不同规模的煤燃烧装置中燃料-N向N2O和NOx的转化（英文）

With focus on investigating the effect of combustor scale on the conversion of fuel-N to NOx and N20, experiments are carried out in three combustors, including single coal particle combustion test rig, laboratory scale circulating fluidized-bed boiler （CFB） and full scale CFB in this work. For single coal particle combustion, the majority of f-uel-N （65%-82%） is released as NOx, while only a little （less than 8%） fuel-N yields N20. But in labora- tory scale CFB, the conversion of fuel-N to N20 is increases, but the conversion of fuel-N to NOx is quite less than that of single coal particle combustion. This is because much char in CFB can promote the NOx reduction by in- creasing N20 formation. In full scale CFB, both of the conversion of fuel-N to NOx and the conversion of fuel-N to N20 are smaller than laboratory scale CFB.     

Parametric optimization of packed bed for activated coal fly ash waste heat recovery using CFD techniques

Coal fly ash is an industrial solid waste generated from coal preparation during the processing and cleaning of coal for electric power generation. Comprehensive investigation on the reutilization of waste heat of activated coal fly ash is of great economic significance. The method of recovering the waste heat, proposed in this study,is the transfer of heat from activated coal fly ash to gas with the movement of air using the packed bed, providing valuable energy sources for preheating the raw coal fly ash to reduce the overall energy consumption. The investigation is carried on the heat transfer characteristics of gas–solid(activated coal fly ash) phases and air temperature fields of the packed bed under some key conditions via computational fluid dynamics. A two dimensional geometry is utilized to represent key parts of packed bed. The distribution mechanism of the temperature field for gas phase is analyzed based on the transient temperature contours at different times. The results show that the obtained rule of gas–solid heat transfer can effectively evaluate the influences of operating parameters on the air temperature in the packed bed. Simultaneously, it is found that no temperature differences exist in the hot air at the outlet of the packed bed. The investigation provides guidance for the design and optimization of other similar energy recovery apparatuses in industries.     

利用FactSage热力学软件预测还原性气氛下煤灰熔融行为特征的研究

1 INTRODUCTION The coal ash related problems are major concern to many coal companies and electrical power utili- ties[1―3]. The formation of slagging and fouling de- posits in combustion, agglomeration in fluidized beds, ash slag flow in integrated gasification combined cy- cle(IGCC)and other slagging reactors are directly related to the formation of liquid slag and to the sta- bilities of solid crystalline phases[4,5]. The traditional methods used to characterize the high temperature …     

聚乙烯-碳纳米管串晶的高效制备(英文)

We report a novel method to prepare nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure of polyethylene (PE) and carbon nanotube (CNT). Pristine CNTs without surface modification with high concentration was effectively dispersed in xylene solution by a simple shearing method, which induces the quick crystallization of PE in xylene to form a novel NHSK structure with more dense and smaller PE kebab on CNT axis. The flocculated NHSK product was transferred quickly from the xylene solution to the ethanol solution, in order to shorten the preparation time. The freeze-drying method was used in vacuum instead of high-temperature drying to avoid the aggregation of NHSK product. These improvements allow the formation of NHSK with an absolute yield of 200 mg·h-1 , which is 2000 folds of that reported previously. It is favorable to apply this structured material in high performance nanocomposite, by improving the compatibility of CNTs in polymer and the interfacial force between CNTs and polymer.     

Flux mechanism of compound flux on ash and slag of coal with high ash melting temperature

