MGB-IPH model for hydrological and hydraulic simulation of large floodplain river systems coupled with open source GIS

Large-scale hydrological models are useful tools for water resources studies, however, river network flow routing is generally represented using simplified methods, which may lead to simulation errors in flat regions. We present recent improvements to the large-scale hydrological model MGB-IPH to improve its capability of simulating large river basins with extensive floodplains. We also describe the coupling of MGB-IPH to an open source GIS and a large set of developed pre-processing tools with a user-friendly interface for remote sensing data preparation and output visualization. The new features implemented are demonstrated applying the model to the whole Araguaia river basin (380,000 km²). Results are compared to the previous MGB-IPH routing method, observed flow and water level data and remote sensing imagery, showing improvement in the representation of floodplain inundation dynamics. The test case also shows that the proposed model software framework amplifies possibilities of large-scale simulation of ungauged basins.     

Reforestation planning using Bayesian networks

The aim of this research was to construct a reforestation model for woodland located in the basin of the river Liébana (NW Spain). This is essentially a pattern recognition problem: the class labels are types of woodland, and the variables for each point are environmental coordinates (referring to altitude, slope, rainfall, lithology, etc.). The model trained using data for existing wooded areas will serve as a guideline for the reforestation of deforested areas. Nonetheless, with a view to tackling reforestation from a more informed perspective, of interest is an interpretable model of relationships existing not just between woodland type and environmental variables but also between and among the environmental variables themselves. For this reason we used Bayesian networks, as a tool that is capable of constructing a causal model of the relationships existing between all the variables represented in the model. The prediction results obtained were compared with those for classical linear techniques, neural networks and support vector machines.     

基于超图的生态环境修复模型的研究与应用

通过对生态环境修复过程中对各种影响因素的分析,根据水土流失的发生和分布的时空特性,结合超图数据结构的运算特点、USLE方程以及连接机制,利用GIS技术,对生态环境修复的时空变化规律进行了推理,建立了基于移动对象的超图时空推理模型,通过该模型在生态环境修复系统中的应用,可以对水土流失进行有效的监测、管理和防治,取得了良好的应用效果。     

VR-GIS技术在数字黑河流域飞行模拟中的应用

以黑河流域为例,将VR-GIS技术应用在数字流域的飞行模拟中。资料预处理阶段,制作了流域Landsat TM/ETM+数字镶嵌图、DEM数据和矢量图层。利用ERDAS IMAGINE的VisualGIS模块,集成多层数据,通过人机交互进行参数设定,最终实现流域的飞行模拟。飞行模拟结果表明,从黑河上游到下游动态地俯视其沿线的地形、地貌、植被覆盖状况,浏览者可以获得比二维数字镶嵌图更为直观、生动和形象的认识。     

Efficient calculation of dewatered and entrapped areas using hydrodynamic modeling and GIS

River waters downstream of a hydroelectric project are often subject to rapidly changing discharge. Abrupt decreases in discharge can quickly dewater and expose some areas and isolate other areas from the main river channel, potentially stranding or entrapping fish, which often results in mortality. A methodology is described to estimate the areas dewatered or entrapped by a specific reduction in upstream discharge and applied in a case study. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate steady flows. Using flow simulation results from the model and a geographic information system (GIS), estimates of dewatered and entrapped areas were made for a wide discharge range. The methodology was applied to the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River in central Washington State. Results showed that a 280 m³/s discharge reduction affected the most area at discharges less than 3400 m³/s. At flows above 3400 m³/s, the affected area by a 280 m³/s discharge reduction (about 25 ha) was relatively constant. A 280 m³/s discharge reduction at lower flows affected about twice as much area. The methodology and resulting area estimates have been used to identify discharge regimes, and associated water surface elevations, that might be expected to minimize adverse impacts on juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that rear in the shallow near-shore areas in the Hanford Reach.     

