沥青炭基体C/C复合材料单向层间剪切性能及破坏机理

以沥青四氢呋喃溶液、沥青四氢呋喃溶液 20％焦炭粉(质量分数)和酚醛树脂四氢呋喃溶液 60％焦炭(质量分数)为预浸料预浸炭纤维，模压制成初坯体，然后再浸渍沥青-炭化，制备了3种单向纤维增强炭／炭(C／C)复合材料试祥。对试祥的密度、开孔率、层间剪切强度和显微结构进行了测试和观察，探讨了剪切破坏的机理。结果表明：C／C复合材料的层间剪切强度随密度的增大和孔隙度的降低而提高，高温处理虽可使致密度得到进一步增大，但层间剪切强度则由于基体炭的软化，以及基体炭与纤维(或焦炭粉颗粒)界面的变化而显著降低；由于微裂纹和孔洞的存在，剪切裂纹前沿应力集中被释放，可阻止裂纹继续扩展，载荷的继续增大导致新裂纹的生成并扩展，所以C／C复合材料的三点弯曲剪切破坏呈多裂纹复合剪切模式。     

C／C坯体对RMI C／C—SiC复合材料组织的影响

以PAN基炭纤维（Cf）针刺整体毡为预制体，用化学气相渗透（CVI）、浸渍炭化（IC）方法制备了不同炭纤维增强炭基体的多孔C／C坯体，采用反应熔渗（RMI）法制备C／C—SiC复合材料，研究了渗Si前后坯体的密度和组织结构。结果表明：不同C／C坯体反应溶渗硅后复合材料的物相组成为SiC相、C相及单质Si相；密度低的坯体熔融渗硅后密度增加较多；密度的增加与开口孔隙度并不是单调增加的关系，IC处理的坯体开口孔隙度低，但渗硅后复合材料的密度增加较多；IC坯体中分布分散的树脂C易与熔渗Si反应，CVI坯体中的热解C仅表层与熔渗Si反应，在Cf和SiC之间有热解C存在；坯体密度相同时，IC处理的坯体中SiC量较多，单质Si相含量少且分散较好，而CVI坯体中SiC量较少，单质Si相的量较多；制备方法相同时，高密度的C／C坯体，渗硅后C相较多。     

C/C-Cu复合材料的组织和摩擦磨损性能

以炭纤维针刺整体毡为预制体，用化学气相渗透（CVI）、浸渍／炭化（I／C）的方法制备密度和基体炭不同的C／C多孔坯体，采用真空熔渗将熔融Cu渗入到C／C坯体中制备C／C-Cu复合材料，利用X射线衍射、金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析复合材料的组织结构，研究复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：Cu成功地渗入C／C坯体中，并填充了坯体的孔洞和炭纤维之间的孔隙，复合材料的主要相为Cu、C及少量的TiC相，当渗剂中Ti的质量分数达到15％时，出现微量的Cu和Ti的金属化合物相；复合材料的摩擦因数随着摩擦时间的增加而逐渐增加并趋于稳定。渗剂相同时，摩擦因数和体积磨损量随着材料密度增加而增加；坯体相同时，随着渗剂中Ti含量增加，摩擦因数增加，体积磨损减小。随着外加载荷的增加，摩擦因数和体积磨损先增后减，80N载荷时均达到最大值；与J204电刷对比，同样条件下，两者摩擦因数接近，但C／C-Cu复合材料的体积磨损量远远小于J204电刷的。     

坯体密度对C/C-SiC复合材料烧蚀性能的影响

以纳米SiC粉为惰性填料,采用先驱体浸渍裂解法制备C/C-SiC复合材料,研究了不同密度C/C坯体对复合材料烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明,不同密度C/C坯体对制得的复合材料性能有很大的影响,其中C/C预制体密度为1.24g/cm~3试样制得的复合材料性能最优,其最终密度为1.80g/cm~3,开孔率为7.32%,线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0040mm/s和0.0012g/s。     

