石墨烯的种类对剑麻纳米纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料电化学性能的影响

基于绿色可再生的剑麻纳米纤维素,采用超声分散方法制备剑麻纳米纤维素/石墨烯(CNF/G)分散液,通过机械共混法制备剑麻纳米纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺(CNF/G/PANI)复合材料,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和扫描电镜对复合材料的结构和形态进行表征,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能,侧重研究石墨烯的种类对CNF/G/PANI复合材料电化学性能及结构的影响。结果表明,加入石墨烯纳米片(GNS),聚苯胺(PANI)和剑麻纳米纤维素(CNF)穿插于GNS中,产生较多的孔洞,复合材料的比电容最高值达到322.25 F/g,内阻仅为0.77Ω,在5 A/g的电流密度下,循环充放电1000次,复合材料的电容保持率达到76.92%。     

石墨烯/氧化镍复合材料的微波法制备及电化学性能研究

采用微波法快速制备了石墨烯/氧化镍(MWGO/NiO)复合材料,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其结构和形貌进行了表征。通过循环伏安法和恒电流充放电测试了MWGO/NiO复合材料的电化学性能,考察了微波功率、微波时间、投料比对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:氧化石墨烯与硝酸镍质量比为5∶4、微波功率为1000W、微波时间为2min时,制备的复合材料电化学性能最好;在充放电电流密度为1A/g及KOH电解液浓度为6mol/L时,复合材料的最大比电容为360.5F/g。     

碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料的制备及性能研究

柔性超级电容器作为一种储能器件,具有功率密度高、充电时间短、循环寿命长、比电容高等优点,可满足可穿戴器件的需求,而柔性电极材料是决定柔性超级电容器发展的关键因素,它决定着电容器的主要性能指标。采用混纺的方法制备了碳纤维含量为20%(质量分数)的碳纤维/棉纤维混纺纱线,然后通过电化学沉积法在碳纤维/棉纤维混纺纱线上生长聚吡咯颗粒,成功制备了20%(质量分数)碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱分析仪和电化学工作站研究了复合材料的形貌、聚吡咯沉积情况以及复合材料的电容性能。结果表明,20%(质量分数)碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料中,聚吡咯颗粒直径为30~60 nm,且沉积均匀,化学活性较高;在1.02 mA/cm^2电流密度下,复合材料的最大比电容达到1.28 F/cm^2,其高比电容归因于电极的独特结构;复合材料具有良好的柔韧性、机械稳定性和充放电循环寿命,其经过6000次弯曲循环后,电容保持率仍有80%以上,可以用作柔性可穿戴超级电容器的电极材料。     

MnO2/NiCo2O4复合材料的控制合成及其电化学性能研究

采用两步合成法制备了MnO_2/NiCo_2O_4核壳结构纳米棒,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和电化学工作站研究了其形貌特征和电化学性能。研究结果表明,在α-MnO_2纳米棒上生长了均匀的NiCo_2O_4纳米片,这种核壳结构纳米棒所制备的电极在充放电电流密度为0.5A/g时比电容达到了434F/g,明显比纯α-MnO_2的比电容(256F/g)高,循环测试2 000次后,比电容保留量为91.8%,表现出了优秀的电化学性能,具有广阔的应用前景。     

膨胀石墨/纳米氧化锌/锌复合电极材料的超级电容器性能

以膨胀石墨为原料,与滚压振动磨预处理得到的纳米锌粉混合,超声分散24h制备膨胀石墨-纳米氧化锌及锌的复合电极材料(EG/ZnO/Zn)。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微(SEM)、场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱分析仪(Raman),对材料的微观结构及成分表征。结果表明,复合材料中含锌和氧化锌,纳米锌粉颗粒和氧化锌纳米棒在膨胀石墨表面和层间分散良好,其中氧化锌纳米棒呈现出六方晶系纤锌矿结构,其直径大约为20nm。利用电化学循环伏安和恒电流充放电对材料进行电化学电容性能测试,表明经处理的复合电极材料在0.1A/g的电流密度下有明显的赝电容特性,比电容达147F/g,其赝电容来源不只是欠电位沉积的化学吸附,还有氧化还原反应。     

