裂纹在珠光体钢中的近门槛区扩展

在不同应力比(R)条件下研究珠光体片层距(d)对疲劳裂纹近门槛区扩展的影响,测定了材料闭合应力强度因子(K_(cl))和门槛值(ΔK_(th))以及在门槛区扩展时裂纹尖端张开位移范围(ΔCOD)。     

EFFECT OF CRACK CLOSURE ON SLOW PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEEL

The effect of ferrite content in ferrite-martensite dual-phase steel on the initiation and prop-agation of fatigue crack and the plastic deformation at crack tip has been studied.In the rangeof ferrite content from 24.2 to 41.5％,the optimum seems to be 33.8％,of which the crack ini-tiation will be prolonged,the threshold value increased,the propagation rate decreased and theclosure stress intensity factor increased.As the propagation force is described by effectivestress intensity factor,three steels with various ferrite contents will show the same propagationbehaviour on da/dN vs △ K_(eff)curve.It is shown that the closure effect increases with thedecrease in △K at the fatigue crack tip.When △K equals to △K_(th),the closure effect reachesa maximum value of0.7 in a dual-phase steel with 33.8％ferrite.     

ROUGHNESS-INDUCED SHEAR RESISTANCE OF MODE Ⅱ CRACK GROWTH

It is obtained in this paper that the fatigue threshold value of mode H was 1.9 times of that ofmode Ⅰ in dual-phase steel(DPS),and the normal stress intensity factor range oJ mode Ⅱbranch crack tip was 2.2 times of that of mode Ⅰ.Above results illustrate that the resistance ofmode Ⅱ crack growth was higher than that of mode Ⅰ,the former resulting fromroughness-induced shear resistance,the latter,crack closure.The mode Ⅱ component can play two important roles in near-threshold fatigue crackgrowth:(1)increasing crack tip plasticity which accelerates the crack growth and(2)intro-ducing crack surface contact and rubbing to reduce the crack propagation rate.By means ofcrack closure,the quantity of shear resistance was easily solved in this paper.The frictionshear stress strength factor range of mode Ⅱ,K_,is still much higher than the closure stressstrength factor range of mode Ⅰ,K_(Ⅰ,cl).This illustrated that the roughness enlarged the secondrole and played a role of shielding crack tip from mode Ⅱ crack.     

EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION NEAR THRESHOLD

本文研究一次拉伸型过载对奥氏体不锈钢疲劳裂紋近门槛值扩展的影响.试验结果表明,过载对门槛值的影响和过载比P_0/P_(max)的大小有关;P_0/P_(max)>1.4时,门槛值随着过载比增加而线性提高.提出了裂纹扩展速率减缓和门槛值提高的主导原因是过載大大促进裂纹顶端闭合,即塑性诱发闭合和断裂表面粗糙诱发闭合.     

FATIGUE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON MARTENSITE AND MARTENSITE/BAINITE DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN STEEL 20CrMnMo

Fatigue crack propagation rate,da/dN,and threshold stress intensity range,ΔK_(th),of steel20CrMnMo containing low carbon martensite or low carbon martensite/bainite(LCM/B)duplex structure,obtained by oil quenching and austempered at 360℃,have been measuredusing specimens under four-point bending.Observation was also made of the crack path andfracture morphology with relation to microstructure.The formation of LCM/B duplexstructure,which caused by 20% lower bainite after short-time isothermal treatment,may re-markably increase ΔK_(th)and considerably decrease da/dN.The effect of microstructure onda/dN and ΔK_(th)was discussed with the emphasis on the crack propagation path.     

