市面上的销售的Kodak多重感光度胶片

本简明地介绍了最近几年出现在市场上的几种柯达多重感光度胶片，如：埃克斯新闻多重光度彩色负片ＦＪＭ（曝光宽容度ＩＳＯ１００～１０００），代号ＧＴ的多重感光度彩色胶片ＧｏｌｄＭａｘ（曝光宽度５０～３２００。附列出了其有关感光性能数据和特性曲线。     

印刷胶片的影像评价

过去的十年是中国印刷行业发展最快的十年，预计在今后的十年中，印刷制版胶片的需求量会持续增长，因此，胶片生产厂家正在大量投资研究和开发卤化银印刷胶片和相关技术，本文扼要阐明了优质印刷胶片的主要特性及其检定方法，如：影像质量和清晰度，实际密度，感光度，显影宽容度，曝光宽容度，物理性能，显影速度和补充率等。     

胶片相机和数码相机（2）：———感光度和像质

银盐胶片与数码相机的感光度在外界条件一定的情况下,胶片照相机最合适的曝光由银盐胶片的感光度决定,这也是众所周知的。银盐胶片的感光度是按得到图像密度（例如黑白负片胶片为０１,彩色负片胶片为０２）的必要的曝光量（勒克斯秒）作基准求得的,用ＩＳＯ速度...     

新型彩色电视反转片SR-6292

新反转片SR—6292比以前的彩色反转片曝光宽容度大;感光度也有所提高(由100ASA提高到125ASA);画面质量(颗粒度及清晰度等)和从前的胶片仍相同,以肤色为主的彩色还原有了改进。由于提高了红、绿等颜色的纯度,使画面颜色更为鲜艳。新片种仍可用伊斯曼柯达公司ME—4配方加工。胶片的感光度:     

彩色胶片的性能(一)

对于一般的摄影者来说,知道了胶片的感光度也许就可以拍照了。而对于专业的摄影及加工者来说,要想把彩色片拍好,冲洗好,制作好,还需进一步掌握彩色胶片的其他性能,如最小密度、反差系数、反差系数平衡、感光度、感光度平衡、宽容度以及颗粒度、分辨率等,并了解这些性能之间的关系,以及这些性能如何随着加工条件的变化而改变的规律。掌握了这些性能,有助于选择胶片,储存胶片,正确选景,合理布光曝光,并自觉地准确加工,就更有把握获得优质的彩色影像了。     

数码单反相机的测光系统和几种测光方式

人眼所能察觉到的最亮光线的亮度是其能察觉到的最暗光线亮度的5万倍。黑白胶片是128倍左右,彩色胶片是32-64倍。数码单反相机中的CMOS影像传感器与彩色胶片差不多,这个比值也叫宽容度。宽容度是指感光材料或感光元件按比例正确记录景物亮度范围的能力,是被摄景物表面由最亮部分至最暗部分的差别。在摄影曝光时,使用宽容度较大的感光胶片去拍摄亮度差较小的景物,即使曝光量稍微多一些或少一些,对正确记录的影响不大。     

铱盐在工业射线胶片中的应用

本文阐述提高工业射线胶片拍摄宽容度和射线感光度的研究。尽管我们一般的工业射线胶片与国外名牌产品对可见光具有相同的感光速度,但是实际上用X-射线曝光对较厚钢管和铸件进行无损探测时,感光速度却远低于国外工业射线胶片,这是由于在用低照度长时间曝光时产生的互易律失效现象造成的。研究结果证实:在乳剂制备过程中加入铱盐作为掺杂剂,可提供多价离子在卤化银颗粒的适当位置产生浅电子陷阱,以防止出现互易律失效现象,从而全面改进工业射线胶片的感光性能。     

柯达红外胶片

在胶片制造中 ,对胶片乳剂进行特定的光谱增感 ,加入红外增感染料 ,使乳剂的光谱敏感达到红外光谱区 ,即为红外胶片。红外胶片广泛应用于广告、航空、工业、艺术、风光、人像、科技、医学、刑侦、军事等领域的摄影。红外胶片的曝光宽容度小 ,感光度较底 ,分辨率弱于普通胶片、分色胶片、盲色胶片 ,并随敏感波长的增长而相应下降。●柯达红外胶片的规格、型号柯达ＨＩＥ胶片为红外高速黑白胶片 ,135规格 ,对 750～ 84 0ｎｍ近红外区域的红外线敏感 ,最大敏感波长达 90 0ｎｍ。拍摄时 ,根据需要加红色滤光镜或红外摄影专用滤光镜。用柯达Ｗｒ…     

20世纪胶片式照相机辅助功能的发展演变

２０世纪胶片式照相机装备了测光或自动曝光功能后相当长的一段时间内,在使用相机拍摄前首先必须调整并设定好相机的感光度,使之对应于所使用的胶片感光度。这是因为照相机测光系统或自动曝光系统必须以某一个确定的感光度为基准,对被摄物亮度进行测定,以提供正确的曝光数据,而     

柯达Ektapress Gold 100/400/1600

在所有的胶片中,曝光宽容度最大的胶片可能就属彩色底片了。曝光宽容度在-1～+3档的范围内,就几乎所有的彩色底片来说,都能保证获得最佳的彩色照片。在拍摄条件比较差的新闻摄影中使用彩色底片,再加上与显影系统相配合,是现在最快、最安全的手段。     