NiO/TiO_2纳米复合电极的制备及电化学性能研究

金属氧化物理论上具有较高的比电容,是赝电容超级电容器的主要电极材料,不同的沉积方法将直接影响到其电化学性能。首先采用阳极氧化法制备高度有序的TiO_2纳米管阵列作为基底,分别采用化学沉积法和电化学沉积法(差分脉冲伏安法)沉积NiO,测试并比较所沉积NiO的电化学性能。电子扫描显微镜表征发现化学沉积的NiO颗粒较大未能均匀沉积,电化学沉积法沉积形成的NiO颗粒较小且均匀附着在纳米管中。恒流充放电结果显示电化学沉积法制备的复合电极获得了60mF/cm~2的比电容,可以用作电化学超级电容器的电极材料。     

聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料的制备及其电容性能研究

通过改变有机酸与无机酸的配比研究合成高电导率聚苯胺的最佳条件,使用硝酸对活性炭进行改性,测定活性炭的沉降质量和活化指数并筛选出吸附性能最佳的改性活性炭,将最佳工艺条件下合成的聚苯胺与改性活性炭进行复合制备了聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和电化学性能测试对复合电极材料的结构和性能进行表征和研究。结果表明:用质量分数3%的硝酸改性的活性炭掺杂聚苯胺,二者的相容性最好,且改性活性炭含量为25.5%(质量分数)时,制备的复合电极材料比电容最大,为282F/g,比纯聚苯胺的比容量(210F/g)增加了34.3%。电化学性能测试表明,聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料内阻小,阻抗高,电容性能优良。     

片状聚吡咯/氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及电化学性能

通过原位聚合在低温条件下(-10℃)制备具有片状微结构的聚吡咯(PPy)/氧化石墨烯(GO)复合材料,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料进行结构表征的基础上,利用循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电(GC)、电化学阻抗技术(EIS)测试复合材料的电化学性能。FT-IR结果表明复合材料中GO与PPy存在相互作用;SEM结果表明复合材料显示为亚微米片状结构形貌;CV、GC、EIS电化学分析表明,与纯聚吡咯及氧化石墨烯相比,复合材料显示出优越的电容特性。当电流密度保持在1 A/g时,复合材料的比电容可达319 F/g,比GO(9 F/g)和PPy(167 F/g)的比电容都要高,该复合材料可用作潜在的超级电容器电极材料。     

纳米NiO/C复合电极电化学电容特性的研究

为满足高性能电化学电容器发展的需要,采用循环伏安法（CV）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究了纳米NiO／C复合电极在KOH溶液中的电化学电容特性。这种纳米NiO／C复合电极材料是经热解柠檬酸镍凝胶制得的,由大约85％的纳米NiO和15％的纳米C组成,粉体的比表面积为181m^2／g,颗粒粒径〈30nm,微孔直径分布在4～10nm。结果表明,纳米NiO／C复合电极的比电容受KOH浓度和扫描速度的影响,高的电解质浓度和低的扫描速度有助于获得高的比电容。电极的电化学过程研究显示出法拉第反应和双电层特性,因而电极电容由法拉第准电容和双电层电容组成,电极比容量可达116．4F／g。由纳米NiO／C复合电极组成的电容器,其比能量达13．2kJ／kg,比功率达1．6kW／kg,且具有良好的循环稳定性。     

ZnFe_2O_4纳米粒子-石墨烯复合材料制备和超级电容器性能

为提高ZnFe_2O_4的电化学性能,采用一步溶剂热法合成ZnFe_2O_4纳米粒子-石墨烯复合材料,对其进行X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜表征和电化学性能分析。结果表明:该方法可防止二维层状结构石墨烯团聚,把ZnFe_2O_4颗粒粒径控制在纳米级且均匀地附着到石墨烯片层上;复合材料呈现二维层状结构,比表面积达到180 m~2/g,有效增加活性位点数量;当电流密度为1 A/g时,复合材料电极的比电容达到180.9 F/g,电化学性能优于纯ZnFe_2O_4电极。     

PPy/graphene nanosheets/rare earth ions: A new composite electrode material for supercapacitor

Highly conductive PPy/graphene nanosheets/rare earth ions (PPy/GNS/RE³⁺) composites were prepared via in situ polymerization with p-toluenesulfonic acid as a dopant and FeCl₃ as an oxidant. The effects of GNS and RE³⁺ on the electrical conductivity of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the GNS as a filler had effect on the conductivity of PPy/GNS/RE³⁺ composites, which played an important role in forming a conducting network in PPy matrix. The microstructures of GNS and PPy/GNS/RE³⁺ were characterized by the SEM and TEM examinations. It was found that GNS and PPy nanospheres formed a uniform composite with the PPy nanospheres absorbed on the GNS surface and/or filled between the GNS. Such uniform structure together with the observed high conductivities afforded high specific capacitance when used as supercapacitor electrodes. A specific capacitance of as high as 238 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g was achieved over the PPy/GNS/Eu³⁺ composite.     

