5G终端MIMO OTA测试与标准化研究进展

随着通信技术的发展,终端多天线系统的设计中引入了更多5G天线,MIMO技术的复杂性使得多天线用户设备在性能评估与测试验证中面临更大挑战.介绍了 5G移动终端FR1频段MIMO OTA测试技术,对比了与LTE MIMO OTA测试方法的关键差异,在实际多探头全电波暗室(MPAC)环境下采用多款5G商用终端开展了 4×4及2×2 MIMO OTA性能测试.结果表明,FR1 MIMO OTA测试方案能够有效地区分不同用户设备(UE)的多天线性能差异,且现有5G终端产品在不同测试姿态、测试角度下多天线性能差异较大.文章还从实测与标准化角度解读了 3GPP、CCSA、CTIA在5G终端FR1 MIMO OTA测试方面的研究进展.     

5G终端OTA测试的挑战和标准化进展——多天线MIMO

介绍了5G无线终端在FR1与FR2频段的MIMO OTA测试方法,描述了与LTE MIMO OTA测试方案的差异以及5G测试面临的挑战,详细分析了最新的5G MIMO OTA技术,从标准化角度分析了CCSA、CTIA和3GPP在5G多天线测试标准方面的研究进展,比对分析了多探头法(MPAC)、辐射两步法(RTS)的技术特点和标准化现状。     

MIMO OTA测试区域扩大方法及信道建模实现原理

本文介绍了当前MIMO OTA测试方法的几个类别,着重对基于暗室和多探头的测试方法及其原理进行了阐述,在信道建模的理论基础上提出了将空间相关性函数作为评价因子,对信道仿真器的物理通道和配置进行优化的方法。通过仿真分析了在同等物理通道数量的情况下,优化算法能够得到更大的测试区域,进而将此结论用于全环多探头方案,第一次颠覆了业界原先认为全环法最少需要8个双极化探头,即16个物理通道的信道仿真器才能进行准确测试的看法。在广播电视规划院全环法多探头暗室中,进行了信道空间相关性验证测试,以及4款不同手持终端的吞吐量测试,实测数据验证了算法的有效性:在目前3GPP和CTIA定义的UMi信道模型中,仅占用信道仿真器的8个物理通道就可以实现常规16个物理通道才能完成的双极化全环法MIMO OTA测试,且两者的吞吐量曲线相互重合。     

EB MIMO OTA测试系统在NEC卡西欧移动通信搭建完毕

伊莱比特(简称EB,纳斯达克-OMX代码:EBC1V),这家为无线和汽车行业提供领先嵌入式解决方案的芬兰开发商最近成功在日本高科技公司NEC卡西欧移动通信搭建了其EBMIMO OTA测试系统。该MIMOOTA测试系统的运行基于EBPropsim无线信道仿真仪和吸波暗室等配套设备。NEC卡西欧移动通信利用EB这套高级测试系统测量其多天线MIMO移动设备,如LTE终端设备的射频性能和数据吞吐量。传统的传导(电缆连接)测试系统由于不能测试多条天线的效果,而无法精确测量无线MIMO终端装置。EBMIMO OTA测试技术为吸波暗室中的无线设备创建了一个用户自定义的、真实、复杂的无线信道环境     

OTA MIMO测试的发展与应用

多输入多输出(MIMO)技术是4G LTE和5G系统的重要技术之一.随着5G通信频率以及通信带宽的的提升,宽带信号在传播链路中幅度和相位不平坦度将引入更大的MIMO空口(OTA)测量不确定性;另外大尺寸无线终端也面临MIMO测量方法选择的问题.为解决这两个问题,文章介绍了MIMO信道模型以及MIMO吞吐率的OTA测试方法:混响室法(RC)、多探头法(MPAC)、辐射两步法(RTS),并比较了不同方法的物理原理和应用差异,提出了基于RTS方法的小耦合箱宽带MIMO测试方法和基于机械臂的大型被测件MIMO测量方法,以指导工程师选择适合的方法进行无线终端的MIMO评估.     

