2024铝合金混合酸阳极氧化

目的在混合酸溶液中,对2024铝合金进行不同条件下的阳极氧化,并制备氧化膜,研究比较氧化膜厚度、表面形貌和耐腐蚀性等的不同。方法 2024铝合金在硫酸-磺基水杨酸-乳酸体系中进行阳极氧化,改变氧化时间(20~60 min)与氧化电流密度(2.5~4.5 A/dm^2),观察氧化膜的表面形貌、显微硬度、厚度、晶体结构以及耐蚀性的变化。结果每次实验的氧化时间为40 min不变,改变电流密度得到一系列阳极氧化膜,当电流密度为3.0 A/dm^2,自腐蚀电位最正,接近0.0 V时膜层的耐蚀性最好。若继续增加电流密度,则自腐蚀电位会负向移动。当电流密度为4.5 A/dm^2时,自腐蚀电位最负,为-1.1 V。保持电流密度为2.5 A/cm^2不变,改变氧化时间,得到一系列阳极氧化膜,当氧化时间达到50 min时,氧化膜的耐腐蚀性最好,自腐蚀电位为-0.6 V。XRD分析表明,氧化膜由γ-Al2O3和α-Al2O3组成。氧化膜的显微硬度和厚度会随着电流密度及时间的增加而增大,氧化膜硬度、厚度最大分别为372.3HV、6.8μm。结论当阳极氧化电流密度为3.0 A/d、氧化时间为50 min时,膜层的耐蚀性最好。     

Pitting corrosion in cast 7XXX aluminium alloys and fibre reinforced MMCs

The corrosion behaviour of cast and heat-treated Al-6%Zn-1%Mg and Al-6%Zn-1%Mg-1%Ag alloys and metal matrix composites (MMCs) were investigated using dynamic polarisation techniques, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The addition of silver and the incorporation of continuous Altex fibres into the alloys have a positive effect on the materials’ corrosion resistance. It was observed that due to the presence of second phase particles and microsegregation, pitting occurs preferentially at the grain boundary and fibre/matrix interface regions in the cast alloys and composites, respectively.     

铝合金型材阳极氧化膜的滴碱与落砂试验

通过试验，研究了合金成分、常温封孔、阳极氧化工艺条件对氧化膜耐蚀性，耐磨性的影响；讨论了这些因素对氧化膜耐蚀性、耐磨性的影响机理，指出了为保证氧化膜的耐蚀性、耐磨性而采取的工艺措施。     

Stress corrosion cracking of cast 7XXX aluminium fibre reinforced composites

Using continuous immersion techniques, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of cast and heat-treated Al-6%Zn-1%Mg (Al-6-1) and Al-6%Zn-1%Mg-1%Ag (Al-6-1-1) metal matrix composites were evaluated. It was found that the Al-6-1-1 composites exhibit longer lifetimes compared to the Al-6-1 when tested under various SCC conditions. Fractography and scanning electron microscopy studies performed on stress-corroded specimens found evidence of the respective roles played by the dissolution and hydrogen embrittling mechanisms in the initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracks within these materials.     

Corrosion Resistance and Color Properties of Anodized Ti-6Al-4V

In this research, color anodizing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was performed in phosphoric acid solution of 0.4 M concentration and within 30 s in different voltages (10-120 V) of a DC power supply. The effect of anodizing voltages on the color and thickness of anodized layers on Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface was surveyed. Thickness and refractive index of layers were measured by spectrophotometery and reflectance curves. According to the results, thickness of layers increased with increasing anodizing voltage and was in the range of 38-167 nm. Also the refractive index of anodic film was approximately constant at about 2 and increased inconsiderably with increasing anodizing voltage. Corrosion resistance of the anodized samples in 20 and 50 V was surveyed in physiological solutions of Ringer’s solution, Artificial Saliva solution, and Ringer’s + 150 mM H₂O₂ solution at the temperature of 37 °C by potentiodynamic polarization method. The anodized sample in 50 V indicated lower corrosion rate than the non-anodized sample as well as the sample which was anodized in 20 V in all solutions. The non-anodized sample indicated the highest corrosion rate of about 0.25 μA cm⁻².     