纳米银/环化聚丙烯腈复合物的制备与结构表征

采用水相沉淀聚合-原位法合成银/聚丙烯腈(Ag/PAN)复合物, 通过测定其相对黏度, 系统地考察了反应物配比对Ag/PAN复合物分子量的影响。得到较理想的合成条件为, 丙烯腈(AN)单体浓度10%, AgNO₃浓度0.6%, K₂S₂O₈浓度2%。将所得复合物进行预氧化后得到纳米银/环化聚丙烯腈(Ag/C-PAN)复合物。通过FTIR分析复合物的组成, 并得到不同预氧化温度和时间下复合物的相对环化率。采用TEM、XRD等方法对复合物的微观结构进行表征。结果表明, 纳米银均匀地分散于环化聚丙烯腈基体中, 银粒子的晶型为面心立方, 粒径约为10 nm。     

Template-free synthesis of ordered mesoporous NiO/poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) functionalized carbon nanotubes composite for electrochemical capacitors

We report the first example of a practical and efficient template-free strategy for synthesizing ordered mesoporous NiO/poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) functionalized carbon nanotubes (FCNTs) composites by calcining a Ni(OH)₂/FCNTs precursor prepared by refluxing an alkaline solution of Ni(NH₃) _x ²⁺ and FCNTs at 97 °C for 1 h. The morphology and structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal decomposition of the precursor results in the formation of ordered mesoporous NiO/FCNTs composite (ca. 48 wt% NiO) with large specific surface area. Due to its enhanced electronic conductivity and hierarchical (meso- and macro-) porosity, composite simultaneously meets the three requirements for energy storage in electrochemical capacitors at high rate, namely, good electron conductivity, highly accessibleelectrochemical surface areas owing to the existence of mesopores, and efficient mass transport from the macropores. Electrochemical data demonstrated that the ordered mesoporous NiO/FCNTs composite is capable of delivering a specific capacitance (SC) of 526 F/g at 1 A/g and a SC of 439 F/g even at 6 A/g, and show a degradation of only ca. 6% in SC after 2000 continuous charge/discharge cycles.      

石墨烯纳米片的简易合成及其超级电容性能研究

以硫代氨基脲(CH₅N₃S)为还原剂, 通过还原氧化石墨(GO)制备了石墨烯纳米片(GNS)。利用XRD, FE-SEM, AFM和UV-Vis光谱对产物的结构和形貌进行分析, 并使用循环伏安和恒流充放电等测试手段来表征其超级电容性能。实验结果表明, 所制备的GNS具有良好的结晶状态, 并且在水溶液中具有良好的分散性。以GNS纳米片为电极材料, 在3 mol/L KOH电解质溶液中, 在500 mA/g电流密度测试条件下所得比电容量为75 F/g。而且GNS纳米片显示出了良好的电化学循环稳定性。     

Ag/InP复合材料的制备、表征及其性能

通过溶剂热法制得磷化铟微晶,然后以光化学还原法成功将Ag单质均匀地复合到磷化铟微晶表面,制备Ag/InP复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜等对所得产物进行分析,结果表明:复合材料由尺寸为500nm左右的球状微晶组成,其中20nm左右的Ag纳米颗粒均匀附着在立方相InP微球表面上,表面较为粗糙。以刚果红为目标降解物,利用荧光和紫外光谱对所得产物进行光催化性能测试,结果发现,与单体InP微晶相比,Ag/InP复合材料形成后,其对刚果红的光催化降解活性提高,这可能是由于Ag纳米颗粒均匀附着后,有效分离InP的光生电子和空穴。此外,对不同银负载量的Ag/InP的光催化性能进行研究。研究表明:当负载量为73.3%时,所得产物的光催化性能最佳,降解率可达64%。     

Nickel oxide/polypyrrole/silver nanocomposites with core/shell/shell structure: Synthesis,characterization and their electrochemical behaviour with antimicrobial activities