Estimation of daily actual evapotranspiration from remotely sensed data under complex terrain over the upper Chao river basin in North China

Daily actual evapotranspiration over the upper Chao river basin in North China on 23 June 2005 was estimated based on the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), in which the parameterization schemes for calculating the instantaneous solar radiation and daily integrated radiation were improved by accounting for the variations in slope and azimuth of land surface and terrain shadow in mountainous areas. The evapotranspiration (ET) estimated from satellite data in this study for the whole watershed ranges from 0 mm to 7.3 mm day^?1 with a mean of 3.4 mm day^?1, which was validated by Penman–Monteith approaches for water body and paddy land. The comparison of ET estimates for a wide range of land cover types reflected distinct mechanisms of energy partition and water removal of various land cover types, showing differences in the spatial distribution pattern of ET, which could be not only the reflection but also the driving force of advection and local circulation that may violate the surface energy balance equation in the vertical direction. The spatial variation in daily solar radiation and ET estimates under the complex terrain of forest land were elaborated and evaluated by exploring the relationship between ET estimates and elevations for wood land and grass land. In addition, the utility and limitations of SEBAL's applicability to watersheds with various land cover types and complex terrain were analysed.     

DWG图形文件直接生成DEM的方法和实现*

以长江武汉河段2004年7月地形图为例,通过运用GIS软件(Arc/Info)及编写程序,探索一种能直接快速地从ACAD的DWG格式的图形文件中提取地形信息,并进行数据格式转换输入GIS软件内插形成DEM的方法.这种方法可以最大限度地利用地形图信息,以较低的成本快速获取具有较高精度的DEM数据,有效提高了数字化的效率和精度,使GIS技术作为工具能够更好地应用在河道演变、河型分析、泥沙淤积分析等水利领域的科学研究中.     

A remote sensing/GIS-based physical template to understand the biogeochemistry of the Ji-Paraná river basin (Western Amazônia)

Amazônia is one of the most important ecosystems of the planet, containing the largest extent of contiguous tropical rain forest on earth, over 5 million square kilometers. While most of the region remains forested, rapid development has led, over the past two decades, to the destruction of over 589,000 km² of forests in Brazil alone. Forest clearing can alter the transport of sediments, organic matter and associated nutrients to the rivers. In this article, we present the results of an integrated analysis of the landscape characteristics, including soil properties, river network, topography, and land use/cover of a tropical meso-scale river. This physical template was developed as a comprehensive tool, based on Remote Sensing and GIS, to support the understanding of the biogeochemistry of surface waters of the Ji-Paraná river basin, State of Rondônia, Western Amazônia. Our primary objective was to demonstrate how this tool can help the understanding of complex environmental questions, such as the effects of land-use changes in the biogeochemistry of riverine systems. River sites and basin characteristics were calculated using the data sets compiled as layers in Arc-Info GIS. A land-use/cover map for 1999 was produced from a digital classification of Landsat 7-ETM⁺ images. To test the effects of the landscape characteristics on river water chemistry, we performed a multiple linear regression analysis. Average slope, river network density, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and proportion of pasture were treated as independent variables. River water electrical conductivity (EC) and Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ and PO₄³⁻ concentrations were the dependent variables. Spatially, higher values of all ions were associated with areas dominated by pasture, with the highest concentrations found in the central part of the basin, where pasture areas are at a maximum. As the river enters the lower reaches, forests dominate the landscape, and the concentrations drop. The percentage of the basin area covered by pasture was consistently the best predictor of EC (r²=0.872), PO₄³⁻ (r²=0.794), Na⁺ (r²=0.754), Cl⁻ (r²=0.692) and K⁺ (r²=0.626). For Ca²⁺, both ECEC (r²=0.538) and pasture (r²=0.502) explained most of the observed variability. The same pattern was found for Mg²⁺ (r²=0.498 and 0.502, respectively).     

Modelling and testing spatially distributed sediment budgets to relate erosion processes to sediment yields

Identifying the erosion processes contributing to increased basin fine sediment yield is important for reducing downstream impacts on aquatic ecosystems. However, erosion rates are spatially variable, and much eroded sediment is stored within river basins and not delivered downstream. A spatially distributed sediment budget model is described that assesses the primary sources (hillslope soil erosion, gully and riverbank erosion) and sinks (floodplain and reservoir deposition) of fine sediment for each link in a river network. The model performance is evaluated in a 17,000-km² basin in south-east Australia using measured suspended sediment yields from eight catchments within the basin, each 100–700 km² in area. Spatial variations within the basin in yield and area-specific yield were reliably predicted. Observed yields and area-specific yields varied by 17-fold and 15-fold respectively between the catchments, while predictions were generally within a factor of 2 of observations. Model efficiency at predicting variations in area-specific yield was good outside forested areas (0.58), and performance was weakly sensitive to parameter values. Yields from forested areas were under-predicted, and reducing the predicted influence of riparian vegetation on bank erosion improved model performance in those areas. The model provided more accurate and higher resolution predictions than catchment area interpolation of measured yields from neighbouring river basins. The model is suitable for guiding the targeting of remediation measures within river basins to reduce downstream sediment yields.     