“基于机器学习的5G与B5G信道建模及仿真技术”专刊前言

目前5G低频段移动通信系统正在商用化,随着未来物联网大规模机器通信业务接入的需求,5G毫米波系统的商用化已为期不远.同时,为了提升网络覆盖及频谱利用效率等,B5G空天地一体化网络研究正在全球范围内展开.传统的信道建模与仿真研究主要基于信道的统计特性与规律,适用于移动通信系统级性能评估、仿真和设计,本专刊基于机器学习的5G和B5G信道建模及仿真技术能准确地反映信道的时变特性,能很好地实现与环境的适配和精细化表征移动通信链路级信道电波传播特性.B5G空天地一体化网络电波环境更为复杂,精准的信道建模及仿真技术与空间电波环境、地形地貌等数据库紧密相连,专刊的出版将对空天地一体化B5G大数据信道建模与仿真技术研究有重要的指导意义.     

太赫兹通信关键技术及应用场景分析

6G“万物智联、数字孪生”愿景实现的基础在于打造一个全域覆盖的移动通信网络。太赫兹无线通信因其高传输速率、低延时、高吞吐量和抗干扰等特点成为6G移动通信网的首选技术。文章通过介绍太赫兹通信的电路系统、信道建模、通感一体化、超大规模多输入多输出(UM-MIMO)等关键技术和研究现状,预测了太赫兹技术在未来应用场景,并展望了太赫兹在6G时代的发展前景。     

变电站内5G终端通信信道建模与分析

以巡检机器人为代表的终端设备在变电站中应用广泛,第五代移动通信(5G)技术发展迅速,未来5G可移动终端在变电站的应用将会越来越多。通信系统的性能与无线信道息息相关,因此研究变电站中可移动终端的5G通信信道特性至关重要。文章针对变电站三维(3D)散射环境下5G可移动终端的通信信道的特性问题,基于多输入多输出技术,提出采用几何分析法建立3D信道模型,并推导出了信道的时间自相关函数、空间互相关函数。基于5G频段,仿真并分析了无线信道的自相关和互相关特性;研究了不同大小的莱斯因子对无线信道特性的影响。上述仿真结果表明了5G终端在变电站的可用性,拓宽了变电站场景下可移动终端运用5G通信技术的研究。     

5G终端MIMO OTA测试方法研究现状与展望

MIMO(multi-input multi-output)OTA(over-the-air)测试是评估天线系统辐射性能的重要方法,也是设备在研发、生产阶段必经的步骤之一。随着5G移动通信系统的到来,毫米波等新特性的引入,为传统MIMO OTA测试方法带来了新的挑战,也使得OTA测试成为5G毫米波终端唯一可行的测试解决方案。首先论述了5G OTA测试所面临的挑战,分析了4G移动通信系统OTA测试方法在5G OTA性能测试中的适用性,并探究了如何将低频测试方法扩展到毫米波终端测试。然后总结了3GPP对于MIMO OTA测试的研究现状,详细阐述了简单扇形排列的多探头吸波暗室(simple-sectored multi-probe anechoic chamber,SS-MPAC)的系统模型、测试原理以及性能评价指标等,并验证了SS-MPAC配置中利用更少的探头仍可以获得合理的测试精度。最后对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

5G毫米波OTA测试技术

毫米波(mmWave)是5G通信关键技术之一,5G将在网络容量、数据速率和时延等方面带来革命性的改进。5G测试从以往传导式测试向空口测试变革。分析了5G毫米波大带宽OTA测试将遇到的挑战及困难,并提出了多种OTA测试关键技术,深入探讨5G毫米波大带宽OTA测试平台构建,完成了对多种设备在毫米波OTA下的整机射频性能测试。     