预浸涂对航空刹车副用C/C复合材料抗氧化涂层性能的影响

采用在C/C复合材料基体表面预先浸涂浸渍剂 ,再涂刷涂层并进行涂层固化处理的工艺方法 ,可制备出抗氧化性能良好的涂层。预浸涂处理可使C/C复合材料的起始氧化温度提高近 2 0 0℃。单独预浸涂以硼酸或TEOS为主的浸渍剂后 ,试样抗氧化效果不明显 ,而预浸涂以磷酸或磷酸 硼酸混合液为主的浸渍剂效果较好 ,90 0℃ ,2h静态氧化质量损失率分别为 0 .4 0 %和 0 .33%。并对以硼酸 ,磷酸和TEOS及其混合液为主的浸渍剂的抗氧化机理进行了分析和探讨     

多孔体制备工艺对C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲性能的影响

以针刺整体炭毡为坯体,采用CVD和树脂浸渍／炭化混合法增密制备了4种C／C多孔体,然后熔硅浸渗C／C多孔体制备了C／C-SiC复合材料;研究了不同炭涂层、高温热处理对C／C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度和断裂方式的影响。结果表明：热解炭涂层可减少制备过程中炭纤维的损伤,具有适中的界面结合强度,使复合材料的弯曲强度达到161．5MPa,表现出良好的“假塑性”;适当选择高温热处理工艺可制备弯曲性能较高,具有一定“假塑性”的C／C-SiC复合材料。     

熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料的力学性能

以炭纤维(Cf)针刺整体毡为预制体,分别采用化学气相渗透(Chemical vapor deposition,CVI)和浸渍炭化(Impregnation and carbonization,I/C)制备不同密度和基体炭的C/C坯体;通过添加Ti元素改善熔融Cu与C/C坯体的润湿性.采用真空熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料.对复合材料的力学性能及其与坯体之间的关系进行研究,并与常用滑板材料的力学性能进行比较.结果表明:随着坯体密度的增加,复合材料的抗弯强度下降,而坯体密度为1.4 g/cm3的复合材料的冲击韧性达到最大值.与用I/C坯体制备的复合材料相比,用CVI坯体制备的复合材料具有更高的强度和韧性,其弯曲曲线呈“假塑性”断裂特征,断裂时纤维从热解炭层或熔渗金属相中拔出,熔渗金属相呈“韧窝状”的塑性断裂形貌.冲击断裂时,复合材料倾向于沿TiC/熔渗金属界面断裂.C/C-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为180～300 MPa、冲击韧性高于3.5 J/cm2,优于常用滑动电接触材料的性能,是一种极具潜力的新型滑动电接触材料.     

准三维C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体, 采用化学气相浸渗(CVI)法或结合液相法制备了热解炭、树脂炭和沥青炭基质的准三维C/C复合材料, 研究了这些材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理. 结果表明: CVI基质炭比沥青基质炭更有利于C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能的提高; 剪切强度随密度增高而增大, 致密度越高, 基体支撑越强, 同时微裂纹和孔隙度就越低, 断裂裂纹不易形成或扩展, 强度性能就越好; 纯沥青基质炭试样为"突发"的脆性断裂方式, 其他基质炭试样表现为韧性断裂方式.     

Cu/C复合材料的研究现状

Cu／C复合材料是一种极具发展前途的金属基复合材料。综述了Cu／C复合材料的性能特点和国内外的研究现状，并深入介绍了粉末冶金法、热压固结法、液相浸渗法3种主要的Cu／C复合材料的制备工艺。粉末冶金法的优点是制造温度低，适于多种基体与纤维，特别是短纤维的结合；缺点是对纤维的损伤大，纤维分布不均。热压固结法相对粉末冶金法而言，对纤维的损伤小，材料性能较好，但工艺较复杂，制造成本高。液相浸渗法制得的Cu／C复合材料在发达国家得到了广泛的应用，但工序繁复，设备庞大，能耗大，成本高，而且仅适用于高石墨比例的Cu／C复合材料的制备。     

