Microstructures and properties of WC-2OCo-1Y2O3 cemented carbide by hot-press and liquid phase sintering

Ultrafine tungsten carbide and fine cobalt as well as nano yttrium oxide powders were used as the raw materials. The effects of hot-press below the eutectic temperature and conventional liquid phase sintering on the structures and properties of WC-20Co-1Y2O3 cemented carbide were studied. It is shown that hot-pressed alloy has the character of isotropic properties and microstructure with homogeneous and ultrafine WC grains. However, the ultrafine and fully-densified structure is developed at the cost of the presence of large amount of cobalt-lake (uneven-ly distributed binder phase), and thus lower strength. Yttrium oxide in the alloy cannot play the role of grain growth inhibitor fully when cemented carbide with high content of cobalt and ultrafine raw materials is sintered at high liquid phase sintering temperature. Peculiar platelet-enhanced bi-model structure is formed in WC-20Co-1Y2 O3 cemented carbide by conventional liquid phase sintering, which points out that yttrium oxide in the alloy facilitates the formation of plate-like WC grain.     

Atomic force microscope study of WC-10Co cemented carbide sintered from nanocrystalline composite powders

In order to compare the spark plasma sintedng （SPS） process plus hot isostatic press （HIP） with vacuum sintedng plus HIP, an investigation was carried out on the topography, microstructure and gain size distribution of nanocrystalline WC-10Co composite powder and the sintered specimens prepared by SPS plus HIP and by vacuum sintering plus HIP by means of atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The mechanical properties of the sintered specimens were also investigated. It is very easy to find cobalt lakes in the specimen prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP process. But the microstructure of the specimen prepared by SPS plus HIP is more homogeneous, and the grain size is smaller than that prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP. The WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide consolidated by SPS plus HIP can reach a relative density of 99.4%, and the transverse rupture strength （TRS） is higher than 3540 MPa, the Rockwell A hardness （HRA） is higher than 92.8, the average grain size is smaller than 300 nm, and the WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide with excellent properties is achieved. The specimen prepared by SPS with HIP has better properties and microstructure than that prepared by vacuum sintering with HIP.     

Research on Ultrafine WC-10Co Cemented Carbide with High Propertie

1 IntroductionMaterials scientists overthe world have been workingto seek for materials with both high hardness and hightoughness. The ultrafine grained WC-Co (cobalt-bondedtungsten carbide) is one of ideal materialstill now.Nano-crystalline WC-Co cemented carbides have both highhardness and hightoughness[1-8].Submicron hardmetals are used as wear parts ,circu-lar shearing and cutting blades , magnetic video tapes ,chipless formingtools ,dental tools and others .The per-formances of these t…     

Influences of Carbon Content on the Properties and Microstructure of Ultrafine WC-10Co Cemented Carbide

WC-10Co nanocrystalline composite powders prepared by spray pyrogenation-continuous reduction and carburization technology were consolidated by vacuum sintering plus hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Influences of carbon content on properties and microstructure of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide were investigated. The results show that the relative density of the ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides can reach 99.72%, and the transverse rupture strength (TRS) was higher than 3 890 MPa, Rockwell A hardness (HRA) was higher than 92.5, the average grain size was less than 460 nm, when carbon content in nanocrystalline composite powder was 5.54wt% and the ball-milled time was 48 hours, ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide with excellent properties and homogeneous microstructure was obtained. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50502026), the Youth Science Plan for Light of the Morning Sun of Wuhan City(No.200750731270), and Key Project for the Science & Technology Research Department, Chinese Ministry of Education (No.105123)     

Effects of Phosphorus Additions on Microwave Sintering Properties of UltrafineWC-lOCo Cemented Carbides

Using the microwave sintering technology, the effects of phosphorus （P） additions on the microstructure and properties of the ultrafine WC-10Co alloys were investigated. The experimental results show that with only 0.3wt% P additions, full density WC-10Co cermets were obtained at temperature of 1250℃, which is 70 ℃ lower than that of the undoped counterparts. Lower sintering temperature can result in finer WC grain growth; therefore, the P-doped WC-10Co alloys exhibited higher hardness than the undoped ones. But at the same time, P doping could lead to sacrifice of fracture toughness ofWC-10Co cemented carbides.     