The melting temperature of Z coal ash was reduced by adding calcium–magnesium compound flux(W_(CaO)/W_(MgO)=1). In the process of simulated coal gasification, the coal ash and slag were prepared. The transformation of minerals in coal ash and slag upon the change of temperature was studied by using X-ray diffraction(XRD). With the increase of temperatures, forsterite in the ash disappears, while the diffraction peak strength of magnesium spinel increases,and the content of the calcium feldspar increases, then the content of the amorphous phase in the ash increases obviously. The species and evolution process of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium at different temperatures were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The decrease of the ash melting point mainly affects the structural changes of silicon, aluminum and oxygen. The coordination of aluminum and oxygen in the aluminum element structure, e.g., tetracoordinated aluminum oxide, was changed. Tetrahedral [AlO_4] and hexacoordinated aluminoxy octahedral [AlO_6] change with the temperature changing. The addition of Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) destroys silica chain, making bridge oxide silicon change into non-bridge oxysilicon; and bridge oxygen bond was broken and non-bridge oxygen bond was produced in the oxygen element structure. The addition of calcium and magnesium compound flux reacts with aluminum oxide tetrahedron, aluminum oxide octahedron and silicon tetrahedron to promote the breakage of the bridge oxygen bond. Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) are easily combined with silicon oxide and aluminum oxide tetrahedron and aluminum. Oxygen octahedrons combine with non-oxygen bonds to generate low-melting temperature feldspars and magnesite minerals, thereby reducing the coal ash melting temperatures. The structure of kaolinite and mullite was simulated by quantum chemistry calculation, and kaolinite molecule has a stable structure.     

掺模拟锌灰烬制陶:相转化和产品抗浸出性(英文)

Zinc is one of the hazardous metals commonly found in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) ash,and this study reveals the stabilization mechanisms when sintering zinc-laden ash and ceramic precursors as a waste-to-resource strategy.Using ZnO to simulate the zinc-laden ash and sintering with kaolinite and mullite ceramic precursors,both zinc aluminate spinel(ZnAl2O4) and willemite(Zn2SiO4) phases were found in the products under the tested thermal conditions.The results also indicate that kaolinite and mullite precursors exhibit different incorporation behavior,and ZnAl2O4 and Zn2SiO4 were found to be competitive as the Zn-hosting phases in the system.A prolonged leaching test was used to evaluate the leachability of potential product phases in the system.The concentrations of zinc in ZnO and Zn2SiO4 leachates were about two orders of magnitude higher than that in ZnAl2O4 leachate,indicating the preference of forming ZnAl2O4 for zinc stabilization.Furthermore,the aluminum-rich sludge generated from waterworks could be beneficially used as a material resource to stabilize zinc in this study.The X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern collected from the 1150 ℃ and 3-h sintered sample shows the suc-cess of incorporating zinc into the ZnAl2O4 spinel structure with waterworks sludge precursor.The formation of ZnAl2O4 indicates a strong potential for employing aluminum-and silicon-based materials to thermally immobilize zinc and achieve the beneficial use of metal-laden MSWI ash.     

TP316L在模拟生物质锅炉过热器气相和积灰条件下的腐蚀特性

Corrosion behavior of TP316L was investigated with simulated atmosphere and ash deposition for the superheater in biomass boiler. Corrosion dynamic curves were plotted by mass gain. The results showed that the corrosion was dependent on temperature and was greatly accelerated by ash deposition. The mass gain was distinctly reduced in the presence of SO2 with and without ash deposition on the specimens. Corrosion rates with ash deposit at different temperatures were calculated. Two feasible methods were provided to avoid serious high-temperature corrosion in the biomass boiler.     

A simple plasma reduction for synthesis of Au and Pd nanoparticles at room temperature☆

A simple and fast plasma reduction method is developed for synthesis of Au and Pd metal nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates a formation of aggregates of Au and Pd nanoparticles with branched structure. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image shows that the inclusive nanopar-ticles are al about 5 nm in size. Compared to conventional hydrogen reduction method, plasma method inhibits the agglomeration of metal particles. The room temperature operation is very helpful to limit the nanoparticle size. Most interestingly, plasma reduction produces more flattened metal particles. This plasma reduction does not require the use of any hazardous reducing chemicals, showing the great potential for the fabrication of noble metal nanoparticles.     

毛细管Al_2O_3膜的制备及表征:薄膜形成机理对无缺陷膜制备的影响(英文)

Ceramic capillary membrane has received much attention due to its relatively high pack density and favorable mechanical strength.However,it is difficult to prepare capillary membrane on its thin support by a dip-coating method.In this study,alumina microfiltration membranes were prepared on the inner surface of alumina capillary support(outer diameter 4 mm,inner diameter 2.5 mm)by a dip-coating method.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation,gas bubble pressure(GBP)method and membrane permeation test were carried out to evaluate membrane performance.Two major effects in preparation of crack-free membrane,capillary filtration and film-coating,upon the thin support were studied.The as-prepared crack-free membrane presents a narrow pore size distribution,a mean pore size of about 0.6μm and a high pure water flux of 86000 L·m -2 ·h -1 ·MPa.It is proved that the membrane thickness should be sufficiently large to overcome the defects of support surface,but it is only one of the prerequisites for the formation of crack-free membrane.Furthermore,it is demonstrated that the capillary filtration effect is greatly restricted for thin capillary support with the dip-coating method and the film-coating effect plays a crucial role in the formation of crack-free membrane.     

