木霉菌与化学农药相互关系的研究进展

农药的广泛应用所产生的残留问题,可通过其他防治方法如生物防治加以减轻。木霉菌是一种重要的生防菌,主要对土传病害有一定的防治效果。探讨了木霉菌与化学农药相互关系的研究进展,重点强调了在常用化学农药对木霉菌无明显毒性影响的前提下,木霉菌与化学农药对病原菌或病害的协同治疗作用。另外就化学农药对木霉菌的抑制作用和真菌木霉对化学农药的降解等方面做了简要的讨论。     

哈茨木霉制剂对设施连作番茄根际土壤微生物的生态效应及防病作用

[目的]明确抗药性哈茨木霉T30-3和亲本木霉T30制剂施用后对设施连作番茄根际土壤微生物的生态效应及防病作用。[方法]通过盆栽试验,采用稀释平板法测定番茄根际土壤微生物种类和数量,并调查番茄生长指标及病害发生情况。[结果]施药后番茄根际细菌、真菌、放线菌及木霉菌数量显著增加,植株茎粗、株高均高于对照,对枯萎病防效为75.0%～100.0%,且抗药性哈茨木霉T30-3效果优于亲本T30。[结论]施用哈茨木霉制剂能明显改善番茄根际土壤微生态环境,减轻枯萎病发生,促进番茄植株生长。     

氰唑磺菌胺(cyazofamid)——一种控制卵菌纲植株病害的新颖杀菌剂

由卵菌纲真菌引起的病害是世界范围的主要问题,重要的病害包括番茄和马铃薯上的晚疫病,葡萄、黄瓜以及甜瓜上的霜霉病。 RANMAN(cyazofamid,氰唑磺菌胺)是由日本石原产业公司发现并开发的一种新型杀菌剂。该杀菌剂对卵菌纲(例如疫霉属、单轴霉属、假霜霉属、腐霉     

绿色木霉菌剂及其在有机食品花生的应用

自食用菌子实体上分离得到绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）菌株，并对菌体形态进行了研究。研制出绿色木霉制剂，用其在有机食品花生试验示范，拌种和叶面喷洒防治花生主要叶斑病和花生菌核病（Rhizoctonia solani）,增产效果和防病效果显著，不污染环境，利于保持生态平衡，是花生病害生物防治较理想制剂。     

小麦春季纹枯病的发生与防治

正近年来,小麦纹枯病的发生逐年加重,目前已上升为麦区春季发生的主要病害之一。忽视防治往往对小麦产量带来严重损失。发病早的小麦田减产20%~30%左右,严重的形成枯株白穗甚至颗粒无收。发生特点。小麦纹枯病是一种以土壤传播为主的真菌病害。随着产量水平的提高,高产品种的推广和大水、大肥的麦田管理,其危害日趋严重。小麦纹枯病是一种真菌性病害,由半知菌亚门丝核菌属侵染引起。病菌以菌核随病残体在土中越冬、越夏。     

大豆根表拮抗细菌的筛选及其防病作用

从大豆根表分离出20株对植物病原真菌有拮抗作用的细菌,其中4株对供试的6种病原真菌均有抑制作用,对小麦赤霉菌、纹枯菌、黑粉菌、番茄灰霉菌、早疫菌、山芋黑疤病菌的拮抗频率分别为18．8％、18．8％、27．1％、22．9％、29．2％、22．9％。发酵液对小麦赤霉病菌、番茄灰霉菌、早疫病菌孢子萌发均有抑制作用,对上述3种病菌引起的病害田间防效良好。     

生物杀菌剂纹霉清研制成功

上海农乐生物制品厂利用微生态理论,采用生物抗病菌和生物抗生素,通过先进的发酵融合技术研制成功１２．５％的纹霉清水剂。这是一种新型生物杀菌剂,主要用于防治农作物的真菌病害。纹霉清含有活性抗病因子和有效抗生素,喷施于作物表面,其抗病因子繁殖而增加数量形成群体优势,覆盖植物表面,具有排斥病原菌、抗病生物因子和有效抗生素抑制病菌细胞的生理活性,对病菌产生杀灭作用。纹霉清防治病害的效果增加１０％～２０％,可使作物增产６％～１０％。生物杀菌剂纹霉清研制成功     

