SiGe∶H薄膜太阳能电池研究进展

针对氢化非晶硅(a-Si∶H)薄膜太阳能电池在发展过程中所面临的问题,阐述了氢化硅锗(SiGe∶H)薄膜在太阳能电池制备方面的优越性及其最新研究进展,总结了提高SiGe∶H薄膜太阳能电池效率的几种方法,着重介绍了叠层太阳能电池内部运行机理,分析了影响叠层太阳能电池转换效率的因素,最后对SiGe∶H薄膜材料在太阳能电池领域的应用前景以及一些亟待解决的问题进行了展望。     

CIGS薄膜太阳能电池缓冲层材料的研究进展

CIGS薄膜太阳能电池的缓冲层为低带隙CIGS吸收层与高带隙ZnO窗口层之间形成过渡,减少两者带隙的晶格失配和带隙失调,并可防止溅射ZnO窗口层时给CIGS吸收层带来损害等,对提高CIGS薄膜太阳能电池效率起了重要作用.介绍了CIGS薄膜太阳能电池缓冲层材料的分类和制备工艺,主要阐述了CdS、ZnS及In2S3薄膜缓冲层材料及化学水浴法、原子层化学气相沉积法、金属化合物化学气相沉积法等制备工艺的研究现状,最后指出CIGS太阳能电池缓冲层在制备工艺、环境保护及大规模工业化生产中遇到的问题,并展望了其发展方向.     

纳米晶ZnS薄膜的制备方法及应用进展

纳米晶ZnS薄膜具有带隙宽度大、光学透过率高、介电常数低、化学稳定性好等特点,在透明导电膜、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜太阳能电池、发光器件、功能玻璃等领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。综述了纳米晶ZnS薄膜常用的制备方法,如磁控溅射法、化学浴沉积法、真空蒸发法和化学气相沉积法,同时还介绍了纳米晶ZnS薄膜的掺杂改性研究及其在相关领域的应用进展。     

柔性基体表面原子层沉积Al_2O_3薄膜研究进展

随着机械、光学、微电子和纳米科技等领域的发展,在柔性基体上如聚酯(PET)、聚乳酸酯(PLA)、聚酰亚胺(PI)等聚合物表面沉积Al_2O_3薄膜作为阻挡层、介电层、钝化层的研究也越来越多。无机Al_2O_3薄膜因其机械强度与硬度高、光学性能优良、透明性高与绝缘性好、耐磨、抗蚀及化学惰性等特点引起人们的极大兴趣。较传统薄膜制备技术,原子层沉积(ALD)技术制备的薄膜具有精确的厚度和成分可控性、高度均匀性和保形性,成为制备Al_2O_3薄膜的主要方式之一。本综述首先概述了原子层沉积原理,其次阐述了柔性沉积基体的特点,介绍了Al_2O_3薄膜的生长过程和影响因素,比较了在柔性基体上热原子层沉积和等离子体辅助原子层沉积Al_2O_3薄膜的优缺点,最后总结和展望了ALD制备Al_2O_3薄膜的研究趋势和应用前景。     

原子层沉积制备纳米TiO_2薄膜研究进展

原子层沉积技术(ALD)可制备出平滑、均匀可控的高质量薄膜,较传统制备方法而言,具有高度可控性和重现性,成为纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)薄膜制备的首要选择。从沉积温度、等离子体的增强作用、沉积载体、掺杂及应用等方面综述了ALD法制备纳米TiO_2薄膜的相关研究进展。     

等离子体增强化学气相沉积设备的研制

本文介绍非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池生产线的核心设备——等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition)系统,并阐述了其重要地位.非晶硅太阳能电池制造的关键技术是非晶硅薄膜的制备,目前最常见的制备方法是PECVD技术.PECVD技术凭借其低温沉积、可大面积成膜、成膜均匀等特点,在非晶硅薄膜制备方面迅速发展.PECVD系统用于制备非晶硅太阳能电池的关键结构P、I、N硅薄膜层.本文阐述了该设备的结构特点、技术指标、工作原理及工艺过程,对沉积室的结构和配置进行了详细设计计算,非晶硅太阳能电池稳定后的转化效率可达6％.     