一种用于显著误差检测与数据校正的NT-MT组合算法

An NT-MT combined method based on nodal test （NT） and measurement test （MT） is developed for gross error detection and data reconciliation for industrial application. The NT-MT combined method makes use of both NT and MT tests and this combination helps to overcome the defects in the respective methods. It also avoids any artificial manipulation and eliminates the huge combinatorial problem that is created in the combined method based on the nodal test in the case of more than one gross error for a large process system. Serial compensation strategy is also used to avoid the decrease of the coefficient matrix rank during the computation of the proposed method. Simulation results show that the proposed method is very effective and possesses good performance.     

煤的成灰磨耗特性对循环流化床内物料平衡的影响

循环流化床燃烧条件下煤的成灰磨耗特性是影响床内的流化特性和锅炉整体性能的重要因素之一 .利用静态燃烧然后冷态流化实验方法 ,可以得到给煤的成灰及磨耗参数并提出煤种的本征成灰概念 .在此基础上建立稳态的 CFBC冷态灰平衡模型来研究流化床内物料的粒径分布规律 .分析了流化风速、分离器效率和煤灰的磨耗系数对飞灰、排渣和床料的粒径分布的影响 .     

煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰特性对其汞吸附能力的影响

通过分析两台容量相近的循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品的粒径分布、表面结构特性、未燃尽碳含量、反应性和汞含量，探究两种类型锅炉飞灰特性差异及其与飞灰汞吸附能力的关系。结果表明：循环流化床和煤粉锅炉尾端除尘设备排灰口飞灰汞的含量分别为1584.0 ng/g和503.7 ng/g，其原因与飞灰粒径、未燃尽碳含量和表面特性相关。对于循环流化床锅炉，飞灰中汞含量随其粒径和反应性温度的减小而增加，随未燃尽碳含量增加而增加，且与比表面积和吸附量呈正相关关系。对于煤粉锅炉，粒径为75～53 μm的飞灰对汞吸附能力较强，未燃尽碳含量明显小于循环流化床所产生飞灰的含量，飞灰比表面积随粒径变化不大，由此导致煤粉锅炉除尘设备排灰口所取样品对汞的吸附能力远低于循环流化床锅炉相对应位置飞灰对汞的吸附能力。     

粒径对福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的影响

建立了福建无烟煤细颗粒燃烧模型,计算了其在容量35 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的燃尽时间和一次通过炉膛的停留时间,分析了不同粒径煤颗粒在不同燃烧温度和不同烟气流速时在CFB锅炉内的燃尽时间和停留时间的变化差异. 实验研究了福建无烟煤粒径对飞灰碳含量的影响及燃尽的影响. 结果表明,细煤颗粒的燃尽时间与停留时间均随粒径增大而增长,但燃尽时间增幅更明显,颗粒一次通过炉膛完全燃尽的临界粒径约为0.15 mm;粒径越大的颗粒其停留时间和燃尽时间对烟气流速和燃烧温度变化越敏感;无烟煤入炉粒径明显影响CFB锅炉飞灰含碳量,选用粒度为3~8 mm的偏粗颗粒为宜.     