基于Skyline的三维地形建模实现——以甘肃省政务地理信息平台为例

以航空影像、卫星影像、数字高程模型和相关专题数据为数据源,利用Skyline软件完成甘肃省政务地理信息平台的三维场景建设,重点阐述了在海量数据前提下,运用多CPU协同计算的方式构建三维地形模型的流程和方法,最后通过案例介绍了平台三维系统的应用方向和价值。     

Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method

Many challenges are associated with the integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with models in specific applications. One of them is adapting models to the environment of GISs. Unique aspects of water resource management problems require a special approach to development of GIS data structures. Expanded development of GIS applications for handling water resources management analysis can be assisted by use of an object oriented approach. In this paper, we model a river basin water allocation problem as a collection of spatial and thematic objects. A conceptual GIS data model is formulated to integrate the physical and logical components of the modeling problem into an operational framework, based on which, extended GIS functions are developed to implement a tight linkage between the GIS and the water resources management model. Through the object-oriented approach, data, models and users interfaces are integrated in the GIS environment, creating great flexibility for modeling and analysis. The concept and methodology described in this paper is also applicable to connecting GIS with models in other fields that have a spatial dimension and hence to which GIS can provide a powerful additional component of the modeler’s tool kit.     

A semi-distributed,physics-based hydrologic model using remotely sensed and Digital Terrain Elevation Data for semi-arid catchments

A practical, hydrologic model (DPHM-RS) is developed for the semi-arid climate of the Canadian Prairies that could adequately account for a river basin's terrain features by sub-dividing it to sub-basins of uneven shapes and sizes (semi-distributed) based on topographic information derived from the digital terrain elevation (DTED) data. Even though computationally modest, DPHM-RS is scientifically vigorous, can effectively assimilate remotely sensed (RS) data, and has most of its parameters determined through RS data and measurements. The hydrologic processes are estimated for each land cover and then aggregated according to percentage of each land cover present within each sub-basin. As evapotranspiration (ET) usually dominates the hydrology of the Canadian Prairies, ET from each land cover is estimated at three levels by the two-source model that separately considers evaporation from soil and plants. The soil moisture at the top active and the transmission zones are estimated by a water budget approach, while the groundwater dynamics by the topographic soil index obtained from DTED. The surface runoff from each sub-basin is routed to the channel network by a kinematic wave response function, and then routed to the basin outlet by the Muskingum-Cunge model. DPHM-RS, is applied to the Paddle River Basin (265?km²) of Central Alberta divided to five sub-basins. It was calibrated with hourly hydroclimatic and RS data collected in the summer of 1996 and validated with data of 1997 and 1998. In both stages, there are good agreements between simulated runoff at the basin outlet with the observed, between simulated surface temperature and net radiation with the observed, between soil moisture and that retrieved from Radarsat-SAR data, and between simulated ET and that estimated by water balance. Encouraging results from these multi-criteria assessments demonstrate the feasibility of semi-distributed, physics-based hydrologic modelling in the dry climate of Canadian Prairies, and the usefulness of RS and DTED data in basin hydrology.     

A CuCh Interpretation of an Object-Oriented Language

Böhm's CuCh machine extends the pure lambda-calculus with algebraic data types and provides the possibility of defining functions over disjoint sums of algebras. We exploit such natural form of overloading to define a functional interpretation of a simple, but significant fragment of a typical objectoriented classbased language.     

