Development of boron white cast iron

Abstract

With boron substituting for carbon in cast iron composition and eutectic borides substituting for eutectic carbides in microstructure as the hard wear resistant phase, a new kind of wear resistant white cast iron has been developed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this new white cast iron both in the as cast state and after appropriate heat treatments were studied. The results show that the as cast microstructure of the boron white cast iron comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectics, and the eutectic compound is that of M₂B or M′_0˙9Cr_1˙1B_0˙9 type, where M represents Fe, Cr or Mn and M′ represents Fe or Mn. The morphology of the eutectic borides is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron, but the hardness of boride is higher than that of carbide. The matrix in as cast microstructure comprises martensite and pearlite. After austenitising and quenching, the matrix mostly changes to lath type martensite and the eutectic borides remain unchanged. In addition, two different sizes of particles, with different forming processes during heat treatment, appear in the matrix. The boron white cast iron possesses higher hardness and toughness than conventional white cast iron and nickel hard white cast iron, and has a better balance between hardness and toughness than high chromium white cast iron.     

Fe-C-Cr-Mn系亚稳奥氏体基耐磨铸造合金的开发

亚稳奥氏体基加Ｍ７Ｃ３型共昌碳化物双相结构白口铁基铸造合金具有良好的耐磨性和较高的冲击韧性。利用该理论开发了Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ系新型亚稳奥氏体基耐磨合金。通过滑动磨损试验发现，它们的耐磨性优于传统耐磨材料Ｃｒ２５这种新材料的使用对节省能源有重要意义。     

高铬白口铸铁中碳当量对抗磨性能的影响

高铬白口铸铁的共晶显微组织与普通白口铸铁的共晶组织不同,其中不连续的条块状共晶铁、铬碳化物M7C3占25%左右,与富铬的二次碳化物位于金属基体奥氏体或其转变产物中,而后者的M3C碳化物能占到48%,可看作渗硫体基体或海锦状渗碳体,里面镶嵌奥氏体转变产物,所以共晶型高铬白口铸铁的韧性比普通共晶型白口铸铁好,共晶组织中碳化物的短小空间对共晶奥氏体基体起到良好的保护作用,在高应力磨料磨损条件下,过共晶高铬白口铸铁中的大块状初生M7C3碳化物能很好地抵抗磨粒对抗磨件施加的法向压力和切向剪切力,不易断裂,故而抗磨性能较好.     

Microstructure and wear resistance of highchromium cast iron containing niobium

In the paper, the effect of niobium addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast iron has been studied. The results show that the microstructure of the heattreated alloys is composed of M7C3 and M23C6 types primary carbide, eutectic carbide, secondary carbide and a matrix of martensite and retained austenite. NbC particles appear both inside and on the edge of the primary carbides. The hardness of the studied alloys maintains around 66 HRC, not significantly affected by the Nb content within the selected range of 0.48%-0.74%. The impact toughness of the alloys increases with increasing niobium content. The wear resistance of the specimens presents little variation in spite of the increase of Nb content under a light load of 40 N. However, when heavier loads of 70 and 100 N are applied, the wear resistance increases with increasing Nb content.     

Eutectic modification in a low-chromium white cast iron by a mixture of titanium,rare earths,and bismuth: Part II. effect on the wear behavior

In this work, we studied the wear behavior of a low-Cr white cast iron (WCI) modified with ferrotitanium-rare earths-bismuth (Fe-Ti-RE-Bi) up to 2%. These additions modified the eutectic carbide structure of the alloy from continuous ledeburite into a blocky, less interconnected carbide network. The modified structure was wear tested under pure sliding conditions against a hardened M2 steel counter-face using a load of 250 N. It was observed that wear resistance increased as the modifier admixture increased. The modified structure had smaller more isolated carbides than the WCI with no Fe-Ti-RE-Bi additions. It was observed that large carbides fracture during sliding, which destabilizes the structure and causes degradation in the wear behavior. A transition from abrasive to oxidative wear after 20 km sliding occurred for all alloys. In addition, the modified alloys exhibited higher values of hardness and fracture toughness. These results are discussed in terms of the modified eutectic carbide microstructure.     