新型铜硫系薄膜太阳能电池材料制备的研究进展

薄膜太阳能电池提供了低成本、大面积的无碳发电应用前景,迅猛发展的纳米科技为高转换效率薄膜太阳能电池的低成本制造提供了新途径。新型铜硫系半导体Cu_2ZnSnS_4(CZTS)薄膜材料具有禁带宽度与太阳辐射匹配性好、光吸收系数大、元素丰度大、价格便宜、无毒等优点,因此将成为最具发展前景的薄膜太阳能电池材料。讨论与分析了CZTS薄膜和纳米晶材料的制备及由这些材料制备绿色、低成本、高效率新型太阳能电池的研究进展。     

Cu_2ZnSnS_4薄膜的研究进展

Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)薄膜太阳能电池具有低成本、高效率、安全无毒等优点,是最具发展前景的太阳能电池之一,近几年来开始受到广泛关注。简要介绍了国内外几种制备Cu2ZnSnS4薄膜的方法,包括蒸发法、溅射法、脉冲激光沉积法、电化学沉积法、喷涂热解法、Sol-gel法、丝网印刷法,并阐述了这几种方法的优点及存在的问题,展望了今后CZTS薄膜的研究方向,认为通过溶剂热或热注入法制备出CZTS纳米晶体后,再通过丝网印刷法或旋涂等法制成CZTS薄膜能降低生产成本,在电池的工业化生产中具有很广阔的应用前景。     

CdS薄膜的制备及其在CdTe电池中的应用

CdTe薄膜电池是发展最快、应用前景最好的一类太阳能电池。CdS层是CdTe电池的窗口层材料,其薄膜质量直接影响电池的转换效率。本文介绍了化学水浴沉积(CBD)和闭空间升华(CSS)两种方法沉积CdS薄膜,并完成单电池器件的制备和测试。CSS方法制备的薄膜结晶较大,光学和电学性能好于CBD方法制备的薄膜,太阳能电池的光电转换效率达到10.9%。CSS方法镀膜速度快,真空环境工作,有利于大规模产业化应用。     

分子层沉积纳米薄膜的现状和发展

随着微电子技术、锂离子电池和太阳能电池等行业的发展,人们对聚合物薄膜,尤其是纳米级聚合物薄膜的要求也越来越高。在传统的沉积方法不能满足要求的条件下,找到新的沉积聚合物的方法势在必行。分子层沉积(MLD)是一种类似于原子层沉积的技术,它可以精确控制聚合物膜的厚度、组成、形貌和保形性。因此,MLD可以成为制备聚合物薄膜的一种新方法。本文综述了分子层沉积的原理和方法,以及在薄膜领域的发展和应用,最后给出了分子层沉积技术未来发展所面对的挑战和展望。     

Effects of RF power and pressure on performance of HF-PECVD silicon thin-film solar cells

High-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HF-PECVD) is a widely applicable method of deposition over a large area at a high rate for fabricating silicon thin-film solar cells. This investigation presents the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films and the preparation of highly-efficient p-i-n solar cells using an RF (27.1 MHz) excitation frequency. The influence of the power (10-40 W) and pressure (20-50 Pa) used during the deposition of absorber layers in p-i-n solar cells on the properties and mechanism of growth of the a-Si:H thin films and the solar cells is studied. The a-Si:H thin films prepared under various deposition conditions have widely varying deposition rates, optical-electronic properties and microstructures. When the deposition parameters were optimized, amorphous silicon-based thin-film silicon solar cells with efficiency of 7.6% were fabricated by HF-PECVD. These results are very encouraging for the future fabrication of highly-efficient thin-film solar cells by HF-PECVD.     