表面处理对Al-Li合金胶接性能与耐腐蚀性的影响

目的提高铝锂合金胶接接头的强度与耐腐蚀性能。方法对铝锂合金板采用砂纸打磨、喷砂和磷酸阳极化处理,在表面处理后的基板上铺一层FM94胶,并加压固化,得到单搭接接头。分析不同表面处理后铝锂合金试样的表面形貌、表面粗糙度、表面自由能和表面化学组成,对接头进行湿热环境老化实验,测试湿热老化前后胶接接头的强度,研究揭示不同表面处理方法对胶接接头强度与抗湿热老化能力的影响。结果与砂纸打磨后的试样相比,喷砂与磷酸阳极化处理能显著提高铝锂合金试样的表面粗糙度和表面自由能。同时,经EDS分析发现,阳极化后铝锂合金表面氧元素大量增加。阳极化和喷砂处理后的接头强度分别为37.0、26.8MPa,而简单打磨过后的接头仅为16.4MPa。湿热老化后,磷酸阳极化处理的接头强度仅下降12.2%,而喷砂处理和砂纸打磨处理的接头强度分别下降了30.6%和19.5%。结论磷酸阳极化和喷砂处理均能增大铝锂合金胶接接头的强度,但阳极化处理效果更好,阳极化处理能显著加强接头的耐腐蚀能力,而喷砂处理则对接头的耐腐蚀能力无明显提升。     

Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum 6061 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

The corrosion resistance of anodized Al 6061 produced by two different anodizing and sealing processes was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to determine the surface structure and the thickness of the anodized layers. The EIS data revealed that there was very little change of the properties of the anodized layers for samples that were hard anodized in a mixed acid solution and sealed in hot water over a 365 day exposure period in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The specific admittance A_s and the breakpoint frequency f_b remained constant with exposure time confirming that the hard anodizing process used in this study was very effective in providing excellent corrosion resistance of anodized Al 6061 over extended exposure periods. Some minor degradation of the protective properties of the anodized layers was observed for samples that were hard anodized in H₂SO₄ and exposed to the NaCl solution for 14 days.     

Quality Control in Architectural Anodizing

The selection of the quality of metal sheet, sections and castings needed for successful anodizing is discussed and the need for close control of pretreatment processes and anodizing conditions is illustrated by examples. Small changes of anodizing voltage or temperature may produce large differences in film thickness and different alloys anodized together will have widely differing film thicknesses. Good performance of architectural anodized aluminium requires adequate film thickness, effective sealing and good abrasion resistance of the film. The tests for assessing these properties, in particular non-destructive tests for film thickness, are discussed and some comments are made on colour matching and fastness of colour. Minimum film thicknesses suitable for exposure in various regions are considered. The scope of national specifications for anodic films is summarized.     

Alternatives to dichromate sealer in anodizing operations

Ogden Air Logistics Center (OO-ALC) is the primary facility within the United States Air Force for maintaining and overhauling aircraft landing gear. Aluminum landing gear components are anodized at OO-ALC to provide enhanced corrosion resistance, paint adhesion, and wear resistance; a sodium dichromate sealing operation usually completes the anodizing process. During sealing, the pores of the anodized (oxide) layer are hydrated, which fills the pores and provides improved corrosion resistance. However, this sealer contains hexavalent chromium, which is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency's list of industrial toxic chemicals that are targeted for voluntary reduction or elimination. The specification that outlines the sodium dichromate sealing process delineates three alternative processes that are approved for use: 1) boiling de-ionized water, 2) cobalt acetate, and 3) nickel acetate. While some research to support the use of these and other sealing processes has been gathered under past efforts, additional work must be conducted to fully integrate non-chromate sealers into OO-ALC's anodizing operations. To meet this need, the Air Force Research Laboratory tasked Concurrent Technologies Corporation to identify viable alternatives to the sodium dichromate sealer, conduct testing on these alternatives, and recommend the most promising sealer(s) for implementation based on the test results. This paper will describe the requirements for anodizing and sealing operations within OO-ALC, as well as the sealing technologies that are available and a path forward to demonstrate/validate the most promising alternatives for the specific needs and applications of OO-ALC.     

Anodization of AZ91 magnesium alloy in alkaline solution containing silicate and corrosion properties of anodized films

The anodization of AZ91 magnesium alloy in an alkaline electrolyte of 100g/L NaOH 20g/L Na2B4O7·10H2O 50g/L C6H5Na3O7·2H2O 60g/L Na2SiO3·9H2O was studied.The corrosion resistance of the anodized films was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.The microstructure of the films was examined with scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD).The results show that,under the experimental conditions,the optimum anodizing time and the optimum anodizing current density are 40min and 20mA/cm2 respectively for obtaining the anodic film with high corrosion resistance.The XRD pattern shows that the components of the anodized film consist of MgO and Mg2 (SiO4).     