A dislocation model for the two critical stress intensities required for threshold fatigue crack propagation

We have examined the variations, with decreasing load ratio, of threshold peak and cyclic stress intensities required for fatigue crack growth in stage I (mainly mode II loading) using a simple model simulating dislocation motion near a crack tip. In this model the crack grows by dislocations running into the crack during loading and unloading phases. Initially we have studied the behaviour of a crack with a dislocation source relatively far away from the crack tip. Crack propagation rates showed a Paris regime at high ΔK, and an abrupt threshold value ΔK_th below which no crack growth occurred. The variation with load ratio of the peak (K_th) and cyclic (ΔK_th) stress intensities at the fatigue threshold showed that two different processes controlled the behaviour. At high load ratios dislocations are generated readily during loading and the threshold is controlled by the need for sufficient unloading to allow dislocations to run back into the crack, so that the criterion ΔK ≥ ΔK∗ results. At negative load ratios it is the generation of dislocations during the loading phase that controls the threshold condition, since once generated, the large unloading and reversed loading easily forces dislocations back to the crack. Under these conditions the threshold criterion becomes K_max ≥ K∗.     

喷丸残余应力对裂纹闭合效应影响的数值仿真

基于裂纹闭合效应,利用ABAQUS软件建立用于预测残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展特性的弹塑性有限元模型。考虑塑性和残余应力场对裂纹闭合的作用,分析残余应力、应力比和裂尖单元尺寸对裂纹闭合效应的影响。研究结果表明:未喷丸试样的裂纹闭合类型为塑性诱导裂纹闭合,喷丸残余应力场中的裂纹闭合为塑性和残余压应力共同作用,且裂纹张开力的大小与残余应力的分布相对应;正应力比越大,裂纹闭合效应越不明显,疲劳裂纹扩展速率越快;裂尖单元尺寸小于塑性区范围时可以真实反映裂尖的闭合状态;喷丸残余压应力通过提高裂纹闭合力,增强裂纹闭合效应,抑制疲劳裂纹扩展。     

不同疲劳载荷下工业纯钛再结晶热处理对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响

本文开展热处理后工业纯钛TA2不同载荷水平下疲劳裂纹扩展实验,考虑裂尖塑性变形程度,研究疲劳裂纹扩展规律以及热处理状态对疲劳裂纹扩展不同阶段的适应性。结果表明,不同疲劳载荷下热处理对疲劳扩展速率产生不同的影响。A类加载热处理后的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降是由于近门槛区有效载荷的降低,以及近门槛值的提高。B类加载下热处理对有效载荷以及裂尖塑性变形几乎没有什么影响。C类与D类加载下热处理后裂尖塑性变形受到限制,而导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降。     

Microstructure based flow stress model to predict machinability in ferrite–pearlite steels

A new flow stress model is proposed to describe the behaviour of ferrite–pearlite steels based on microstructure properties, including the effect of high strains, strain rates and temperatures. The model introduces strain hardening as a function of the pearlite ratio, interlamellar spacing and ferrite grain size. A non-linear thermal softening, and the coupling between strain rate and temperature are also introduced. Tested on a 2D ALE model, predicted cutting forces, tool temperatures, chip thickness and tool wear results obtained good agreement when compared to orthogonal cutting tests of four ferrite–pearlite steels, covering a wide range of microstructure variants.     

低合金钢在水介质中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的恒位移试样跟踪观察了具有广泛拉伸强度范围的四种低合金钢在各种水溶液中(高纯水、阳极极化和阴极极化下的水溶液,0.1NK_2Cr_2O_7水溶液)以及含痕量水的有机溶剂中(无水酒精,丙酮等)应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的动态过程。结果表明,当钢的强度和K_1大于临界值后,在所用的各种水溶液中都能产生氢致滞后塑性变形,即加载裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间而逐渐增大。当这个氢致滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时,就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的形核和扩展。无论是阳极极化、阴极极化还是加缓蚀剂均不改变这类滞后塑性变形的特征,也不改变滞后塑性变形和应力腐蚀裂纹的相互关系。     

MIXED MODE SCC OF 18-8 STAINLESS STEEL IN BOILING 42% MgCl_2 SOLUTION

A series of mixed mode tests were carried out on 18-8 stainless steel in boiling42% MgCl_2 solution.The results show that for any K_Ⅱ/K_Ⅰ ratio,the SCC direction coin-cides well with the crack tip maximum normal stress plane,while the SCC resistance of thematerial reduces as the ratio of K_Ⅱ/K_Ⅰ increases.The experimental results were discussed inthe light of anode dissolving mechanism and the effect of mixed mode loading on crack tipstress and strain.It is concluded that for fracture analysis if mixed mode cracks were simplytaken into account as mode Ⅰ cracks,and only mode Ⅰ testing results as mode Ⅰ fracture criter-ion were employed,it may not be safe.     