Low-Cost Counter-Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

It is undoubtable that the use of solar energy will continue to increase. Solar cells that convert solar energy directly to electricity are one of the most convenient and important photoelectric conversion devices. Though silicon-based solar cells and thin-film solar cells have been commercialized, developing low-cost and highly efficient solar cells to meet future needs is still a long-term challenge. Some emerging solar-cell types, such as dye-sensitized and perovskite, are approaching acceptable performance levels, but their costs remain too high. To obtain a higher performance–price ratio, it is necessary to find new low-cost counter materials to replace conventional precious metal electrodes (Pt, Au, and Ag) in these emerging solar cells. In recent years, the number of counter-electrode materials available, and their scope for further improvement, has expanded for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells. Generally regular patterns in the intrinsic features and structural design of counter materials for emerging solar cells, in particular from an electrochemical perspective and their effects on cost and efficiency, are explored. It is hoped that this recapitulative analysis will help to make clear what has been achieved and what still remains for the development of cost-effective counter-electrode materials in emerging solar cells.     

薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展

综述了目前国际上研究得最多的几种薄膜太阳能电池材料的研究现状和各自的最新进展.包括硅基类(非晶硅、多晶硅、微晶硅)、无机化合物类(碲化镉、铜铟硒、砷化镓)、有机类、染料敏化(二氧化钛、氧化锌)等,并从材料、工艺和转换效率等方面比较和讨论了它们各自性能的优劣,最后展望了这些薄膜太阳能电池材料未来的研究方向及应用前景.     

Low-Bandgap Porphyrins for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells: Materials,Morphology, and Applications

With developments in materials, thin-film processing, fine-tuning of morphology, and optimization of device fabrication, the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) has improved markedly in recent years. Designing low-bandgap materials has been a focus in order to maximize solar energy conversion. However, there are only a few successful low-bandgap donor materials developed with near-infrared (NIR) absorption that are well matched to the existing efficient acceptors. Porphyrin has shown great potential as a useful building block for constructing low-bandgap donor materials due to its large conjugated plane and strong absorption. Porphyrin-based donor materials have been shown to contribute to many record-high device efficiencies in small molecule, tandem, ternary, flexible, and OSC/perovskite hybrid solar cells. Specifically, non-fullerene small-molecule solar cells have recently shown a high power conversion efficiency of 12% using low-bandgap porphyrin. All these have validated the great potential of porphyrin derivatives as effective donor materials and made DPPEZnP-TRs a family of best low-bandgap donor materials in the OSC field so far. Here, recent progress in the rational design, morphology, dynamics, and multi-functional applications starting from 2015 will be highlighted to deepen understanding of the structure–property relationship. Finally, some future directions of porphyrin-based OSCs are presented.     

Integrated Perovskite/Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells

The recently emerged integrated perovskite/bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (IPOSCs) without any recombination layers have generated wide attention. This type of device structure can take the advantages of tandem cells using both perovskite solar and near-infrared (NIR) BHJ organic solar materials for wide-range sunlight absorption and the simple fabrication of single junction cells, as the low bandgap BHJ layer can provide additional light harvesting in the NIR region and the high open-circuit voltage can be maintained at the same time. This progress report highlights the recent developments in such IPOSCs and the possible challenges ahead. In addition, the recent development of perovskite solar cells and NIR organic solar cells is also covered to fully underline the importance and potential of IPOSCs.     

Atomic layer deposition of lead sulfide quantum dots on nanowire surfaces

Quantum dots provide unique advantages in the design of novel optoelectronic devices owing to the ability to tune their properties as a function of size. Here we demonstrate a new technique for fabrication of quantum dots during the nucleation stage of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of PbS. Islands with sub-10 nm diameters were observed during the initial ALD cycles by transmission electron microscopy, and in situ observations of the coalescence and sublimation behavior of these islands show the possibility of further modifying the size and density of dots by annealing. The ALD process can be used to cover high-aspect-ratio nanostructures, as demonstrated by the uniform coating of a Si nanowire array with a single layer of PbS quantum dots. Photoluminescence measurements on the quantum dot/nanowire composites show a blue shift when the number of ALD cycles is decreased, suggesting a route to fabricate unique three-dimensional nanostructured devices such as solar cells.     