阳极氧化法构筑的铝基超疏水表面及其耐蚀性能

通过接触角测量仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱、电化学工作站对经阳极氧化及低表面能物质修饰相结合处理的7075铝合金的表面的形貌、化学成分和耐蚀性能进行了表征。结果表明:阳极氧化法构筑的珊瑚状微纳结构和低表面能十四酸的协同效应赋予了7075铝合金表面超疏水性能。当草酸浓度40 g/L、电流密度20 A/dm²、阳极氧化时间10 min时,获得的铝合金超疏水表面接触角最大,为152°,耐蚀性能最好,腐蚀速率比铝合金基体降低了4个数量级,同时具有优异的防污和自清洁性能。     

Evaluation of different sealing methods for anodized aluminum‐silicon carbide (Al/SiC) composites using EIS and SEM techniques

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been used in an investigation of the effectiveness of various sealing methods that can be used to improve the corrosion resistance of an anodized aluminum‐silicon carbide (Al/SiC) composite. Anodic oxide films were grown on Al7075‐T6 and the Al/SiC composite by sulfuric acid anodizing and sealing in a cold saturated solution of nickel acetate. Other samples were sealed using the traditional method of boiling water or hot nickel acetate for comparison. The results revealed a uniform anodized layer on Al7075‐T6 that resisted pitting corrosion for more than 2 weeks exposure to NaCl, whereas a cracked oxide film with variations in thickness was observed on the composite material. Pit initiation occurred in less than 5 days on the anodized Al/SiC that was sealed in the hot solutions. This study suggests that the traditional hot sealing methods did not provide sufficient corrosion protection for aluminum metal–matrix composites (MMCs) because the reinforcing SiC particles deteriorated the surface film structure. However, this defective film can be repaired by nickel hydrate precipitation during cold sealing or by applying a thick polyurethane coating.     

2024-T3铝合金在硫酸-硼酸-磷酸中的阳极氧化和腐蚀行为

在含有10%硫酸、5%硼酸和2%磷酸的混合电解液中,对2024-T3铝合金进行阳极氧化处理,以提高其耐腐蚀性能。使用电化学阻抗频谱分析研究阳极氧化处理后合金的腐蚀行为。利用塔菲尔图和盐水喷雾技术进行对比发现,与只用磷酸或硫酸和硼酸的电解液相比,使用含有10%硫酸、5%硼酸和2%磷酸的混合电解液阳极氧化处理后的2024-T3铝合金,具有更好的耐腐蚀性和持久性。该电解液可以替代普遍用于阳极氧化铝合金的铬酸盐浴。     

Corrosion Behavior of Anodized Al Coated by Physical Vapor Deposition Method on Cu–10Al–13Mn Shape Memory Alloy

Physical vapor deposition method was utilized to apply Al coating onto Cu–10Al–13Mn alloy, then coated layer was anodized in different temperatures: 5 and 10°C as well as several potentials: 20, 30, 40, 50 V in order to achieve best anodizing parameters. The effects of anodizing parameters on alumina nanotube formation and corrosion resistance were investigated. Phase analysis on surface was conducted by X-ray diffraction method and nanotube characteristics was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface topology was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the corrosion resistance of coatings was studied by potentiodynamic test in 1M NaCl solution. The results depicted that whole deposited Al layer was anodized and FCC alumina was formed merely. Polarization test results was illustrated that Al anodized layer significantly improved Cu–10Al–13Mn corrosion resistance. Uncoated specimen had highest corrosion rate and anodized layer in lower temperature and voltage had minimum alumina nanotube dimension; as a result, it had best corrosion behavior in NaCl corrosive solution.     

Pure Commercial Titanium Color Anodizing and Corrosion Resistance

In order to improve titanium corrosion behavior, we can increase the thickness of oxide layer on titanium surface during anodizing process and by electrochemistry. In this research, self-color anodizing of Ti in sulfuric acid was done, and anodizing layers were created in different colors. The highest value of chromaticity was 37.8 for the anodized sample in 10 V, and the lowest value was 8.6 at 15 V. The oxide layer thickness was calculated by optical method (light refraction). The anodic film thickness increased by increasing the anodizing voltage. The highest thickness of anodic film was 190 nm in sulfuric acid solution for the anodized sample in 80 V. Corrosion resistance of anodized Ti was studied by potentiodynamic polarization curves in biological solution of Ringer’s at 37 °C. On increasing the anodizing voltage further, corrosion rate of the alloy increased from its lowest rate. The lowest rate of corrosion was for the sample anodized in 10 V, which was 0.96 × 10⁻³ mpy.     