从DEM中自动提取自然水系

为了从数字高程数据中自动提取区域水资源信息，以提高基于GIS的区域水资源勘查评价工作的效率，提出了一种从DEM中自动提取自然水系的实用方法，该方法通过DEM数据预处理，首先将其中的洼地和小平原改造成斜坡；然后依据水总是沿斜坡最陡方向流动的原理，确定DEM中每一个栅格点的水流方向，再根据各点的水流方向数据，计算出每一个栅格点的上游给水区；接着，根据栅格点上游给水区数值，用阈值法确定水系栅格点，并对水系栅格点进行筛选；最后，根据水系栅格点的水流方向，将整个水系追索出来，另外，还用该方法对试验区的DEM数据进行了自动提取自然水系的试验，其结果与用手工方法提取的水系基本一致，证明该方法是有效的。     

利用增强型水体指数(EWI)和GIS去噪音技术提取半干旱地区水系信息的研究

准确提取流域水系信息是进行水资源开发利用的首要任务。利用NDWI和MNDWI提取半干旱地区水系,无法有效的区分水系内的半干涸河道与背景噪音。本文在分析半干旱地区水系与背景噪音反射特点的基础上,提出了增强型水体指数EWI(Enhanced Water Index),有效地区分了半干涸河道与背景噪音。在利用形状指数去噪音方法的基础上,使用GIS技术去除背景噪音,弥补了形状指数去噪音方法的缺陷,更好的去除了水系提取过程中混入的背景噪音。综合使用上述两种方法,可以快速、准确、简便地提取出半干旱地区的水系。为此类地区水资源的开发利用打下了基础。     

Application of remote sensing and GIS for the demarcation of groundwater potential zones of a river basin in Kerala,southwest coast of India

An integrated hydrogeological investigation has been made to delineate the groundwater‐potential zones of the Muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, along the southwest coast of India. The basin is characterized by charnockites and gneisses of Archean age covering more than 80% of the area and the remaining by Pleistocene laterites and Miocene formation. The basin receives high rainfall, measuring 3100 mm/year. However, acute water shortage occurs during the premonsoon season and hence, a number of dug wells are made to tap the groundwater. Seasonal rainfall during NE and SW monsoons is the major source of groundwater recharge. Further, hydrogeomorphology, geology, fracture systems and the slope of the terrain also play a significant role on the movement and behaviour of the groundwater of this basin. The integration of conventional and remote sensing data has been made through geographic information system (GIS) and it is found that about 50% of the area can be identified as very good or good potential zones, whereas the remaining area falls under moderate and poor categories. Most of the Muvattupuzha sub‐basin and the western part of the Kothamangalam and Kaliyar sub‐basins are classified as good groundwater‐potential zones, although the eastern upstream part of the basin has poor groundwater potential.     

Objective parametric model selection procedures from a Bayesian nonparametric perspective

In this paper we propose objective Bayes procedures for model selection. To this end, we follow Gutiérrez-Peña and Walker [Gutiérrez-Peña, E., Walker, S.G., 2005. Statistical decision problems and Bayesian nonparametric methods. International Statistical Review 73, 309–330], who view traditional parametric procedures as statistical decision problems where the uncertainty on the unknown model generating the observations is modelled nonparametrically.In contrast with some of the competing methods, our proposals are not affected by the lack of propriety of the prior distribution. We compare the proposed procedures with other objective methods through a simple yet challenging example. Finally, we present a simulation study and introduce a ‘mosaic plot’ which is useful to summarise the output of our simulations.     

水源保护区划界的遥感与GIS技术研究

科学合理地划定水源地的保护范围是一项技术含量较高的工作。以厦门市饮用水源中的北溪引水渠(管道)和坂头水库为例,根据饮用水源保护区划分原则,研究基于数字化的地形图建立数字高程模型并自动生成汇水区盆地和流域范围的GIS技术、获取相关自然环境专题信息的遥感技术、以及综合利用社会和自然等多种数据源进行保护区范围界定的方法。重点探讨数字高程模型的建立以及汇水区盆地和流域边界自动生成的GIS方法。     

试验场三维GIS实现的新方法

本文对试验场中三维GIS实现方法进行探讨,从试验场对三维GIS的实际需求出发,设计了一种新的基于Unity3D平台的三维GIS系统体系结构,并实现了三维数据的组织、查询和显示,解决了属性数据和空间数据的有效连接、多媒体信息组织与管理、海量数据的存储、虚拟现实技术的实现等技术难题。