Microcrystalline silicon carbide alloys prepared with HWCVD as highly transparent and conductive window layers for thin film solar cells

Crystalline silicon carbide alloys have a very high potential as transparent conductive window layers in thin-film solar cells provided they can be prepared in thin-film form and at compatible deposition temperatures. The low-temperature deposition of such material in microcrystalline form (µc-Si:C:H) was realized by use of monomethylsilane precursor gas diluted in hydrogen with the Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition process. A wide range of deposition parameters has been investigated and the structural, electronic and optical properties of the µc-SiC:H thin films have been studied. The material, which is strongly n-type from unintentional doping, has been used as window layer in n-side illuminated microcrystalline silicon solar cells. High short-circuit current densities are obtained due to the high transparency of the material resulting in a maximum solar cell conversion efficiency of 9.2%.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池技术发展历史与现状

简要回顾了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历史,解释了钙钛矿太阳能电池本质上是固态染料敏化太阳能电池。介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的微观发电机理,结合钙钛矿太阳能电池的能级图分析讨论了钙钛矿与电子传输层和空穴传输层的能级匹配。分析总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏技术参数,包括光生电流密度、开路电压、填充因子、能量转换效率以及光伏性能的稳定性。钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率、短路电流密度和开路电压均已超过非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,填充因子与非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池很接近。钙钛矿太阳能电池有希望实现产业化而成为下一代薄膜太阳能电池。指出了钙钛矿太阳能电池大规模市场应用在制造技术上的瓶颈即空穴传输层的造价昂贵,并综述了解决该瓶颈的最新研究工作。     

硅半导体太阳能电池进展

太阳能电池是将太阳能直接转化为电能的装置,也是有效利用太阳能最佳途径之一。作为一种绿色能源,尤其是在核电安全问题面临挑战的今天,太阳能电池被认为是解决能源衰竭和环境污染等一系列重大问题的最佳选择。目前,许多国家正在制订中长期太阳能开发计划,准备在21世纪大规模开发太阳能。当前研究最多同时在生产应用的最广泛的当数硅太阳能电池(如单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅等)。通过对各类硅太阳能电池的性能、工艺、转化效率以及制备方法等方面作比较并讨论了它们各自性能的优劣,最后结合当前国内外工业化生产状况,对硅太阳能电池研究现状和各自的最新进展作了比较详细的综述,并简要讨论了硅太阳能电池研究和生产上的前景及趋势。     

Flexible a‐Si:H Solar Cells with Spontaneously Formed Parabolic Nanostructures on a Hexagonal‐Pyramid Reflector

Flexible amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) solar cells with high photoconversion efficiency (PCE) are demonstrated by embedding hexagonal pyramid nanostructures below a Ag/indium tin oxide (ITO) reflector. The nanostructures constructed by nanoimprint lithography using soft materials allow the top ITO electrode to spontaneously form parabolic nanostructures. Nanoimprint lithography using soft materials is simple, and is conducted at low temperature. The resulting structure has excellent durability under repeated bending, and thus, flexible nanostructures are successfully constructed on flexible a‐Si:H solar cells on plastic film. The nanoimprinted pyramid back reflector provides a high angular light scattering with haze reflectance >98% throughout the visible spectrum. The spontaneously formed parabolic nanostructure on the top surface of the a‐Si:H solar cells both reduces reflection and scatters incident light into the absorber layer, thereby elongating the optical path length. As a result, the nanopatterned a‐Si:H solar cells, fabricated on polyethersulfone (PES) film, exhibit excellent mechanical flexibility and PCE increased by 48% compared with devices on a flat substrate.