Echo cancellation and applications

Practical echo cancellation techniques, in particular, those used in telecommunications, are reviewed. The various situations in which echoes are generated are examined. Echo path modeling techniques and adaptive algorithms for coefficient control are reviewed. Current international standardization activities are discussed, and echo canceler implementation considerations are set forth. These include echo cancelers for telephone circuits, echo cancelers for full-duplex data transmission over voice channels, acoustic echo cancelers, and echo cancelers for ISDN digital loop transmission     

Local echo canceler with optimal input for true full-duplex speechscrambling system

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the local echo-canceling problem of full-duplex scrambled speech communications over a two-wire telephone network when the scrambling transformation is located between the handset and body of a telephone. Such a design makes possible very efficient protection against electromagnetic compromising emanation, which in turn substantially enhances the overall security of a protected communication. We propose a new adaptive FIR filter algorithm for local echo cancellation in such applications. The proposed algorithm differs from the conventional one by the construction of input signals in an optimal way using the D-optimal experiment design. In this way, at each step, we generate a new sample of the D-optimal pilot sequence for the filter parameter estimation. Consequently, the adaptation of the local echo canceler is defined as an initialization process in the first phase of each protected telephone call. The advantage in using the proposed adaptive FIR echo canceler is demonstrated through simulation results     

Echo cancellation on time-variant circuits

Echo cancellation is rapidly becoming a viable alternative to the conventional method of echo suppression currently in use to curtail echoes on long-distance telephone circuits. Echo suppressors introduce a switched loss into the return speech path when echo is present, and are inherently incapable of sustaining reduction of echo during periods of double-talk-while both parties are talking simultaneously. Echo cancellers use an adaptive filter to model the echo path, and compute a replica of the echo component present in the return speech signal. Subtraction of the replica from the return speech signal leaves it devoid of echo, allowing only the speech from the other party to be passed. Lack of synchronism in some classes of carrier system give rise to cyclic time variation in the echo path, termed "phase-roll," which must be tracked by the adaptive filter. Established adaptive echo cancellers are ineffective on circuits exhibiting phase-roll rates in excess of 0.5 Hz. The nature of the phase-roll problem is examined and two solutions discussed; use of compensating frequency offsets and cancellers with high-speed convergence. A prototype capable of satisfactory performance with speech on circuits exhibiting phase-roll rates up to 1.8 Hz is described. Modifications are proposed whereby the performance attained on speech signals can be made to approach the observed 3.4 Hz phase-roll limit with random noise input.     

A New Digital Echo Canceler for Two-Wire Full-Duplex Data Transmission

A new approach to echo canceling for two-wire fullduplex data transmission is proposed. The canceling signal is directly synthesized from the binary data, using a transversal filter approach, and the usual multiplications are replaced by additions and subtractions, thus allowing efficient operation of a large number of taps as required for the canceling of distant echoes. As a specific application, a system processing one sample per baud is discussed where timing signals at both communicating stations are assumed to be synchronized. A stochastic adjustment gradient-type algorithm is used for both training and adaptive tracking of the canceler. It is shown that convergence does not depend on intersymbol interference, timing phase, carrier phase, or the energy ratio of the local to the received signal, but is a function only of the number of taps. Convergence time is proportional to that number, and the optimum step size for fastest convergence is equal to the reciprocal of the number of taps. The residual fluctuation noise is proportional to that part of the mean-square (MS) error which cannot be reduced by the canceler and is a simple function of the product of the tap signal and the step size. The predicted convergence properties are verified by simulation results. Finally, it is shown how such an echo canceler might be used to allow two-wire full-duplex transmission for data rates as high as 4800 bit/s.     

An acoustic echo canceler

The authors describe an experimental 1000-tap single-chip adaptive AEC (acoustic echo canceler) occupying 28 mm² of die area in 3-μm, double-metal, p-well, CMOS technology. A floating-point format and power-of-two multiplications are chosen to simplify the hardware. To exploit pipelining and parallelism, interleaved data storage and multibank memory sharing the same addresses are designed. Hardware minimization is considered from both the system and the architecture perspective. In a loudspeaker telephone application, 27 dB of echo reduction is achieved after 1 s of convergence time     

Measurements of Echo Parameters Pertinent to High-Speed Full-Duplex Data Transmission on Telephone Circuits

Approximately 400 sets of field measurements were made on public switched telephone network connections from a location in Canada, to two locations in Australia and to 11 locations spread across the United Kingdom, to observe the properties of echos pertinent to high-speed full-duplex voiceband data transmission. The observations have been analyzed to give statistics on the duration, delay, and level of talker echo. Also, results on listener echo are included. The stability of echos is important in the design of echo cancelling and full-duplex digital transmission equipment, and so data are presented on the modulations of the echo or the phase roll that was observed and their stability. Results are included for calls placed over both cable and satellite circuits.     