Powder Extrusion Molding of Nanocrystalline WC-10Co Composite Cemented Carbide

The rods that were shaped from nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co-0.42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders by using powder extrusion molding （PEM） were investigated. The nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co- 0. 42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders were prepared by the spray thermal decomposition-continuous reduction and carburization technology. In order to improve the properties of rods shaped by using powder extrusion molding, the cold isostatic pressing （CIP） technology was used before or after debinding. Specimens were siutered by vacuum siutering and hot isostatic pressing （HIP）. The density, Rockwell A hardness, magnetic coercivity , and magnetic saturation induction of siutered specimen were measured. The microstructure of the green bodies and the siutered specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Results show that the rod formed by using powder extrusion molding after debinding and followed by cold isostatic pressing can be siutered to 99.5% density of composite cemented carbide rods with an average grain size of about 200- 300 nm, magnetic coercivity of 30.4 KA / m, Rockwell A hardness of 92.6 and magnetic saturation induction of 85% . Superfine WC- 10 Co cemented carbide rods with excellent properties were obtained.     

VC/Cr3C2对微波烧结超细WC-10Co性能的影响

利用微波烧结技术，研究了添加VC／CBQ晶粒生长抑制剂对WC-10Co超细硬质合金微观结构及性能的影响。结果表明，添加总量质量分数为0．6％的抑制剂的合金的综合性能最好，过量的抑制剂反而会降低合金性能；并且微波烧结合金不论是否有晶粒长大抑制剂，均能得到均匀的细晶结构。     

Manufacture of the Ultrafine Grain WC/Co Cemented Carbides by Combined Sintering Processing

A new kind of sintering process, combined sintering process. i.e. vacuum sintering plus hot isolate pressure sintering (HIP), was introduced for producing ultrafine WC-10% Co (mass fraction. so as the follows) cemented carbides. The effects of some processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained cemented carbides were studied. The results show that the rapid shrinkage and the pronounced densification of tile cemented carbides took place during the vacuum sintering stage, which is intinaately correlated with the local liquid sintering occurred during this earl} sintering stage for the high surface activity of ultrafine WC-Co powder. The way of high pressure imposing. isothermal treatment cycle during ac.acuum sintering and HIP sintering stage directly influence the densitication of compacts and the mechanical properties of the produced WC-10%Co cemented carbides.     

亚微细硬质合金三牙轮钻齿的使用与失效分析

将钴含量为13％的亚微细晶粒硬质合金钻齿应用到81／2XA537三牙轮钻头上，并运用扫描电镜和光学显微镜等手段对亚微细晶粒硬质合金钻齿进行了失效分析。分析发现81／2XA537钻头的主要失效形式为崩齿和断齿。在断口分析的基础上，提出了亚微细硬质合金断裂机理为沿晶断裂，而常规硬质合金的断裂机理为穿晶断裂。由于生产工艺问题亚微细合金内部存在粗大的WC晶粒、晶粒偏析以及微裂纹，这些内部缺陷的存在使亚微细合金出现早期失效。     

Phase composition, transition and structure stability of functionally graded cemented carbide with dual phase structure

The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co3W3C （M6C type）. The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M6C→M12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.     

Preparation of Superfine-Cemented Carbide by Spark Plasma Sintering

92WC-8Co puwder mixture with superfine-tungsten carbide was respectively sintered by spark plasma sintering（ SPS ） and sintering isostutic pressure （SIP）. Complete dense samples with 200 nm WC grains and 94.2HRA hardness were prepared by spark plasma sintering at 1 150 ℃ and under 4.5 kN for 5 minutes. SIP was carried out at 1 400 ℃ for 30 minutes with a result of 300-400 nm WC grains and 93 HRA hardness. The results show that sintering temperature is greatly decreased by SPS, sintering time is largely shortened and WC grain growth is effectively retarded. Micropores and drawb（wks in superfine-cemented carbide made by SPS are greatly declined, which is very useful to improving nwehanical properties.     

Rare earth doped new cemented carbide with Ni-Co binder for mining

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粗晶硬质合金强度和致密度影响因素的研究

针对粗晶WC-Co硬质合金的成分和工艺优化要求,运用正交实验设计,考察了含碳量、烧结工艺、钴含量、镍含量、球磨球料比和球磨时间对试样抗弯强度和体积收缩率的影响。研究表明,烧结制度是影响抗弯强度的最主要因素;其次是碳含量与烧结工艺的交互作用、Co含量与球磨时间的交互作用。烧结工艺是影响体积收缩率的最主要因素。     

微波单模腔烧结WC-10Co硬质合金的研究

利用微波烧结技术，将WC-10Co硬质合金分别置于TE103单模谐振腔中纯电场、纯磁场以及电场和磁场的混合场中进行烧结，研究了这些区域下WC-10Co硬质合金的烧结行为以及对其性能的影响。     

Directional migration behavior of cerium during sintering process of mischmetal doped cemented carbide

Three observation methods were used to investigate the existing form and the behavior of rare earth during the sintering process of high activity mischmetal （RE, with lanthanum and cerium） doped WC-8%Co-0.048%RE（mass fraction） alloy with low carbon-containing level by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDXS）, considering the fact that the addition amount of rare earth in the alloy is very minute. The directional migration process and mechanism of cerium were discussed. First, the sinter skin （surface） is observed. oxide on the sinter skin, and lanthanum in these cerium observed, and lanthanum containing phase/micro-zone in It is shown that there exists a dispersedly distributed cerium containing enrichment positions is very minute. Secondly, the polished section is the alloy is identified. Finally, based on the fact that the fracture of cemented carbide is resulted from the heterogeneous phase or other defects within the microstructure, the fracture surface is observed and cerium containing phase/micro-zone in the fracture source approximately 260 μm from the surface is identified. These combined observations reveal adequately the fact that lanthanum and cerium get separated and cerium predominantly migrates towards the surface during the sintering process.     