一种基于分布式功率控制的侧行链路高谱效传输机制

第五代(5th Generation, 5G)无线通信系统除了支持蜂窝通信,还支持侧行链路(Sidelink, SL)通信,即两个用户设备(User Equipment, UE)之间可以直接通信,而不需要经过基站中转,有利于降低传输时延、提升资源利用率。在现有的SL分布式系统中,主要通过简单的能量测量进行干扰规避,资源复用准则欠佳,导致中高用户密度场景下吞吐受限。为此,提出了一种基于分布式功率控制的SL高谱效传输机制。各发送UE基于目标链路的信道状态信息(Channel State Information, CSI)和其他干扰链路的CSI进行功率优化,以实现局部范围内多个通信链路的和吞吐最大化;进一步,设计了广播式的CSI测量上报机制能实现多链路的分布式功率控制和资源选择。仿真结果表明,所提方案相比于现有的SL分布式资源分配机制,在中高用户密度下可获得30%～100%的吞吐增益;此外,所提方案相比于现有WiFi的载波侦听多址(Carrier Sense Multiple Access, CSMA)分布式信道接入机制,在中高用户密度下可获得50%～200%的吞吐增益。     

5G毫米波终端测试方法及分析

在5G毫米波终端空口（over the air,OTA）射频一致性测试中，等效全向辐射功率（effective isotropicradiatedpower,EIRP）和总辐射功率（totalradiatedpower,TRP）类测试是重要的OTA测试项。目前依靠3GPP定义的随机扫描锁定最大波束的方式决定最大EIRP和TRP，但该方法既耗时又缺乏准确性。提出一种非信令的测试方法，相比于目前的EIRP、TRP测试方法，不仅提高了准确性，而且使得非方向性OTA场地作为测量环境成为可能，进一步降低了测试成本和时间成本，并增加了测试环境选择的灵活度。     

Resource allocation in cognitive radio network with energy harvesting

Considering the diversity of energy harvesting capability and spectrum sensing accuracy of SU,as well as dynamic channel quality,under the constraint of energy causality,the secondary network throughput maximization problem in single-hop cognitive radio networks with energy harvesting was studied.The transmission channel selection,transmission power control and transmission time allocation of SU were jointly optimized.Since the optimization problem was non-convex,by converting it into a series of convex optimization sub-problems,the optimize transmission power and transmission time algorithm (OPTA) was obtained.Compared with the existing resource allocation algorithms,such as,hybrid differential evolution algorithm (HDEA),optimized transmission algorithm (OTA),and random assignment channel algorithm (RA),the simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.For example,under the same maximum transmission power constraint,the throughput of the proposed OPTA scheme could increase by around 6%,37% and 50% than that of HDEA,OTA and RA schemes respectively.Under the same channel gain diversity,the throughput of the proposed OPTA scheme could increase by around 30%,60% and 94% than that of HDEA,OTA and RA schemes respectively.Under the same energy harvesting efficiency diversity,the throughput of the proposed OPTA scheme could increase by around 27%,50% and 92% than that of HDEA,OTA and RA schemes respectively.     

Stochastic modeling for energy efficiency in modified directional discontinuous reception for LTE-5G networks

Fifth-generation (5G) networks deal with high-frequency data rates, ultra-low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, more availability, and a more uniform user experience. To validate the high-frequency rates, 5G networks engage beam searching operation. By adopting a beam searching state between the short and long sleep, one can reduce the system's delay. The energy consumption of user equipment (UE) in 5G networks is much higher than in the 4G networks. To reduce the energy consumption and increase the energy saving in UE, Long-Term Evolution (LTE)-5G networks adopt the discontinuous reception (DRX) scheme with a fixed number of short sleep. LTE-DRX without beam search operation (i.e., beam alignment) cannot work in 5G networks. Hence, keeping this scenario in mind, we have modeled a new modified directional discontinuous reception (MD-DRX) mechanism for LTE-5G networks. The MD-DRX mechanism captures the behavior of a beam searching, an inactive, an active, a long sleep, an ON, and a short sleep states. The short sleep state consists of a maximum $M$ short sleep. To get the optimal energy saving and energy consumption (i.e., energy efficiency) from the MD-DRX mechanism, it is required to check the system's throughput. The trade-off between energy saving/energy consumption and throughput will provide the system's optimal energy saving and optimal energy consumption. In this paper, we have obtained the system's optimal energy saving and throughput by optimizing the maximum short sleep and short sleep duration. To get the energy efficiency for LTE-5G networks, the trade-off between average energy consumption/energy saving and throughput is shown.     

