可生物降解聚丙交酯乙交酯微粒制备技术的研究进展

总结了聚丙交酯乙交酯(PLGA)的物理化学和生物性能以及各种制备技术及应用,并综述了近年来国内外科学家们对PLGA微粒的制备和应用所作的研究,对PLGA未来发展的进一步研究提出了看法。     

交替共聚聚乙丙交酯的合成及表征

以氯乙酸、DL—乳酸为原料，经酯化、环化和开环聚合合成了交替共聚聚乙丙交酯(Alt—PLCA)，并用红外光谱和^13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征。结果表明：聚合反应时间5-6h、温度105℃时，可获得O—氯乙酰-DL-乳酸，且收率较高；采用Na2CO3作催化剂，改变操作条件，可使单体收率达50％；单体与催化剂物质的量之比为1000、聚合温度为140℃时，可使PLCA的数均摩尔质量(Mn)达到10^4g／mol以上。     

四臂星型生物素化聚乙二醇-聚丙交酯的合成与性能研究

以季戊四醇(PET)为引发剂,在辛酸亚锡催化下,丙交酯(LA)开环聚合合成了四臂星型聚丙交酯(PETPLA4),对其分子链末端羟基进行羧基化后与聚乙二醇(PEG)反应合成了四臂星型聚丙交酯-聚乙二醇[PET-(PLAPEG)4]。N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺与生物素反应合成了琥珀酰亚胺生物素酯(Biotin-NHS),与PET-(PLA-PEG)4反应合成了四臂星型生物素化聚乙二醇-聚丙交酯[PET-(PLA-PEG-biotin)4]。通过核磁和凝胶渗透色谱对其化学结构和分子量进行了表征,通过示差扫描量热仪及界面张力仪对其热性能和亲水性进行了测定。结果表明,此聚合物结构明确,分子量分布较窄,其热性能与聚丙交酯明显不同,其亲水性相对于聚丙交酯有明显改善。     

聚L-丙交酯-ε-己内酯/DL-丙交酯共聚物-聚L-丙交酯热塑性弹性体的制备及表征

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,1,4-丁二醇为引发剂,将ε-己内酯与DL-丙交酯进行开环聚合制备两端带有羟基的ε-己内酯和DL-丙交酯共聚物（PCDLA-OH预聚物）,然后以PCDLA-OH预聚物引发L-丙交酯开环聚合制备两端为聚L-丙交酯链段,中间为ε-己内酯和DL-丙交酯共聚物链段的三嵌段共聚物（PLLA-b-PCDLA-b-PLLA）,并对嵌段共聚物的结构与性能进行了测试。结果表明,PCDLA-OH预聚物中DL-丙交酯的用量越大,预聚物逐渐从部分结晶转变为无定形聚合物,玻璃化转变温度逐渐升高。当DL-丙交酯与ε-己内酯的摩尔比为3/10,PCDLA-OH预聚物与L-丙交酯的质量比为1/5时,所制备的PLLA-b-PCDLA-b-PLLA的扯断伸长率为204%,拉伸强度为4.77 MPa。     

ε-己内酯均聚物及共聚物的合成与表征

分别以D,L-乳酸和L-乳酸为原料制得D,L-丙交酯(D,L-LA)和L-丙交酯(L-LA);以辛酸亚锡为内酯开环聚合引发剂,用ε-己内酯(ε-CL)开环均聚合制备聚ε-己内酯,考察了引发剂用量、聚合时间和温度等对聚合产物特性黏数的影响。由ε-CL与D,L-LA和L-LA共聚合制得聚(ε-己内酯-D,L-丙交酯)和聚(ε-己内酯-L-丙交酯),并用傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射等对聚合物的结构进行表征;力学性能测试结果表明,聚(ε-己内酯-L-丙交酯)具有很好的弹性和较高的断裂伸长率。     

聚乙丙交酯和二乙酸纤维素化学共混物的制备和初步表征

以辛酸亚锡(SnOct2)为催化剂,将溶有二乙酸纤维素(CDA)的乙/丙交酯 (GA/LLA)熔体进行开环接枝反应,制得二乙酸纤维素和聚乙丙交酯的共混物,并提纯得到接枝共聚物CDA-g-Poly(LLA-co-GA)s.用IR和GPC对提纯所得接枝共聚物进行了初步表征,用TGA和DSC对共混物的玻璃化温度、熔点和热失重行为进行了测定,并与相应的机械共混物进行了比较.结果表明,接枝共聚物具有较短的聚L-丙交酯(PLLA)和聚乙交酯(PGA)侧链.共混物具有较好的热稳定性,玻璃化温度和熔点可通过改变投料比调节.通过化学接枝反应所得共混物的性能与机械共混物不同的原因可能是由于PLLA和PGA侧链的内增塑作用.     