超低排放燃煤机组硒的迁移转化及飞灰对其富集特性

采用微波消解法和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法考察了9台超低排放在役机组硒迁移转化规律,探究了循环流化床（CFB）和煤粉炉（PC）机组飞灰特性差异对硒吸附能力的影响。燃烧后煤中硒几乎全部呈现挥发态,底渣中残留量极低。与浓度归一化和质量分布法相比较,相对富集系数法可以客观地评价燃煤副产物中硒的富集能力,两类机组中硒均主要富集于飞灰中。CFB较低炉膛温度和添加CaO可以降低入炉煤中硒释放比例并增强飞灰对硒的吸附能力,故其底渣和飞灰中硒的富集程度均高于PC,导致脱硫石膏中硒富集程度低于PC。飞灰对硒的吸附量随比表面积或孔容积增大而增大,但随粒径或孔径增大而减小。CFB飞灰中未燃尽碳含量高、形状不规则、表面粗糙且存在较多蜂窝状孔隙,导致其对硒的富集程度高于PC飞灰。     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰可燃物的探讨与实践

针对2台燃用福建无烟煤的DG75/3.82-11型CFB锅炉所存在的飞灰可燃物含量较高的问题,通过分析福建无烟煤特有煤质特性、燃料颗粒特性、锅炉总体设计和运行调整工况是影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的主要因素。针对性采取优化筛分破碎系统、增强二次风的扰动穿透能力、提高旋风分离器的分离效率、改造回料风系统以减少返料偏流等措施;同时不断摸索CFB锅炉运行规律,完善和优化运行方式,应用锅炉燃烧优化控制系统实现CFB锅炉的自动优化控制运行。2台锅炉平均飞灰可燃物含量从2003年的22.17%降低到2009年第1季度的15.03%。     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的因素分析

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量是锅炉燃烧工况好坏的直接反映 ,其对锅炉的热效率的影响是很大的 ,它还直接影响着粉煤灰的综合开发和利用 .在对云天化循环流化床锅炉的生产实验研究中 ,分析了影响循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的各种因素 (床温、煤质煤粒、一次风、二次风、床压和旋风分离器效率等 ) ,通过实验研究找到了降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的具体而又行之有效的操作方法 ,以指导实际生产 .     

循环流化床锅炉内的灰平衡模型研究

建立了煤灰为床料的 CFB锅炉内静态平衡计算模型 .模型着重研究了成灰特性、灰磨耗和退档 ,颗粒停留时间及颗粒分层等影响循环流化床灰平衡的重要因素 ,并提出了相应的计算模型 .应用模型模拟了黄姑电厂 75 t/h CFB锅炉的运行 ,研究了磨耗速率、灰成分等因素对煤燃烧后飞灰、排渣、床料的粒径分布的影响     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的测定方法探讨

对循环流化床锅炉飞灰的烧失量和含碳量进行了对比 ,烧失量与含碳量差别很大。传统上用烧失量代替含碳量对循环流化床锅炉飞灰并不适用。本文提出用煤的工业分析方法测定循环流化床锅炉飞灰的含碳量 ,并测出循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量随粒径分布的变化关系。     

1D modeling on the material balance in CFB boiler

An 1D model of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is developed specifically to predict the material balance in CFB boiler. This model emphasizes on the important factors that influence the ash balance in CFB boilers, such as ash formation, attrition and size reduction, residence time and segregation in dense bed. The corresponding sub-models are discussed in detail. In the simulation of a 135MWe CFB boiler in Zibo power plant, China, the parameters in mass balance model under full load operation, such as segregation parameters and axial decay constant, are optimized. The model can predict the mass balances at different operating loads in the same boiler.     

Fundamentals of coal topping gasification: Characterization of pyrolysis topping in a fluidized bed reactor

Coal topping gasification refers to a process that extracts the volatiles contained in coal into gas and tar rich in chemical structures in advance of gasification. The technology can be implemented in a reactor system coupling a fluidized bed pyrolyzer and a transport bed gasifier in which coal is first pyrolyzed in the fluidized bed before being forwarded into the transport bed for gasification. The present article is devoted to investigating the pyrolysis of lignite and bituminite in a fluidized bed reactor. The results showed that the highest tar yield appeared at 823 to 923 K for both coals. When coal ash from CFB boiler was used as the bed material, obvious decreases in the yields of tar and pyrolysis gas were observed. Pyrolysis in a reaction atmosphere simulating the pyrolysis gas composition of coal resulted in a higher production of tar. Under the conditions of using CFB boiler ash as the bed material and the simulated pyrolysis gas as the reaction atmosphere, the tar yields for pyrolytic topping in a fluidized bed reactor was about 11.4 wt.% for bituminite and 6.5 wt.% for lignite in dry ash-free coal base.