邻苯二甲酸氢钾-硼酸盐电解液中AZ91D镁合金的阳极氧化(英文)

研究 AZ91D 镁合金在邻苯二甲酸氢钾-硼酸盐碱性环保型电解液中的阳极氧化行为。考察邻苯二甲酸氢钾对阳极氧化膜层性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、动电位极化和电化学阻抗(EIS)进行分析表征。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸氢钾的浓度对阳极氧化成膜过程,氧化膜的表面形貌、厚度、相结构和耐腐蚀性能都有重要影响。在硼酸盐电解液中加入适量的邻苯二甲酸氢钾以后,制得的阳极氧化膜表面光滑、致密,与镁合金基体的结合力强,具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

硬脂酸添加剂对AZ91D镁合金阳极氧化膜耐蚀性的影响

目的通过含有硬脂酸添加剂的阳极氧化工艺,获得耐蚀性优异的镁合金阳极氧化膜。方法采用直流电源阳极氧化法,在含有2 g/L硬脂酸的碱性氧化液中进行阳极氧化。通过SEM、ImageJ软件和TT230测厚仪分析氧化膜的微观形貌和膜厚,通过FTIR、XPS和XRD分析膜层成分,通过电化学测试检测膜层的耐蚀性能。结果氧化液中添加硬脂酸后,制备的氧化膜层孔隙率降低,孔径减小,孔洞数量下降,厚度增大,致密度提高。膜层的自腐蚀电流密度为3.15×10^–7 A/cm^2,与未加硬脂酸制备的氧化膜相比,降低了2个数量级,耐蚀性显著提升。结论硬脂酸添加剂通过提升成膜电压,增强火花放电效应、表面活性剂作用,改变膜层成分等机制,提升膜层耐蚀性能。     

工艺参数对Al合金阳极氧化膜腐蚀行为的影响

用电化学极化和扫描电镜(SEM)观察法,研究了电流密 度、氧化时间和氧化温度等工艺参数对LC4铝合金阳极氧化膜的厚度、显微形貌和在NaCl溶 液中耐蚀性的影响，讨论了影响氧化膜耐蚀性的机制，提出了提高耐蚀性的最佳阳极氧化工 艺参数.     

Study of colored anodized aluminum with calcon in sulfuric acidic solution using cyclic voltammetry and impedance measurement methods

The effect of coloring condition of Al with Calcon (sodium 2,2'‐dihydroxy‐azonaphthalene‐4‐sulfonate), on the corrosion resistance of Al in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution was studied, using cyclic voltammetry and measurement of impedance noise methods. The changes in the corrosion resistance of colored aluminum electrodes were evaluated by measuring the magnitude of impedance and cyclic voltammetric responses of anodized and colored electrodes. An irreversible corrosion response was observed at the cyclic voltammogram of the colored aluminum electrode. The current and threshold potential of corrosion responses strongly depends on the applied conditions during anodizing, coloring and sealing stages. In addition, significant changes in impedance at the ac voltammogram and noise level at some ac frequencies were observed, when the electrodes were colored under various conditions. In this regard, the surface of the electrode was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Comparison of SEM images of the colored and uncolored aluminum specimens showed that the colored surface contained a significant numbers of pits. The results indicated that coloring aluminum with Calcon could reduce corrosion resistance of aluminum and increase roughness of the oxide film.     

电解规范与后处理对LY12和ZL105铸铝合金交流氧化的影响

运用交流氧化技术,通过对膜层厚度、耐蚀性、显微硬度、封孔度及染色性等指标的测定,研究了电流密度、温度、氧化时间、搅拌强度、以及封闭方式等对两种含Cu、Si的铸铝合金LY12和ZL105氧化膜性能的影响。结果表明,在研究确定的最佳配方和工艺条件下,LY12和ZL105合金均得到了性能优良的氧化膜,二者的显微硬度分别达到了430Hv和460Hv。并讨论了部分杂质离子的影响。