叶酸修饰羧甲基壳聚糖纳米药物载体的制备及表征

利用金属离子的模板作用,以CaCl_2为交联剂,制备载天然抗癌药物齐墩果酸(OA)的叶酸-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(FA-O-CS)纳米粒子。采用核磁共振氢谱(~1HNMR)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)检测结合物的结构,并对纳米粒子的形貌与大小进行表征。~1HNMR和FT-IR测试结果表明FA与O-CS成功联结。TEM观测到OA/FA-O-CS纳米粒子为球状,粒径均一,约为300nm。     

新型MgCl_2/PET复合载体催化剂及丙烯聚合 Ⅰ．载体的制备和表征

使用乳化法制备了一种新型的MgCl2聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PFT)复合载体,用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪-热重分析仪和X射线粉末衍射仪进行表征.结果表明:PET通过乳化过程进入载体,与MgCl2共同形成球形的复合载体,复合载体中的MgCl2结构较为无序.聚合实验表明,由复合载体制备的催化剂的丙烯聚合活性可达到35.3 kg/g.     

新型无卤阻燃共聚酰胺66的制备及表征

以自制双(4-羧苯基)苯基氧化膦(BCPPO)、尼龙(PA)66盐为原料,通过两步共缩聚反应制得了无卤阻燃共聚酰胺66(FR-PA66)。以特性粘度为考察指标,对合成工艺进行了优化,得到制备FR-PA66的最佳工艺条件:BCPPO与PA66盐初始混合物的pH为7.5,水溶液缩聚阶段反应温度为210℃,压力为1.75MPa,反应时间为90min;熔融缩聚阶段反应时间为25min。运用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热-热重分析法、扫描电子显微镜等手段对FR-PA66的结构和热稳定性进行分析。结果表明,FR-PA66的热分解温度及残炭率均高于PA66;共聚单体BCPPO的引入提高了FR-PA66的热稳定性,且有一定的阻燃作用。     

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(D,L‐lactic acid) copolymer nanoparticles as carriers for transdermal drug delivery

This work evaluates the transdermal drug delivery properties of amphiphilic copolymer self‐assembled nanoparticles by skin penetration experiments in vitro. Paclitaxel‐loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(D ,L ‐lactic acid) diblock copolymer nanoparticles (PNPs) were prepared by a solid dispersion technique and were applied to the surface of excised full‐thickness rat skin in Franz diffusion cells. HPLC, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H NMR were used to assay the receptor fluid. The results show that the amphiphilic copolymer nanoparticles with the entrapped paclitaxel are able to penetrate rat skin. Ethanol can improve the delivery of PNPs and increase the cumulative amount of paclitaxel in the receptor fluid by 3 times. Fluorescence microscopy measurements indicate that the PNPs can penetrate the skin not only via appendage routes including sweat ducts and hair follicles but also via epidermal routes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis and thermal behavior of triblock copolymers from L-lactide and ethylene glycol with long center PEG block

In this study, poly(L -lactide)–poly (ethylene glycol) (PLLA–PEG) ABA triblock copolymers with the PEG mole fraction ranging from 27 to 57% have been synthesized, and their thermal properties were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric thermograms of copolymers obtained from specimens dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ solution and precipitated with hexane exhibit no crystallization exotherms, but those cast from CHCl₃ solution show some crystallinity. Water absorption depended on the PEG content of copolymers; thus, with a PEG mole fraction of 57, the water absorption was 82%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1949–1954, 1998     

Biodegradable polylactide/poly(ethylene glycol)/polylactide triblock copolymer micelles as anticancer drug carriers

Adriamycin (ADR) was selected as a model drug to evaluate the potential applications of polylactide/poly(ethylene glycol)/polylactide (PLA/PEG/PLA) micelles as drug carriers in parenteral delivery systems. The PLA/PEG/PLA triblock copolymer micelles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the micelle size increased with the increasing of the PLA chain length. The average size of ADR‐loaded micelles was 143.2 nm. The histogram analysis showed that the ADR‐loaded micelles possessed a narrow unimodal size distribution. The ADR loading contents of the micelles and ADR entrapment efficiency were dependent on the PLA chain length and PEG chain length in the copolymer. They increased with the increase of the PLA chain length, but the PEG chain length was identical and decreased with the increase of the PEG chain length; the length of the PLA block was similar. The initial amount of ADR also influenced the drug contents and entrapment efficiency (i.e., the more the initial amount added, the more the drug contents and the higher encapsulation efficiency). The drug release experiments indicated that the ADR‐loaded micelles possessed sustained release characteristics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1976–1982, 2001     

Comparison of micelles formed by amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(trimethylene carbonate) star block copolymers

In this article, we describe the synthesis and solution properties of PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers via ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) monomer initiated at the hydroxyl end group of the core PEG using HCl Et₂O as a monomer activator. The ROP of TMC was performed to synthesize PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers with one, two, four, and eight arms. The PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers with same ratio of between hydrophobic PTMC and hydrophilic PEG segments were obtained in quantitative yield and exhibited monomodal GPC curves. The amphiphilic PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers formed spherical micelles with a core–shell structure in an aqueous phase. The mean hydrodynamic diameters of the micelles increased from 17 to 194 nm with increasing arm number. As arm number increased, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers increased from 3.1 × 10^?3 to 21.1 × 10^?3 mg/mL but the partition equilibrium constant, which is an indicator of the hydrophobicity of the micelles of the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers in aqueous media, decreased from 4.44 × 10⁴ to 1.34 × 10⁴. In conclusion, we confirmed that the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers form micelles and, hence, may be potential hydrophobic drug delivery vehicles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(tetramethylene glycol)