深冷处理对Cr14Mn2V2高铬铸铁组织转变和磨损性能的影响

分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子透射电镜(TEM)和磨损测量(WT)等方法研究了深冷处理对高铬铸铁显微组织和磨损行为的影响。深冷处理能有效地降低高铬铸铁中的残余奥氏体含量,促进细微碳化物的析出,但不能完全将奥氏体转化为马氏体。大量马氏体的形成和微小二次碳化物的析出,显著提高了高铬铸铁的耐磨性。当残余奥氏体含量约为15%时,材料的耐磨性能达到最好,残余奥氏体量较多或较少都不利于耐磨性的提高。结果表明,亚临界加深冷处理试样的磨损性能较未深冷的试样有较大的提高。     

离心铸造高铬合金铸铁气门座圈的组织及耐磨性能研究

采用离心铸造制备两种高铬合金铸铁气门座圈.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相显微镜、洛氏硬度计和扫描电镜(SEM),对气门座圈铸态及热处理态后的试样物相组成、金相组织、力学性能及拉伸断口形貌进行了观察和分析,同时在销盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对高铬合金铸铁气门座圈的耐磨性能进行了磨损试验.结果表明,热处理前高铬合金铸铁主要为由...     

Effects of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron

The relationship between secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results show that secondary carbide precipitation and transformation at holding stage play an important role in the hardness and abrasion resistance. After being held for a certain time at 853 K for subcritical treatment, the grainy secondary carbide, (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆, precipitated first and then Fe₂MoC or MoC carbides precipitated in the alloy, both of which improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. The reasons for these improvements are the secondary carbide precipitates from the austenite and the retained austenite transforms into the martensite, both make the matrix strengthen. So the matrix has more effective support to the harder eutectic carbide against exterior abrasion. With expanding the holding time, the in situ transformation from the granular (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide into laminar M₃C carbide causes the formation of the pearlitic matrix and an associated decrease of the alloy abrasion resistance.     

淬火回火工艺对Cr26过共晶高铬铸铁组织及性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度测试、冲击试验和磨损试验等手段,研究了淬火和回火工艺对Cr26型过共晶高铬铸铁组织、硬度、冲击吸收能量和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经980~1100 ℃淬火和250~600 ℃回火后的Cr26过共晶高铬铸铁的组织主要是马氏体基体,M₇C₃碳化物和少量奥氏体。初生碳化物为六边形,共晶碳化物和回火生成的二次碳化物呈短棒状。总体碳化物含量随淬火温度升高略有上升。随回火温度的升高,硬度先降低后增加,超过500 ℃回火时再次降低,而冲击吸收能量先增加后降低,超过350 ℃回火时再次上升。不同温度淬火时,对应最大耐磨性的回火温度不同。980、1050 ℃淬火时,再经250 ℃回火获得最高的耐磨性,而1100 ℃淬火时,再经350 ℃回火获得最大耐磨性。     

C、Cr、Si、Mn对低铬白口铸铁组织和力学性能的影响

应用湿砂铸型浇注低铬白口铸铁，采用正交试验研究了C、Cr、Si、Mn对低铬白口铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：含碳量2．4％和2．7％时碳化物基本上是呈网状分布的，形成了离异共晶的网状碳化物组织；而含碳量3．0％时，离异共晶组织不再出现。高碳、低硅、高铬和低锰有利于提高硬度；低碳、低硅、中铬和高锰有利于提高冲击韧度；高碳、低硅、低铬和高锰有利提高耐磨性。新开发的低铬白、口铸铁的硬度、冲击韧度和耐磨性远高于目前在生产排沙潜水泵过流部件中所使用材料的各项性能，使用寿命是其5倍左右。     