石墨化处理对三维针刺C/C复合材料力学性能的影响

以T700碳纤维三维针刺整体毡为预制体,利用高压液相浸渍-碳化周期循环致密工艺制备三维针刺中间相沥青基C/C复合材料.用XRD、SEM及力学性能测试研究了三维针刺C/C复合材料的微观结构与弯曲断裂机制.结果表明:随着浸渍-碳化次数的增加,三维针刺C/C复合材料的密度、抗弯强度和杨氏模量逐渐增大,石墨化处理使三维针刺C/C复合材料的石墨层间距减小,石墨化度提高.经2800 ℃石墨化处理后,三维针刺C/C复合材料中纤维与基体间界面结合减弱,复合材料的抗弯强度减小并表现出韧性断裂特征.     

Mesophase formation of coal-tar pitches used for impregnant of C/C composites

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表面硅化对C/C复合材料组织结构的影响

采用表面固相渗硅工艺在C/C复合材料表面制备SiC涂层 ,研究了制备工艺对涂层和C/C复合材料组织结构的影响。结果表明 :硅化反应时间对C/C复合材料的SiC涂层厚度影响不大 ;C/C复合材料组织中热解碳基体与碳纤维相比 ,更易与Si反应生成SiC ,说明碳纤维的稳定性高于热解碳 ,Si通过界面和材料缺陷扩散深入基体内部。     

Study on vacuum brazing of Cf/C composites

Vacuum brazing experiments of Cf/C composites were carried out using pure Al and Al-5 Ti-B as brazing fillers , and shearing strength of the joints was measured. The microstructures of the brazed joints were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results indicate that the brazing temperature is the important processing parameter affecting the quality of the brazed joints. Vacuum brazing of Cf/C composites can be achieved employing the pure Al and AI-S Ti-B brazing fillers at a brazing temperature of 730 ℃ or 750 ℃ , respectively. Moreover, the joints have excellent microstructures with shear strength reaching the level of practical applications.     

树脂浸渍炭化过程中C/C复合材料孔隙演化

将炭毡预制体用化学气相渗法增密至1.0 g/cm~3后,进行树脂浸渍炭化增密.用压汞法测试了树脂浸渍炭化过程C/C复合材料孔隙率及孔径的变化,并与完全开孔条件下孔隙变化规律进行了比较.在此基础上,提出了树脂浸渍炭化过程孔隙演化模型,并用分形法进行了表征.利用SEM观察了不同浸渍炭化次数下C/C复合材料的孔隙形貌.结果表明:C/C复合材料树脂浸渍炭化过程中总孔隙率呈下降趋势,而0.04-6 μm范围的孔隙呈增加趋势,浸渍炭化过程不断有闭孔孔隙形成.树脂浸渍炭化过程孔隙演化符合分形,足一种自相似的填充演化模式,和本研究提出的孔隙演化模型类似,孔隙分形维数随浸渍炭化次数呈减小趋势.首次浸渍炭化后形成了大量的裂纹型孔隙,随着浸渍炭化次数的增加,裂纹型孔隙被逐渐填充,进一步验证了孔隙自相似填充演化模型的合理性.     

采用复合钎料加压钎焊70%SiCp/Al复合材料

采用机械球磨的方法制备了Al-Si-xSiC(x为体积分数)复合钎料,采用复合钎料实现了70%SiCp/Al复合材料的加压钎焊连接. 利用SEM和EDS确定了钎缝是由α-Al,Si,SiC,Al₂O₃等相组成. 结果表明,在压力作用下SiC颗粒被固定在钎缝区而使得钎缝区的组织类似于复合材料,钎缝中一定的SiC颗粒可以缓解母材与金属钎料之间的热膨胀系数之差,从而减小了焊接残余应力,可以提高接头的强度,而钎焊施加一定的压力则可促进钎料与SiC颗粒的润湿性. 工艺适当时,接头最高强度达到125.7 MPa.     

