuum generation in a master-oscillator power amplifier configuration seeded by a fiber-based NLP source, as one typical example. We expect that the NLP-related research area will continue to expand, and that NLP-based sources will also find more applications in the future.     

Optical spectral broadening and supercontinuum generation in telecom applications

We overview the recent development in applications of spectral broadening and supercontinuum generation in the field of optical communications. Special attention is dedicated to recent results obtained in our research groups.     

利用超连续谱激光实现自由空间光通信

超连续谱光源具有丰富的带宽,是信号载体的优秀候选者。设计并搭建了利用超连续谱光源的空间无线光通信系统,讨论了超连续谱产生的条件以及输出光斑直径不同位置下的光谱。采用了电光调制方式对超连续谱光源进行调制,通过比较输入与输出的数字方波信号证明了电光调制进行超连续谱空间光通信的可行性。成功利用该系统演示了对原始图像信号的采集和显示,最后通过对接收端信号的整形放大恢复出了原始信号,实现了图像信号在4 m范围内的传输。实验结果表明:将超连续谱作为光信号载体,在空间大气信道条件下可以实现对图像信号进行无线传输。     

A microstructure-fiber-based 10-GHz synchronized tunable optical parametric oscillator in the 1550-nm regime

We demonstrate a microstructure-fiber (MF)-based supercontinuum source and a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator in the 1550-nm regime. By using a 12.5-m-long MF, we obtained a 10-GHz repetition-rate picosecond-pulse source that is capable of /spl sim/120-nm wavelength tunability due to the wide-gain bandwidth of the combined processes of stimulated Raman scattering and parametric four-wave mixing.     

色散平坦渐减光纤产生平坦超连续谱的数值研究

通过数值计算，对色散平坦渐减光纤(DFDF)产生平坦超连续谱(SC)进行了研究。结果表明，该光纤中抽运脉冲峰值功率对超连续谱的形成有着重要的影响，超连续谱的产生存在阈值功率，抽运脉冲峰值功率由阈值逐步增大，超连续谱随之愈宽，平坦度愈好，但增大到一定值时，超连续谱的平坦度会开始劣化，综合考虑各因素找到了产生平坦超连续谱的最佳功率；四阶和五阶群速度色散(GVD)是该种光纤产生平坦超连续谱的决定因素，三阶及五阶以上群速度色散的作用可以忽略；进一步研究发现，超连续谱频谱展宽的机理主要来自脉冲的自相位调制效应，自变陡、受激拉曼散射等高阶非线性效应对平坦超连续谱的产生没有显著影响，在计算的时候完全可以忽略。     

基于微结构光纤的10 GHz超过1100信道的平坦超连续谱光源

报道了一种基于微结构光纤的宽带、平坦超连续谱(SC)光源。利用锁模半导体激光器产生的1.6ps,重复率为10GHz的光脉冲,通过一段80m的色散平坦高非线性微结构光纤(HNL-MF),在1.55μm波长区域产生了谱宽超过100nm的平坦超连续谱。实验中采用的微结构光纤的非线性系数约为11W-1·km-1。光纤具有小的正常色散和平坦的色散特性,在1550nm波长处,光纤的色散值约为-0.58ps·nm-1·km-1,而在1500～1650nm波长范围内,光纤的色散值变化小于1.5ps·nm-1·km-1。实验中获得的宽带、平坦超连续谱在1503～1593nm宽达90nm的波长范围内,具有±2.5dB的平坦度。该宽带、平坦超连续谱能同时提供波长间隔为10GHz,超过1100路的多波长载波信道。通过对光谱滤波,获得了速率为10Gbit/s的多波长脉冲序列。这样的超连续谱光源在波分复用(WDM)光通信系统、光波长变换等方面都有重要的应用。     

飞秒脉冲在高非线性光纤中产生超连续谱的特性研究

采用分步傅里叶方法,对飞秒脉冲在高非线性光纤中超连续谱的形成过程进行了研究,分析了脉冲峰值功率,脉冲宽度及初始频率啁啾对超连续谱特性的影响.结果表明,脉冲峰值功率、脉冲宽度以及初始啁啾对超连续谱的形成有着极其重要的影响;当脉冲峰值功率逐渐增大,超连续谱随之愈宽(-20dB处谱宽从170nm展宽到400nm以上),平坦度愈好.与之相反,脉冲宽度逐渐增大,超连续谱展宽范围减小,其平坦度也逐渐劣化;初始负啁啾有利于脉冲SC谱的展宽而正啁啾使脉冲SC谱的展宽受到一定抑制.进一步研究表明,适当的峰值功率超短啁啾脉冲在高非线性光纤传输时,得到没有泵浦成份残余的超宽且平坦超连续谱.     

Power-dependent dispersion in far-off-resonant raman scattering

We investigate the saturation effects of power broadening, Stark shifting, and population transfer on Stokes conversion in stimulated Raman scattering. We do not make the usual rotating wave approximation because the detuning from the next electronic state is assumed to be in the optical regime. Retaining the counter-rotating terms allows an exact determination of the pump and Stokes indexes of refraction. Steady-state solutions for the Stokes intensity and phase are obtained and the effects of making the rotating wave approximation (RWA) are discussed. Finally, we examine the behavior of these solutions for Stokes conversion in hydrogen gas when geometric propagation is appropriate.