(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)MIXED MODE HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING

Hydrogen induced cracking(HIC)of 0.3% C,1% Cr,1% Mn,1% Si high strength steel hasbeen studied under simple mode Ⅰ,mode Ⅱ and(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode loading conditions.Af-ter being hydrogen-charged in IN H_2SO_4 solution,the material behaved hydrogenembrittlement in all the cases studied.The threshold K_(ⅡH)/K_(ⅡX) of HIC under mode Ⅱ load-ing was 0.27,which was nearly the same as that K(ⅠH)/K_(ⅠX)=0.29 under mode Ⅰ loading.While the thresholds of-HIC under(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode loading were 0.36,0.41 and 0.37 cor-responding to the K_Ⅱ/K_Ⅰ ratio of 0.27,0.4 and O.81.The results show that simple mode Ⅰor mode Ⅱ loading is more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement than(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode.For explaining the experimental results,the effects of triaxial stress as well as plasticdeformation ahead of crack tip has been discussed.     

�õ���̽�������EPMA���������������ƽ��Ƭ����

以典型的珠光体钢U75V重轨钢为例,介绍了一种利用电子探针分析(EPMA)测定钢中珠光体平均片层间距的方法。选择尽量垂直于珠光体片层的法线方向作为扫描路径,得到碳含量分布曲线为"波峰"+"波谷"的形状,两个"波峰"或"波谷"之间的距离即为一个珠光体片层间距,由于扫描路径长度已知,通过计算扫描路径上"波峰"或"波谷"的数量就可以获得该视场下珠光体的平均片层间距。此法直观、简单、计算量少,所测得的珠光体平均片层间距更接近其真实平均片层间距。     

Fatigue threshold and crack propagation in γ-TiAl sheets

The fatigue crack propagation behaviour of two different microstructures — a coarse-grained designed fully lamellar (DFL), and a fine-grained near γ (FG) — of a Ti–46.5 at.% Al–4 at.% (Cr, Nb, Ta, B) alloy was studied. Both the threshold of stress intensity range and standard long crack growth behavior were determined. A special technique was applied to separate the different mechanisms — intrinsic and extrinsic effects — and their changes with crack length. The fatigue crack propagation rate of long cracks is much smaller in the DFL microstructure than in the FG microstructure at the same stress intensity range. The effective threshold of stress intensity range of both microstructures is about 1.7 MPa√m. The threshold of stress intensity range shows a strong R-curve behavior. In other words the propagation–non-propagation conditions of cracks are significantly influenced by the crack extension. The long crack thresholds of stress intensity range at the stress ratio 0.1 are relatively large; they are about 4.5 and 8 MPa√m in the DFL and the FG microstructure, respectively. The differences in the crack growth behavior between the two microstructures are mainly induced by extrinsic resistance mechanisms.     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端应变场的影响

钛制承压设备在制造和服役过程中会产生塑性变形,影响其抗疲劳性能。为了研究预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,本文对原始材料、预应变量为10%、20%和30%的材料进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)技术获取裂纹尖端应变场,研究预应变对裂纹尖端应变场的影响。结果表明：随着预应变量的增加,稳态疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的扩展速率减小,裂纹张开位移减小,裂纹张开载荷增大,裂纹尖端塑性区、塑性变形量以及循环塑性应变累积量均减小。因此预应变抑制了裂纹尖端的塑性变形及循环塑性累积,致使裂纹闭合效应愈加明显,从而抑制了裂纹的扩展。研究结果对钛制承压设备的安全评定具有参考意义。     

CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH OF MEDIUM STRENGTH STEEL HT60 IN SYNTHETIC SEA WATER

The corrosion fatigue crack growth and near-threshold characteristics of a medium strengthsteel HT60 were investigated using compact tension specimens exposed to synthetic sea water.The da/dN-△AK_(eff) relation in air can give a conservative estimation of da/dN-△K relationsin sea water. In the case of high R, however, crack growth acceleration at high △K regionsappears to be cantrolled by the stress-assisted dissolution. The crack opening stressinlensity factor K_(op) detected by the back-face-strain method is the result of crack surface incontact with the corrosion products and therefore an overestimated value of K_(op) at the cracktip is given.     

焊接残余应力对7N01铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展影响

焊接残余应力作为平均应力影响裂纹扩展. 将残余应力与外载平均应力分离,通过构建典型焊接残余应力场,借助扩展有限元计算焊接残余应力场的应力强度因子. 开展了紧凑拉伸（CT）试样的疲劳扩展试验,基于Walker公式将裂纹尖端平均应力强度因子K_m（静态量）和应力强度因子幅值ΔK（动态量）分离,获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与K_m及ΔK的非线性关系. 结果表明,不同外载荷下,应力比与裂纹长度为非线性关系;残余应力对裂纹扩展存在尺度效应:CT试样裂纹长度小于2 mm时,残余应力场明显影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率;当裂纹长度大于2 mm,外载荷为主导因素.     

钒氮微合金化热轧带肋钢筋径向组织分布特征

通过用金相、扫描电镜等方法观察得出,钒氮微合金化热轧带肋钢筋肋部主要由细小的铁素体晶粒、片层较细的珠光体和少量离异珠光体组成;其基体组织是沿钢筋纵向呈明显条带状分布的铁素体和珠光体。同时,定量测量了铁素体条带密度、铁素体晶粒尺寸、珠光体体积分数及其片层间距沿径向的分布情况,并分析了铁素体晶粒尺寸和珠光体体积分数在芯部反常分布的原因。     

重轨钢的组织演变及热变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在变形温度分别为850、900、930、950 ℃,变形量为30%、50%、70%的条件下对一种与BGRE钢相近的GGX-G试验用重轨钢进行热模拟试验和不同分阶段冷却工艺试验,采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察变形温度和变形量对重轨钢组织和珠光体片层间距的影响。结果表明:在变形温度一定时(850 ℃、900 ℃),珠光体片层间距随着变形量的增大而减小,并且所有试样的片层间距能细化到50~80 nm;当第一阶段冷速V₁=5 ℃/s,第二阶段冷速V₂=2 ℃/s,并在第一阶段冷却过程中于650 ℃保温3 min时,钢轨的珠光体片层平直,片层间距能达到74.8 nm。     

腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的机理

针对高强度低合金钢、钛合金和镁合金进行了腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展FCG、外加电压对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响以及断裂表面的研究。在外加电压对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的研究过程中,在一段时间内发生极化,可以根据此期间内的开路电压记录裂纹扩展速率,并测量极化情况下的裂纹增长速率。由于裂纹扩展测量技术的进步,测量的时间很少超过300s,这使观测非独立模式阴极极化对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响成为可能。当最大应力强度（Kmax）超过给定材料--溶液组合的特定临界特征值时,阴极极化会加速裂纹的扩展。当Kmax低于临界值,而所有其他条件（试件、溶液、pH值、载荷频率、应力比率、温度等）不变时,同样的阴极极化会妨碍裂纹扩展,或者对于裂纹扩展无影响。断口显微分析结果显示,阴极极化下加速裂纹的扩展是由于氢致腐蚀(HIC)。因此,根据氢致腐蚀机理以及KHIC和△ KHIC的显示,Kmax的临界值,以及应力范围（△ K）是由相应的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的症状所确定的。当Kmax > KHIC（△ K > △ KHIC）时,腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的主要机理是HIC。对于大多数的材料--溶液组合的研究表明,当Kmax < KHIC（△ K < KHIC）时,应力协助扩散在腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展中起决定性作用。