新型中铬强韧抗磨铸铁的研制

微合金化复合变质处理使中铬铸铁基体组织和共晶碳化物细化,使网状碳化物局部断开,与高铬铸铁相比基体的连续性得以提高,从而提高了中铬铸铁的韧性,同时复合变质处理有效地控制了残留奥氏体量,提高了淬透性,使铸件铸态硬度高达59HRC,不仅简化了热处理工序,而且有利于铸件尺寸稳定和耐磨性能的提高,实践证明微合金化复合变质处理中铬铸铁磨球使用寿命与高铬铸铁磨球相当,成本却降低40％,冲击韧度提高2倍,破碎率仅为高铬铸铁磨球的1／4。     

钨合金铸铁共晶碳化物团球化研究

研究了Ce、K、Na复合变质处理对钨白口铸铁组织和性能的影响,提出了评价碳化物变质效果的圆度概念。变质处理后,钨合金白口铸铁的共晶碳化物形态发生了显著变化,在常规热处理条件下,共晶碳化物变成了团球状。由于共晶碳化物形态的改善,钨合金白口铸铁的力学性能(尤其是冲击韧度和抗冲击磨损性能显著提高。对共晶碳化物团球化机理进行了深入分析,并讨论了共晶碳化物团球化对力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。变质钨合金白口铸铁轧辊使用寿命比高铬铸铁轧辊提高20%以上,生产成本降低30%以上,推广应用变质钨合金白口铸铁具有较好的经济效益。     

Effect of surface Cr/C infiltration on microstructure,mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast iron

A new type of high chromium cast iron (HCCI) was prepared, and its microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasion resistance were investigated systematically. Results showed that after surface carburizing and chromizing, the microstructure of HCCI mainly consists of martensite, boride (M₂B), and carbide (M₇C₃), accompanied with a large amount of secondary precipitations M₂₃C₆. Moreover, the morphology and hardness of the carbide and boride in HCCI change little, while the volume fraction of carbide and boride increases from 16.23% to 23.16%. This effectively increases the surface hardness of HCCI from 64.53±0.50 HRC to 66.58±0.50 HRC, with the result that the surface of HCCI possesses a better abrasion resistance compared to the center position. Furthermore, the wear mechanism of HCCI changes from micro-plowing to micro-cutting with the increase of surface hardness.

     

氮对低碳高铬铸铁性能的影响

通过力学性能和耐磨性能测试、金相组织观察和ESEM形貌分析,研究了氮含量对低碳高铬铸铁性能的影响。试验结果表明,随着含氮量的增加,共晶碳化物在结晶过程中方向性生长减缓,形状趋于粒状;二次碳化物数量增加,形貌和尺寸也发生变化。随着含氮量的增加,低碳高铬铸铁的硬度增加,冲击韧度下降,滑动式和滚筒式磨损率下降。     

Effects of high temperature and cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and abrasion resistance of a high chromium cast iron

Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardening and abrasion resistance behaviors of 16Cr1Mo1Cu cast iron subjected to destabilization treatment were investigated. The results show that the cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce the retained austenite after destabilization heat treatment, but cannot make retained austenite transform completely. Cryogenic treatment can markedly improve bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the high chromium cast iron. In the course of destabilization treatment and then cryogenic treatment, the amount of precipitated secondary carbide, M₂₃C₆, was more than that in air cooling. The additional fine secondary carbide precipitated during the cryogenics treat after destabilization heat treatment comparing with air cooling, is the main reason for the increase of the bulk hardness and wear resistance.     