果树腐烂病 冬春防治效果佳

<正>果树腐烂病俗称烂皮病,是一种毁灭性的病害。北方苹果产区腐烂病发病严重,树体病疤累累,枝干残缺不全,常造成死树和毁园,近年有加重的趋势。果树腐烂病由子囊菌亚门黑腐皮壳属真菌侵染致病。病菌可形成球形的子囊壳和分生孢子器,产生大量的香蕉形的子囊孢子及分生孢子。病菌主要     

贵州水晶葡萄病原真菌分离鉴定及室内抑菌活性测试

[目的]确定引起贵州水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害的病原真菌种类及室内筛选用于该病害的主要防治杀菌剂。[方法]对病原菌进行分离纯化鉴定,通过科赫法则确定致病菌种类;筛选12种商品杀菌剂对炭疽病菌进行抑菌活性测定,筛选出有效药剂,为防治该病害提供一定的理论依据。[结果]从贵州省凯里市水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害分离鉴定出3株病原菌,为青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、炭疽病菌(Clletotrichum gloeosporioides)和链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.),采用科赫法则,对3株病原真菌进行刺伤回接,发现3株均为水晶葡萄在贮藏过程中的主要致病菌。12种杀菌剂对水晶葡萄炭疽病菌进行室内抑菌活性测试结果表明:均具有较好的抑制活性,其中50%咯菌腈WP、50%苯菌灵WP、42%噻菌灵SC和43%戊唑醇SC对水晶葡萄炭疽病菌抑制活性最好,其EC50值分别为0.1024、0.1386、0.1624、0.1974 mg/L。[结论]凯里水晶葡萄采后病害病菌为青霉菌、炭疽病菌和链格孢菌;筛选出12种药剂针对水晶葡萄采后病害炭疽病菌的药剂,其中50%咯菌腈WP对炭疽病菌具有较好抑制效果,为水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害防治提供理论基础。     

混合杀菌剂对两种橡胶叶斑病的联合作用研究

采用交叉滤纸条法,对橡胶炭疽病和棒孢霉叶斑病菌进行杀菌剂混用联合毒力研究。结果表明,9种杀菌剂共14个不同的混用组合中,大多数混用表现为相加作用;嘧菌酯和百菌清、抑霉唑和百菌清、溴菌腈和百菌清、腈菌唑与代森锰锌4个组合表现增效作用;而抑霉唑和代森锰锌的混用则表现出明显的拮抗作用。根据对抑菌带的分析,咪鲜胺对两种病菌的抑菌效果均为最高,其次是腈菌唑、抑霉唑和溴菌腈。     

Genome-Wide Identification of Auxin Response Factors in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Functional Analysis in Root Morphology

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in plant growth and development; however, research in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is still lacking. Here, 63, 30, and 30 AhARF genes were identified from an allotetraploid peanut cultivar and two diploid ancestors (A. duranensis and A. ipaensis). Phylogenetic tree and gene structure analysis showed that most AhARFs were highly similar to those in the ancestors. By scanning the whole-genome for ARF-recognized cis-elements, we obtained a potential target gene pool of AhARFs, and the further cluster analysis and comparative analysis showed that numerous members were closely related to root development. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the relationship between the root morphology and the expression levels of AhARFs in 11 peanut varieties. The results showed that the expression levels of AhARF14/26/45 were positively correlated with root length, root surface area, and root tip number, suggesting an important regulatory role of these genes in root architecture and potential application values in peanut breeding.     

多效唑在花生上的应用效果

本文研究了多效唑在花生上的应用效果，结果表明，多效唑能促进花生根系发育，控制株高和侧枝伸长、提高单株结果数和饱果率。喷施浓度以３叶期１００ｐｐｍ和盛花期１５０ｐｐｍ为好，其增产率分别达３３．０％和３６．３％。     

昆虫病原线虫对花生田蛴螬的防治效果

利用蛴螬的病原线虫于花生下针期穴施1．5～2万条,收获前进行田间调查。研究结果表明,病原线虫1号、2号[Rhabditis（Oscheius）spp）制剂防治花生田蛴螬效果分别达96．6％和96．1％,花生增产91．3％和91．6％,均好于辛硫磷。     

大豆抗重茬新型生物复合肥料生产技术

针对东北大豆产区因重茬种植造成大豆产量和品质均低的问题,研发了大豆抗重茬新型生物复合肥料。分析大豆重茬种植危害,介绍大豆抗重茬新型生物复合肥料抗重茬病害机制、生产过程、工艺指标控制、产品特点。认为该产品针对性强,使用效果好,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

Allelopathy of Phenolics from Decomposing Stump-Roots in Replant Chinese Fir Woodland

The change of total phenolic content in decomposing Chinese fir stump-roots of different ages in replant woodland and its effects was investigated. The total phenolic contents in stump-roots decreased with increasing stump-root age. The order of total phenolic content in different parts of stump-roots was, root > stump heartwood > stump sapwood. Phenolics released from Chinese fir stump-roots reduced the growth of fir seedlings. The growth of Chinese fir seedlings was negatively correlated with total phenolic content in stump-roots that had been added to the soil. Extracts of Chinese fir stump-roots inhibited fir seed germination. The results, based on paper chromatography and HPLC, revealed that eight phenolic compounds were present in the Chinese fir stump-roots.     