解析数码照相机的宽容度

在传统的银盐感光胶片中，照像宽容度是指其感光特性曲线的直线部分相对应的曝光量范围，而胶片的实际感光范围包含了特性曲线两端的足部和肩部，这与数码照相机完全不同。数码照相机的一项重要性能是其CCD传感器的动态范围。在信息传递系统中，所谓动态范围是指一个传感器响应的最大和最小信号之比，对数码照相机的CCD而言，这种响应是呈正比直线关系的，因此动态范围也表征数码照相机的照像宽容度。本文对数码照相机和传统照相胶片的宽容度进行详细的分析和对比，并提出很多在实际应用数码照相机拍摄中应注意的问题。     

上海牌GP3 100型黑白照相胶卷

本文详细介绍了上海感光材料厂生产的新一代的上海牌GP3 100型黑白照相胶卷的性能特点和使用方法。该产品具有乳剂涂层薄、清晰度高、宽容度大等优点；经测试，照相性能接近国际先进水平。     

Couplers in colour photography—chemistry and function Part 3

Abstract

Part 3 of the review (Parts 1 and 2 were in the preceding Issue) comprises a detailed representation of tools contributing to ‘image quality’ in a broad sense. Section 1 covers a group of two-equivalent couplers whose function consists in maintaining an otherwise inaccessible level of image quality by release of ‘photographically useful groups’, usually represented by the acronym ‘PUG’. PUGs such as development inhibitors released from a DIR coupler, development activators, electron-transfer agents and bleach activators are capable of upgrading image quality by increasing speed and exposure latitude, reducing graininess, enhancing edge reproduction and colour contrast, but also stability to varying process conditions. In most cases their action depends on imagewise release and carefully controlled diffusibility within the developing layers. The variety of chemical concepts represents the complexity of the photographic tasks.

In a different sense, masking couplers (Section 2) are used as an important tool for improving colour reproduction by compensating the side absorptions of necessarily imperfect image dyes and extending the recorded colour gamut.

Chemical aspects of the dark stability and light stability of the coloured image and industrially used additives for extending its ‘lifetime’ are presented in Section 3. Section 4 considers the high degree of technological ripeness of photographic systems based on chemistry and presents an outlook on their future perspectives with respect to the erosion of their market by digital photography.     

黑白传统影像的形成及冲洗工艺技术

黑白摄影是一种概括力很强的摄影艺术。黑自感光材料拍摄曝光后,必须经过显影、停显、定影、水洗等处理,才能获得永久保存的可见影像。本文从黑白影像的形成及潜影机理、黑白135胶卷冲洗工艺、黑白照相纸的冲洗工艺、黑白RC照相纸的冲洗工艺、染料型胶卷及多变反差相纸冲洗工艺等方面对黑白传统影像的形成和冲洗工艺作了阐述。     

产品包装设计中的摄影测光

论述了测光在产品包装摄影中的重要作用,简单说明了产品包装用摄影图片应尽可能展示产品的外观和质感,并具有比被摄产品本身更加精美的视觉感受.重点阐述了测光的各种方法、方式及测光技术的发展方向.     

A Quantitative Theory of the Photographic Action

A theory of the photographic process (external image) is put forward in which uniform grains are regarded as similar and without discrete sensitivity centres before exposure, differences after exposure being attributed to random photon distribution. The theory accounts for a wide range of qualitative and quantitative results.     

数字彩色像纸的照片品质控制

进入21世纪以来，数字照像在我国迅速推广、普及，普遍采用的方法是用数码相机拍摄．然后由专门的照像加工点用数字彩色像纸印成彩色照片。有别于传统的照像方法。数码照相机是用CCD或CMOS传感器记录影像的，在用彩色像纸印制时，可以由数码相机传感器储存的信号转换成对数字彩色像纸曝光的调制光，简化了整个成像过程，而且可以直接采用光能极强的激光代替传统的三原色印片光，大大加快了印片过程。本文针对数码彩色照片印片、冲洗加工过程的品质管理作了一个理论结合实际、全面而详细的阐述。     

Calibration Levels of Films and Exposure Devices

This paper attempts to analyse the conditions at present considered necessary for the correct determination of exposure for monochrome and reversal colour film, as made by exposure meters and the exposure control devices of automatic cameras. It takes into consideration the factors on which calibration of films, exposure meters and automatic cameras is based, and gives the presently accepted values for various photographic constants, for both the arithmetic and logarithmic methods of specification of film speed.     

The Unexposed Emulsion Density of a Photographic Layer*

An E.M.3 Metropolitan Vickers electron microscope was modified to enable the accelerating voltage and the current density falling on the photographic plate to be measured. This modified instrument was then used to investigate the response of a series of photographic materials, with accelerating voltages of 25 to 78kV. and current densities of 10^-11 to 2x 10^-10 amp/sq.cm. Exposure times were in the range of 0.05 to 4.5 sec. The ratio of the speeds of the fastest to the slowest emulsion varied between 20:1 and 50:1 depending on the kilovoltage. For Nuclear Research B2 plates the D/E curve was linear over a wide range of densities and the photographic effect could be described by a simple linear equation connecting density, kilovoltage and exposure. Two of the other emulsions, Rapid Process Experimental and Thin Film Half Tone, also showed a linear D/E relationship near the origin. The slope of the linear portion of the Rapid Process Experimental curves was proportional to the accelerating voltage, but that of Thin Film Half Tone was not, possibly due to the loss of electrons from the rear of the emulsion. Photomechanical and Contact Lantern, the slowest materials, had “S” shaped D/E curves indicating the possibility of reciprocity failure.