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers were prepared by melt polycondensation of dimethyl terephthalate and excess ethylene glycol with 10–40mol% (in feed) of poly(ethylene glycol) (E) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) (B), with molecular weight (MW) of E and B 200–7500 and 1000, respectively. The reduced specific viscosity of copolymers increased with increasing MW and content of polyglycol comonomer. The temperature of melting (T_m), cold crystallization and glass transition (T_g) decreased with the copolymerization. T_m depression of copolymers suggested that the E series copolymers are the block type at higher content of the comonomer. T_g was decreased below room temperature by the copolymerization, which affected the crystallinity and the density of copolymer films. Water absorption increased with increasing content of comonomer, and the increase was much higher for E1000 series films than B1000 series films. The biodegradability was estimated by weight loss of copolymer films in buffer solution with and without a lipase at 37°C. The weight loss was enhanced a little by the presence of a lipase, and increased abruptly at higher comonomer content, which was correlated to the water absorption and the concentration of ester linkages between PET and PEG segments. The weight loss of B series films was much lower than that of E series films. The abrupt increase of the weight loss by alkaline hydrolysis is almost consistent with that by biodegradation.     

含聚乙二醇的嵌段共聚物的合成及自组装研究进展

综述了通过活性自由基聚合如原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）、氮氧稳定自由基聚合（NMP）、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合（RAFT）等方法合成含聚乙二醇（PEG）的嵌段共聚物的研究进展,并对含PEG类嵌段共聚物在溶液中的自组装技术和在药物载体、介孔材料以及碳纳米管中的应用进行了归纳,指出含PEG的嵌段共聚物可以自组装成多种形貌,直接影响材料的性能和应用,所以这些结构有潜在的应用价值和应用前景,并且合成新的含PEG的嵌段共聚物和开发具有新型结构、形貌可控的自组装体以及新的应用领域是今后的一个热点问题,具有重要的科学研究意义和实际应用价值。     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers

Poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers with predetermined block lengths were synthesized by polycondensation of PLA diols and PEG diacids. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent and dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. The resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as GPC, viscometry, ¹H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, X‐ray diffractometry, and contact angle measurement. The results indicated that these copolymers presented outstanding properties pertinent to biomedical use, including better miscibility between the two components, low crystallinity, and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the properties of the copolymers can be modulated by adjusting the block length of the two components or the reaction conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1729–1736, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10580     

聚乙二醇/聚己内酯三嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

以甲苯二异氰酸酯 (TDI)为偶联剂 ,合成了聚乙二醇 (PEG) /聚己内酯 (PCL)两亲性三嵌段共聚物 (PEG-b-PCL -b -PEG ,PECL) ,采用IR、1 H-NMR、DSC和WAXD分析和研究了PECL的结构与性能。实验结果表明 ,PECL的结构和组成与设计相一致 ,结晶度和熔点均低于均聚物 ,且随着PECL中PCL嵌段含量的增加 ,PCL嵌段熔点升高。透射电镜照片显示PECL纳米粒呈核 /壳结构的球形。     

Crystallization behavior of biodegradable amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(L‐lactide) block copolymers

Poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(L ‐lactide) diblock and triblock copolymers were prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of L ‐lactide with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether or with poly(ethylene glycol) in the presence of stannous octoate. Molecular weight, thermal properties, and crystalline structure of block copolymers were analyzed by ¹H‐NMR, FTIR, GPC, DSC, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The composition of the block copolymer was found to be comparable to those of the reactants. Each block of the PEG–PLLA copolymer was phase separated at room temperature, as determined by DSC and WAXD. For the asymmetric block copolymers, the crystallization of one block influenced much the crystalline structure of the other block that was chemically connected to it. Time‐resolved WAXD analyses also showed the crystallization of the PLLA block became retarded due to the presence of the PEG block. According to the biodegradability test using the activated sludge, PEG–PLLA block copolymer degraded much faster than PLLA homopolymers of the same molecular weight. © 1999 John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 341–348, 1999     

ABA triblock copolymers from poly(p‐dioxanone) and poly(ethylene glycol)

Poly(p‐dioxanone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(p‐dioxanone) ABA triblock copolymers (PEDO) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization from p‐dioxanone using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different molecular weights as macroinitiators in N₂ atmosphere. The copolymer was characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscope. The thermal behavior, crystallization, and thermal stability of these copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric measurements. The water absorption of these copolymers was also measured. The results indicated that the content and length of PEG chain have a greater effect on the properties of copolymers. This kind of biodegradable copolymer will find a potential application in biomedical materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1092–1097, 2006