Searching for New Beneficial Bacterial Isolates of Wild Raspberries for Biocontrol of Phytopathogens-Antagonistic Properties and Functional Characterization

The threat caused by plants fungal and fungal-like pathogens is a serious problem in the organic farming of soft fruits. The European Commission regulations prohibit some commercially available chemical plant protection products, and instead recommend the use of natural methods for improving the microbial soil status and thus increasing resistance to biotic stresses caused by phytopathogens. The solution to this problem may be biopreparations based on, e.g., bacteria, especially those isolated from native local environments. To select proper bacterial candidates for biopreparation, research was provided to preliminarily ensure that those isolates are able not only to inhibit the growth of pathogens, but also to be metabolically effective. In the presented research sixty-five isolates were acquired and identified. Potentially pathogenic isolates were excluded from further research, and beneficial bacterial isolates were tested against the following plant pathogens: Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp., Phytophthora spp., and Verticillium spp. The eight most effective antagonists belonging to Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodococcus genera were subjected to metabolic and enzymatic analyses and a resistance to chemical stress survey, indicating to their potential as components of biopreparations for agroecology.     

紫茉莉提取物的抑菌活性

紫茉莉是紫菜莉科的一种多年生草本植物.通过对其根、茎与叶提取物抑菌活性的室内测试结果表明:紫茉莉根甲醇提取物与茎甲醇提取物对梨黑斑病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌菌丝生长具有较好的抑制作用.其巾根甲醇提取物对以上2种病原真菌菌丝生长的抑菌率分别为85.49%和84.78%、茎甲醇提取物为98.36%和75.38%;此外,该2种提取物对梨黑斑病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌与草莓灰霉病菌孢子的萌发也具有较好的抑制效果.前者对以上3种病原真菌孢子萌发的抑制率依次为90,50%、73.39%、77.94%;后者分别为89.91%、84.03%和75.90%.     

改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系的流变性能

以花生粕为原料提取花生蛋白,对花生蛋白进行酰胺化改性,将改性花生蛋白与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混制得改性花生蛋白/PVA共混原液。采用红外光谱仪对改性花生蛋白进行结构分析,并对改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系的流变性能进行了研究。结果表明,马来酸酐对花生蛋白进行了酰胺化改性,改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系为非牛顿流体,其表观粘度(ηa)随着温度的增加而下降,但随着PVA的含量增加而显著增加,改性花生蛋白的含量对ηa影响较小;当温度较低时,共混体系的剪切速率(γ.)对其ηa影响较为显著;共混体系的粘流活化能随γ.的增大而下降。     

Yield and quality of tofu made form soybeans and soy/peanut blends

The yield and quality of tofu made from blends of soybeans and raw peanuts, partially defatted peanut flour, and defatted peanut flour were investigated. Defatted peanut flour appears to be the most compatible with soybeans for tofu making, followed by partially defatted peanut flour and raw peanuts. Raw peanuts could be incorporated at levels of 10% while partially defatted or defatted peanut flour could be incorporated at a level of 20%: higher levels produced tofu with either poor texture or low yield. SEM images of tofu made from 100% soybeans showed a uniform, continuous, three-dimensional honeycomb-like protein network structure. When 10% of the soybeans was replaced by either raw peanuts; partially defatted peanut flour; or defatted peanut flour, the protein strands that make up the network structure were thicker than those of 100% soybean tofu. When soybeans were replaced with either of the three peanut products at a 30% level, the protein strands of the network structure were either less continuous or appeared perforated.     

花生壳中黄酮类成分的识别分离与结构确定

对花生壳中黄酮类活性成分进行分离纯化和结构确定。经过木犀草素分子印迹聚合物柱层析进行分离、纯化,并经核磁共振确定其结构。从花生壳的乙醇(70%)提取物中分离得到1个黄酮类化合物,其结构被确定为木犀草素。木犀草素是花生壳的主要黄酮活性成分。