WCoB金属陶瓷的制备及其性能研究

以WC、TiB2、Co粉末为原料,采用真空液相反应烧结技术制备WCoB金属陶瓷,并利用XRD、SEM和EDS对其微观形貌及相组成进行了表征。结果表明,WCoB金属陶瓷由WCoB、W2CoB2、TiC、Co2B和TiB2等相组成,其硬度为HRA84.4～92.2,合金密度为9.3～10.2g/cm3。随着钴含量的增加,烧结后WCoB金属陶瓷的合金密度和硬度值均有所下降,较高的烧结温度有利于晶粒细化。磨损试验发现WCoB金属陶瓷的耐磨性优于YG8硬质合金。     

抑制剂对W-15Cu合金性能与结构影响研究

以喷雾干燥-共还原法制备的W-15Cu超细复合粉末为原料,采用氢气活化烧结制备了W-15Cu高比重合金,研究了晶粒生长抑制剂Y2O3对合金性能与结构的影响。利用扫描电镜、维氏硬度仪、密度测试仪、金相显微镜等,观察烧结体显微结构,测试其硬度、密度与断裂强度。结果表明,在最佳烧结温度下,添加质量分数0.3%Y2O3的W-15Cu合金抗弯强度达到最大值1 128.6 MPa,添加质量分数0.5%Y2O3的W-15Cu维氏硬度达到最大值2.78 GPa,优于未添加抑制剂的W-15Cu合金。Y2O3可以细化W晶粒。     

球磨WC-8Co粉末的放电等离子烧结

对WC-8Co粉末不同球磨时间后进行放电等离子烧结,研究了球磨时间及烧结温度对WC-8Co硬质合金微观结构及性能的影响。结果表明:球磨时间延长,粉末颗粒变细,晶格畸变增加,衍射峰强度降低,并随时间延长,团聚现象严重;采用放电等离子烧结,在1 200℃时,可以得到接近全致密的烧结样品,烧结温度低于传统方法的烧结温度;球磨时间在2 h以下时,样品的致密度、硬度和断裂韧性达到最佳,晶粒较小且分布均匀;延长球磨时间,性能显著下降且出现较多粗晶、空洞、Co池等缺陷。     

微乳液法制备Nd：Y2O3纳米陶瓷粉体及性能表征

透明氧化钇(Y2O3,)陶瓷是一种用途很广的功能材料,广泛用于红外导弹的窗口、整流罩、红外透镜.Nd掺杂氧化钇陶瓷(Nd:Y2O3)作为一种新型的激光工作物质,在高功率激光器中具有潜在的应用前景.以正庚烷为油相,硝酸钇溶液为水相,span-80为表面活性剂,采用微乳液法,合成氧化钇前驱体粉料,粉料经煅烧得到单相、分散性好、活性高的氧化钇纳米粉料.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)检测物相的组成和结构,透射电镜(TEM)观察粉体的形貌和大小.750℃煅烧后所得Y2O3粉末的单颗粒直径为30～40 nm,粉体分散较好,所得粉体接近球形,但粒度分布很宽,有大颗粒存在.     

Influence of Yttrium Ion-implantation on Oxidation Kinetics of Co-40Cr Alloy and Property of Oxide/Substrate Interface

The isothermal and cyclic oxidizing kinetics of Co-40Cr alloy and its yttrium ion-implanted samples were studied at 1000℃ in air by thermal-gravity analysis （TGA）. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） was used to examine the Cr203 oxide film＇s morphology after oxidation. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy （SIMS） method was used to examine the binding energy change of chromium caused by yttrium doping. Acoustic emission （AE） method was used in situ to monitor the cracking and spalling of oxide films formed on both samples during oxidizing and subsequent air-cooling stages. It is found that yttrium implantation remarkably reduces the isothermal oxidizing rate of Co-40Cr and improves the anti-cracking and anti-spalling properties of Cr2O3 oxide film. The reasons for the improvements are mainly that implanted yttrium reduces the grain size of Cr2O3 oxide, increases the high temperature plasticity of oxide film, and remarkably reduces the number and size of Cr2O3/Co-40Cr interfacial defects.