Hierarchical and Hybrid Cell Load Balancing in 5G Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

In Fifth Generation (5G) Heterogeneous Mobile Networks (HetNets), deploying dense small cell networks makes user association more challenging. The process of collecting cell load information from the User Equipments (UEs) and broadcasting the feedback message involves significant overhead and time complexity. Moreover, the UEs may not know the optimum cell to reselect, satisfying its data rate requirements. In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, we propose to design an Hierarchical and Hybrid Cell Load Balancing (HHCLB) technique using Selective Handoff. In this technique, the UEs of each cell are grouped into clusters depending on their proximity distance. Each cluster contains a cluster controller (CC) which is in charge of determining the intra-cell load and redirecting the cell-reselection request of a UE. If the data rate of any UE in a cluster becomes less than its required rate, then the cell reselection process is performed. By simulation results, it is shown that load balancing can be done proactively (implicitly) by the CCs when the load is unbalanced or can be done on demand (explicitly) when a UE send a request for cell reselection. In the case of Macro cells, HHCLB attains 71% higher throughput for low load scenario and 59% higher throughput for high load scenario. Similarly, in the case of Femto cells, HHCLB attains 19% higher throughput for low load scenario and 27% higher throughput for high load scenario.     

5G终端空闲态节能方案分析

由于大带宽、大规模天线、高速率等新特性的引入,5G终端的能耗问题比4G终端更加严峻,成为影响5G网络用户体验的重要原因之一。3GPP标准化组织开展了与NR终端节能课题相关的研究,R16协议版本主要面向连接态下的终端节能优化,R17协议版本则主要面向空闲态终端节能优化。首先分析了空闲态下的终端节能问题,同时与LTE终端能耗进行对比。针对寻呼检测和时频跟踪过程的能耗问题提出了节能优化解决方案,进行了节能增益分析,该方案可以降低5G终端的能耗,为后续5G商用终端空闲态的节能技术指明了方向。     

一种CQI辅助的HARQ改进方案

下一代移动通信系统在高速移动的条件下,需要更高的吞吐量和更大的带宽。这就需要采用更好的信道编码（turbo码等）、HARQ策略和信道均衡技术。但是,turbo译码是一个复杂的过程,在进行信号处理时会耗费用户大量的时间和功率。因此与turbo译码相关的HARQ策略会对系统性能产生很大影响。提出了一种CQI辅助的HARQ策略。这种策略主要利用了已经测量得到的CQI来跳过HARQ在首次传输和重传过程中不必要的解调和译码过程。通过采用HARQ策略,当误帧率高于门限时可以节省UE端大约55%的功率。     

Full‐Duplex Operations in Wireless Powered Communication Networks

In this paper, a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) consisting of a hybrid access point (H‐AP) and multiple user equipment (UE), all of which operate in full‐duplex (FD), is described. We first propose a transceiver structure that enables FD operation of each UE to simultaneously receive energy in the downlink (DL) and transmit information in the uplink (UL). We then provide an energy usage model in the proposed UE transceiver that accounts for the energy leakage from the transmit chain to the receive chain. It is shown that the throughput of an FD WPCN using the proposed FD UE (FD‐WPCN‐FD) can be maximized by optimal allocation of the UL transmission time to the UE by solving a convex optimization problem. Simulation results reveal that the use of the proposed FD UE efficiently improves the throughput of a WPCN with a practical self‐interference cancellation capability at the H‐AP. Compared to the WPCN with FD H‐AP and half‐duplex (HD) UE, FD‐WPCN‐FD achieved an 18% throughput gain. In addition, the throughput of FD‐WPCN‐FD was shown to be 25% greater than that of WPCN in which an H‐AP and UE operated in HD.