基于二维面探的高温合金GH4169残余应力分析

目的 通过二维面探X射线衍射法测试高温合金GH4169的残余应力.方法 由于GH4169是Ni基高温合金,Ni合金在Cr靶下有较强衍射峰,因此采用Cr靶来测试GH4169合金的残余应力.二维面探仪有500个探测头,均匀分布在一个面上,根据每一个探测器测得的衍射角变化,就能得到500个方向上的应变值,再根据应力与应变之间的关系,就可以计算出材料的残余应力.结果 GH4169合金的德拜环只有一个衍射峰,而且衍射峰的强度随着角度α的变化而变化.这说明该材料的应力取向不均匀,存在较为明显的织构.该材料表面主应力方向上的残余应力测试值为-968 MPa,误差为62 MPa;切向上的残余应力测试值为24 MPa,误差为43 MPa.由于测试的GH4169合金是经过喷丸处理的,主应力方向上受残余压应力,而其测试结果 确为负值,说明此次测试结果 可信.结论 通过二维面探X射线衍射方法 测试材料残余应力从原理和实际操作上都是可行的,并成功测试出GH4169合金的残余应力.经喷丸处理后的GH4169材料受残余压应力的作用,且应力分布不均匀,存在较为明显的织构.     

铝合金激光焊接残余应力与变形研究

对Al-Mg-Mn合金冷轧板进行激光焊接,分别采用X射线衍射和计算两种方法进行焊接残余应力评价,并对焊件的应变做了分析。结果表明:建立的模型适合此类焊接的仿真计算,铝合金焊件中,残余应力的作用范围主要在焊缝中间段和两端部位,垂直于焊缝方向应力作用范围很小。整个焊件上,应变主要发生在焊缝及其附近区域。     

短波长X射线衍射无损测定铝板内部残余应力

利用重金属靶短波长特征X射线WKα1对轻质材料的强穿透性,自主研发了1台用于工件内部晶体物质衍射分析的短波长X射线衍射仪（SWXRD）。介绍了短波长X射线衍射仪无损测定工件内部应力的原理和方法,在国内首次无损地测定了30 mm厚7075铝合金淬火板内部残余应力及其分布,并与中子衍射和高能同步辐射的短波长X射线衍射测定内部应力进行了比较分析,表明该新方法具有设备体积小,投资少,使用维护方便等优势。     

冷拉拔珠光体钢丝的组织结构和残余应力(英文)

采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射技术,分别研究了珠光体钢在冷拉拔过程中的组织结构和残余应力演化。随着拉拔应变量的增大,珠光体团逐渐转向拉拔方向。影响珠光体钢丝屈服应力和抗拉强度的关键因素是珠光体片层间距,它们之间满足Hall-Petch公式,通过拉伸试验求得其中k值为567.4kN·m-3/2。钢丝残余应力的X射线衍射测量结果表明,随着应变量增加,钢丝的应力增大,这与拉拔过程中的加工硬化有关。     

强织构铝合金残余应力检测技术研究

在铝合金轧板的残余应力研究中,由于其强烈的轧制织构,无法使用常规的X射线sin2 ψ法进行残余应力分析。以2A97铝锂合金轧制板材为研究对象,使用X射线衍射法测量材料的取向分布函数,结合Ruess、Voigt、Neerfeld-Hill模型,从理论上计算不同假设条件下材料的宏观弹性常数,得到材料表面的宏观残余应力。实验结合盲孔法进行对比验证,结果表明Neerfeld-Hill模型的残余应力分析结果与盲孔法所测结果相互吻合,建立织构材料的宏观残余应力分析方法。     

焊接结构残余应力的X射线衍射测试及分析

介绍了X射线衍射测试残余应力的原理和测试技术,采用X射线衍射方法对大型焊接结构组装态、焊态、去应力热处理态的残余应力进行了测试,分析了组装工艺、焊接工艺等对残余应力分布的影响.为大型焊接结构组装和焊接工艺的合理制定提供支持.     

焊接残余应力对管线钢防腐性能的影响

借助有限元分析手段对X80管线钢对接接头的残余应力进行仿真计算,得到残余应力分布情况.采用X射线衍射法和盲孔法对预测结果进行试验验证.结果表明,周向残余应力总体变化趋势呈现先增大,稳弧后应力平稳达到峰值位置保持,在接近收弧位置,残余应力值减小;轴向残余应力总体变化趋势呈现先增大,残余应力达到峰值位置后平稳下降.残余应力仿真预测结果与两种测量方法所得结果相吻合,X射线衍射法结果高于盲孔法应力结果.通过有限元仿真技术预测应力较大位置,此技术对有效防止应力腐蚀开裂有一定的工程应用指导意义.     

利用半高宽分析铝合金X射线法应力测试工艺

文中采用X射线法测试6061-T6铝合金焊接接头残余应力,为探究合理的应力测试工艺方案,对预置应力的等强梁进行X射线应力测试,测试过程中先后增加准直器直径和摇摆角,以衍射曲线半高宽表征衍射晶粒群微观应变,研究在准直器直径和摇摆角增加时衍射晶粒群微观应变均匀性的变化,对材料进行取向成像分析,并对比在晶粒择优取向强弱不同的两个区间内应力测试的结果. 结果表明,应力测试精度与晶粒择优取向的强弱相关,在晶粒择优取向较强的空间范围内,采用大于1°的摇摆角时,小角度晶界附近的相邻亚晶都能够参与衍射,从而使衍射晶粒群微观应变趋于均匀,因此X射线应力测试精度较高,在d = 2 ~ 4 mm范围内,增加准直器直径d可增加衍射晶粒数目,但对衍射晶粒群微观应变均匀性及应力测试精度的影响不大.     

X射线衍射法在测量铝合金厚板表面残余应力中的应用

X射线应力测量法是广泛应用的无损应力测量方法,本试验研究了X射线衍射法测量铝合金厚板表面残余应力。对7075淬火铝合金厚板的表面残余应力进行测量,得到了7075淬火铝合金厚板表面残余应力的分布区间和一般规律,并对表面残余应力分布的边缘效应进行了探讨。     

铝合金薄板焊接接头残余应力分析

铝合金型材已经被广泛用作高速列车车体材料,其结构件焊接接头的服役安全可靠性至关重要。残余应力对接头的疲劳寿命影响很大,能够准确、无损、快速对焊接结构的残余应力进行测试。分别采用小孔法及X射线衍射法进行残余应力测试,通过对比分析两种方法测量的焊接接头残余应力的分布及数值,发现小孔法测量数值稍大于X射线衍射法;射线法测得数值波动范围较小孔法大,其主要原因是测量试件表层应力。但两种方法测量结果的总体趋势一致,故采用无损的X射线衍射法测量3 mm5083-H111薄板的MIG焊接头是可行的。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

正~~     

Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.