Adaptive Reference Echo Cancellation

The AREC (adaptive reference echo cancellation) algorithm is presented for an echo canceler used in full-duplex two-wire digital transmission on digital subscriber loops. The AREC algorithm incorporates a decision-directed estimation of and compensation for the far-end signal which is a source of interference to the conventional echo canceler adaptation algorithm. The AREC algorithm thus offers much faster convergence and shorter coefficient wordlengths than the conventional algorithm. Analysis and simulation of the performance and convergence of both AREC and conventional echo canceler adaptation algorithms are carried out. Included in the analysis is the effect of receiver delay and coefficient wordlength requirements. A simple and robust startup procedure is proposed and investigated by simulation.     

A New Digital Echo Canceler for Two-Wire Subscriber Lines

A new type of digital echo canceler for two-wire digital transmission is presented. The new principle involves very simple signal processing and is thus an interesting alternative for digital transmission on subscriber lines. The principle is compared with other echo cancellation techniques, and it is shown how choice of line code, equalization, and carrier recovery are affected by the new echo canceler. A theoretical analysis of the principle is given, taking into account finite accuracy, jitter, noise, and correlated data streams. The echo canceler can be used for line attenuation up to 40 dB. At 80 kbits/s this corresponds to at least 7 km 0.6 mm cable and is sufficient to cover more than 99 percent of the existing Norwegian subscriber lines.     

感觉加权回波消除器的研究

传统的自适应回波消除算法都是基于客观优化准则,而没有考虑回波消除的主观质量。本文提出在回波消除器中采用误差频率加权自适应滤波器结构,以充分利用人耳的听觉特性,提高回波消除的主观质量。客观测试和主观测试的仿真结果验证了新算法的有效性。     

Fast initialization of Nyquist echo cancelers using circular convolution technique

For full-duplex high-speed data transmission over the two-wire line using the same frequency band, it is required to sufficiently suppress the echo. The use of a conventional adaptation method may take a long time to train the echo canceler. Fast training can be achieved by initializing the coefficients of the echo canceler with an estimate of the impulse response of the echo path. We propose a method for fast initialization of the echo canceler by using a circular convolution technique. The proposed method enables the use of real-valued training signals instead of complex-valued ones, resulting in significant reduction of the initialization time as well as the implementation complexity. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is analyzed and verified by computer simulation.     

A 64-tap CMOS echo canceller/decision feedback equalizer for 2B1QHDSL transceivers

A 60-MHz 64-tap adaptive finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter chip was fabricated in 1.2-μm CMOS. It can implement either an echo canceler or a decision feedback equalizer for 2B1Q high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) transceivers. The 4.3×4.3 mm², 30000 transistor chip is a completely self-contained adaptive filter which incorporates the least mean square (LMS) algorithm for coefficient updating. The device can be cascaded to implement very long filter lengths, which are often required in high bit rate transceivers. At a 60-MHz clock rate, the echo canceler/decision feedback equalizer chip can accommodate symbol rates in excess of 800 kbaud     

Echo Canceler with Two Echo Path Models

An adaptive echo canceler with two echo path models is proposed to overcome the false adaptation problem for double-talking. The echo canceler possesses two separate echo path models (EPMs), one (background EPM) for adaptively identifying echo path transfer characteristics and the other (foreground EPM) for synthesizing an echo replica to cancel out echo. The parameter values of the foreground EPM are refreshed by those of the background EPM, according to a transfer control logic, when the logic determines that the background EPM is giving a better approximation of echo path transfer characteristics than the foreground EPM. Completely digital hardware implementation is described. Using the hardware, it is shown that virtually complete double-talking protection is actually realizable by the new method.     

IP电话网关中回声消除器的实现

针对ＩＰ电话系统中回声的特点,提出了一种基于延迟分析的中心回声消除器设计的新思想和相关算法,并对ＴＭＳ３２０Ｃ６２０１ ＤＳＰ为硬件平台,实现了一个能应用在ＩＰ电话网关中的中心消除器。最后,通过实验结果分析了该回声消除器的性能。     

含旋转部件的动态目标ISAR成像及微多普勒特征提取

含旋转部件的动态目标ISAR成像中,受旋转部件微多普勒调制影响,导致目标成像质量下降,给目标识别带来巨大困难.抑制或消除旋转部件回波是处理带有旋转部件目标ISAR成像的重要内容.现有的算法在处理旋转部件时采用了单个旋转点的假设,虽然取得了较好的效果,但是对实测数据分离效果不明显.为此,本文基于含旋转部件目标主体和旋转部...     