Magnetic and conducting Nickel oxide–polypyrrole (NiO/PPy) nanoparticles with core–shell structure were prepared in the presence of Nickel oxide (NiO) in aqueous solution containing sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant as well as dopant. A stable dispersion of silver (Ag) nanoparticles was synthesized by chemical (citrate reduction) method. NiO/PPy nanocomposites were added to the Ag colloid under stirring. Ag nanoparticles could be electrostatically attracted on the surface of NiO/PPy nanocomposites, leading to formation of NiO/PPy/Ag nanocomposites with core/shell/shell structure. The morphology, structure, particle size and composition of the products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and current–voltage (I–V) analysis. The resultant nanocomposites have the good conductivity and excellent electrochemical and catalytic properties of PPy and Ag nanoparticles. Furthermore, the nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial behaviour due to the presence of Ag nanoparticles in the composite. The thermal stability of NiO–PPy as well as NiO/PPy/Ag nanocomposites was higher than that of pristine PPy. Studies of IR spectra suggest that the increased thermal stability may be due to interactions between NiO and Ag nanoparticles with the PPy backbone.     

Synthesis of silver-integrated silica nanostructures using rice hulls and their electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application

We report the synthesis of silver-integrated silica nanostructures using rice hulls and silver chloride through a facile thermal combustion process. The formation of mesoporous silica nanomatrix embedded with silver nanoparticles (SiO₂:Ag 5 wt% and SiO₂:Ag 10 wt%) was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, EDX, BET, and TEM analysis. Also, the obtained results from the above studies revealed that the concentration of silver ions significantly increases the particle size and number of silver nanoparticles formed in the silica matrix. The electrochemical performance was studied using silver-integrated silica nanostructures as a working electrode in KOH electrolyte. The maximum specific capacitance of SiO₂:Ag 5 wt%- and SiO₂:Ag 10 wt%-coated electrode was found to be 517 and 580 F/g at current density of 1 A/g. It was also found that SiO₂:Ag 10 wt% electrode exhibit an excellent stability with the capacitance retention of 94% than SiO₂:Ag 5 wt% (capacitance retention of 85%) after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g. These results may be attributed to the inherent characteristic of more silver nanoparticles present in the silica nanomatrix in SiO₂:Ag 10 wt%. The intrinsic characteristic of rice hull-derived silica nanostructures such as high surface area and mesoporous structure along with the advantage of silver nanoparticles (conductivity) can facilitate the Faradic redox processes at electrode surface which are responsible for the supercapacitive behavior of the prepared silver-integrated silica nanostructures.

     

一步法制备三维还原氧化石墨烯/NiO超级电容器电极材料及其性能研究

本研究以氧化石墨烯分散液(GO)和硝酸镍(Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O)为前驱体, 通过一步水热法制备自支撑三维还原氧化石墨烯/NiO复合电极材料(3D rGO/NiO)。用XRD和SEM等分析结果表明, 纳米NiO颗粒均匀分散在三维多孔石墨烯表面。当GO与Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O质量比为1 : 4时, 3D rGO/NiO在电流密度为1 A·g^-1 下比电容可达1208.8 F·g^-1; 当电流密度从0.2 A·g^-1增加到10 A·g^-1时, 复合电极材料电容保持率高于72.6%; 在电流密度为10 A·g^-1下进行恒流充放电循环测试10000次后, 其比电容仍然保持为初始比电容的93%, 表明该复合电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性能。3D rGO/NiO复合电极材料具有比纯NiO或rGO更优异的电化学性能。     

Environmentally benign chitosan as reductant and supporter for synthesis of Ag/AgCl/chitosan composites by one-step and their photocatalytic degradation performance under visible-light irradiation

A novel Ag/AgCl/chitosan composite photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a simple one-step method. During this progress, environmentally benign chitosan not only served as reductant to reduce Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ species, but also acted as supporter for Ag/AgCl nanoparticles. XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-vis DRS and XPS were employed to characterize the as-prepared simples. SEM images of Ag/AgCl/chitosan composites revealed that Ag/AgCl nanoparticles were successfully loaded onto chitosan without obvious aggregation. All Ag/AgCl/chitosan composites exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light irradiation. The result of photocatalytic degradation experiment indicated that 20% of the mass ratio of AgCl to chitosan was the optimum, and after 40 min photocatalytic reaction, the degradation rate reached about 96%.