Coke formation during metal dusting of iron in CO‐H2‐H2O gas with high CO content

Iron carburisation and coke formation during metal dusting of iron have been investigated in the gas mixture of 75%CO‐24.8%H₂‐0.2%H₂O at 600°C and 700°C. In all cases, cementite is formed at the surface, together with a coke layer on the top. In the coke layer, two morphologies of graphite are identified: compact bulk graphite with a uniform thickness and a columnar structure, and filamentous carbon with iron‐containing phases at the tip or along its length. The examination of coke formation in different stages of reaction at 700°C reveals that the coke contains two layers. The inner layer is composed of filaments, while the outer layer consists of the compact columnar graphite. After 2 h reaction the top compact graphite layer has suffered a serious deformation and has formed fractures because of the growth of catalytic filamentous carbon underneath. These filaments grow outside from these fractures and finally cover the whole surface after 4 h reaction. At 600°C, however, the coke contains a thick bulk graphite layer and non‐uniformly distributed filaments on the top. The bulk graphite layer is composed of many graphite columns which are loosely piled and are vertical to the surface. Each graphite column consists of many fine graphite fibres in parallel with the columnar axis. Filaments grow outside preferably from the gaps among these graphite columns and along the grinding scratches. TEM analysis of the coke detects very convoluted filaments with iron‐containing particles at the tip or along their length. XRD and TEM analyses show that these particles are Fe₃C rather than metallic iron.     

ZrC-SiC-MoSi2涂覆C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料在氧乙炔焰下的烧蚀行为及机理(英文)

为进一步提高C/C复合材料在不同烧蚀环境下的烧蚀性能,采用浆料刷涂法在C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料上制备Zr含量分别为34%和60%(质量分数)的ZrC-SiC-MoSi₂涂层,并且利用氧乙炔焰研究涂层C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料在3种不同氧气及乙炔流量下的烧蚀行为。结果表明：随着Zr含量的增加,涂层内部的ZrC和SiC颗粒尺寸明显减小,且颗粒分布更加均匀。Zr含量为60%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加而增加,而Zr含量为34%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加,先增加后降低。此外,详细讨论ZrC-SiC-MoSi₂涂层在不同条件下的烧蚀机理。随着氧气和乙炔流量的增加,主要的烧蚀机制由氧化变为氧化和蒸发的结合作用,最后变为氧化、蒸发及剥蚀的结合作用。     

Effects of ablation at different regions in three-dimensional orthogonal C/SiC composites ablated by oxyacetylene torch at 1800 °C

C/SiC composites were prepared by polycarbosilane infiltration pyrolysis and ablated by oxyacetylene flame at 1800 °C for 180 s. Morphology and microstructure of C/SiC have been studied by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Two concentric ring regions appeared on the surface of the ablated C/SiC. In the centre region of the ablated C/SiC was composed of irregular SiC particles with a lot of pores. The pores were resulted from (i) gas expansion in closed pores during ablation, and (ii) from the release of SiO gas produced by the oxidation of SiC with sufficiently low oxygen partial pressure. The results indicated the ablation was due to a combination of oxidation, mechanical erosion and recrystallization of the surface SiC.     

W–Cu composites with homogenous Cu–network structure prepared by spark plasma sintering using core–shell powders

W–Cu composites with homogenous Cu–network structure were fabricated by spark plasma sintering using core–shell powders. The core-shell powders were obtained by intermittently electroplating method which can deposit shell composed of nano–copper on the core of micron tungsten particles. These nano–copper shells provide a large amount of grain boundaries, which are benefit for removing pores and improving the densification during sintering. Thus, the W–Cu composites can be obtained at low sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity, hardness and bending strength of the sintered W–Cu composites were investigated. The W–Cu composites show homogeneous microstructure and high thermal conductivity due to the formed fine Cu–network structure, low W–W contiguity and nearly full density.