A new double-talk detection algorithm based on the orthogonalitytheorem

The algorithm not only prevents the echo canceler from being disturbed by double talking but also tracks the echo path variations. Although the algorithm requires more computation and storage than conventional algorithms, excellent double-talk interference protection performance and echo path tracking have been obtained     

无源多基雷达海面运动目标检测与定位方法

由于北斗卫星导航系统全球覆盖的特性,以其为辐射源构成无源雷达在海面监测方向具有应用潜力。本文针对多颗北斗卫星为辐射源所构成的无源多基雷达,提出了一种目标回波空时联合积累方法,可实现海面运动目标的检测与定位。首先,本文提出距离反转-方位伸缩变换（RRAST）,将各二维时域回波转换为一维方位信号,并将其多普勒质心置零;然后,利用去调频积分变换（DcIT）处理实现回波的长时间积累,并非相干叠加多源回波实现目标回波的空间积累,在多普勒调频率域实现海面运动目标的有效检测;最后,将多源回波均映射到目标运动参数域,根据峰值位置实现目标的定位与速度估计。仿真实验结果表明,本方法可在低信噪比条件下实现海面运动目标的检测与定位。      

一种提高二相编码雷达检测目标动态范围的方法

在相位编码雷达进行各目标回波信号功率相差较大的多目标或隐身目标检测时,会存在隐身目标和小功率信号淹没在大功率信号距离旁瓣中的情况.本文提出了一种逐次消去回波中大功率信号的方法来去除大功率信号的距离旁瓣,检测小功率信号,从而提高雷达系统观察目标的动态范围至80dB以上.仿真研究和雷达实验表明该方法是有效可行的.     

高轨辐射源被动雷达空-时积累海面动目标检测技术

被动雷达作为一种特殊的双（多）基雷达体制,具有低成本、反隐身和抗干扰能力强等显著优势;与传统辐射源相比,地球同步轨道（geosynchronous earth orbit, GEO）卫星具有覆盖面积广、重访周期短、地面功率密度高等特性,将其作为辐射源构成高轨辐射源被动雷达,在广域持续隐蔽探测中具有显著优势。本文针对一发多收的高轨辐射源被动雷达系统,为解决多基目标回波的高精度融合问题,提出了一种基于空-时联合积累的高轨辐射源被动雷达海面运动目标检测技术。首先,利用Keystone变换和去调频傅里叶变换实现目标回波能量跨距离单元和跨多普勒单元现象的校正,并将各站目标回波能量积累到多普勒参数域;然后,根据目标角度、距离、多普勒参数与多基构型间的解析形式,建立各站目标回波域、多普勒参数域间各自映射关系,从而解决了多基间目标距离和多普勒参数的差异性问题,完成了多基间目标回波能量的对齐和积累,实现了高轨辐射源被动雷达动目标检测和定位。      

Silencing echoes on the telephone network

Echo of a trasmitted signal can occur in the telephone network and is sometimes a disturbing phenomenon. Various methods of echo control have been used for over 50 years but recent introduction of transmission delays in excess of 300 ms, over satellite circuits, has resulted in a general reexamination of suppression methods. This led to development of the echo canceller. Adaptive echo cancellation is accomplished by automatically synthesizing a replica of the echo path response, convolving the incoming signal with the replica and subtracting the resulting echo estimate from the echo path output. Transmission is not thereby interrupted in any way and two-way information transmission proceeds normally with little or no echo. Detailed mathematical formulations for the convergence properties of such devices allow understanding of the effects of various hardware configurations and input signal properties. Echo cancellers may be applied to the network in a number of ways and the development of a VLSI canceller chip promises inexpensive implementation of these applications. Worldwide tests have shown the effectiveness of cancellation methods for satellite transmission.     

A stereo echo canceler with correct echo-path identification basedon an input-sliding technique

A new stereo echo canceler with correct echo-path identification based on an input-sliding technique is proposed. A time-varying filter located in one of the two channels periodically delays the input signal. By this input sliding, the correct echo-path identification is achieved. Aliasing components and audible clicks by input-sliding are made inaudible by selecting appropriate parameter values for the time-varying filter. Simulations with the NLMS algorithm and a white Gaussian signal confirm the correct echo-path identification. The subjective quality of the input signal with slides is 4.38 based on the ITU-R five-grade impairment scale. Experimental results based on an implementation by 32-bit floating-point digital signal processors show that ERLE is not degraded by talker changes in the remote room. The mean opinion score is as much as 0.55-point higher than the conventional stereo echo canceler for different round-trip delays