硅对自保护明弧堆焊合金Fe-Cr-C-B显微组织及性能的影响

采用药芯焊丝自保护明弧焊方法在Q235A基体上制备了Fe-Cr-C-B-Si耐磨合金.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪和硬度测试等手段研究了以Fe-Si形式加入的硅含量对其组织和性能的影响.结果表明,硅含量显著影响其碳化物形貌、分布及尺寸,具体表现为硅含量提高,随之出现了硬度高达9.75～13.54 GPa的白色团状相,尺寸增大并呈聚集分布；背散射电子扫描图、电子能谱分析和显微硬度测试显示该团状相为双相复合碳化物,其内部为M23C6相,外表则是较低Cr,C元素含量的碳化物.此外湿砂磨粒磨损试验结果表明,适量硅显著改善了明弧堆焊合金的耐磨性,所含M23C6相尺寸和显微硬度明显影响其磨损失重.     

Effect of carbide volume fraction on the oxidation of austenitic Fe‐Cr‐C alloys

A series of Fe‐15Cr‐(2‐3)Mo alloys (compositions in weight percent) was produced with different carbon concentrations, to control the distribution of chromium between matrix metal and M₂₃C₆ precipitates. The alloys were oxidized in the austenitic state at 850°C in pure oxygen, with and without a pre‐oxidation treatment at low oxygen potential, where no iron oxide could form. Protective, chromia‐rich scaling took place if the chromium concentration at the metal‐scale interface was high enough. This concentration was controlled by the original alloy matrix chromium concentration, and whether or not a high diffusivity ferrite zone developed at the surface by decarburization. Ferrite zone formation was assisted by pre‐oxidation at low oxygen potentials. The value of the carbides as suppliers of additional chromium was demonstrated by comparison with the oxidation performance of carbide‐free alloys of corresponding matrix chromium levels. However, because dissolution of the coarse carbides could be slow, alloys with high volume fractions of large carbides were unsuccessful.     

钒和铜对高合金白口铸铁铸态组织及性能的影响

针对磨钼矿用磨球的湿式磨损工矿条件,通过对高合金白口铸铁进行成分设计、材料制备以及相应的性能测试和组织观察,分析了不同配比的Cu和V对高合金白口铸铁铸态组织及性能的影响.研究结果表明,不同的Cu和V含量对高合金白口铸铁碳化物的形态和分布影响不同.含量为1.0%的Cu和V的该合金（12.0%Cr）,其碳化物呈现短杆状、块状,均匀弥散分布于基体中,材料的硬度、冲击韧度和耐腐蚀磨损性能得到有效提高,相对耐磨性比不含Cu、V的普通高铬铸铁（18.0%Cr）约提高了15%.     

Enhancement of wear resistance and impact toughness of as cast hypoeutectic high chromium cast iron using niobium

The effect of niobium additions on the as-cast microstructure of a hypoeutectic high-Cr cast iron containing 2.2 wt.% C and 16.5 wt.% Cr was investigated. With increasing niobium content, the eutectic M₇C₃ carbides were refined and became less elongated as well as its volume fraction was decreased gradually. The first precipitated NbC particles could be act as heterogeneous substrate of proeutectic austenite and a barrier to M₇C₃ grain growth. The morphology of NbC carbides changed with increasing niobium content. Such NbC particles were increased with increasing Nb content and subsequently contributed to increased hardness. Optimum toughness was obtained for the irons alloyed with 2.14% Nb. The effects of applied load and Nb-additions on wear resistance of high chromium cast iron have been studied. The results showed that wear resistance increases with increasing Nb addition. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the NbC particles on the weight loss was more evident at higher loads.     

盐浴等温淬火对高合金白口铸铁组织及性能的影响

研究了盐浴等温淬火对高合金白口铸铁组织和性能的影响。结果表明：不同温度盐浴淬火，高合金白口铸铁共晶碳化物形态及分布基本没有变化，基体组织是过冷奥氏体在不同温度下的转变产物；盐浴等温淬火可提高高合金白口铸铁的冲击韧性及耐磨损性能。随着盐浴等温淬火温度的提高，高合金白口铸铁冲击韧性、硬度有所下降。