稻壳灰对水体中Cu2+的吸附性能

为了解决处理含铜重金属废水时成本高和效率低等问题,选用廉价且吸附性能较好的吸附剂成为研究中的热点问题。文章以稻壳为原料制备稻壳灰吸附剂,通过单因素实验研究Cu²⁺质量浓度、pH值、吸附剂投加量、时间、温度等对吸附效果的影响;通过正交实验得出吸附Cu²⁺的最佳条件;通过扫描电镜及红外光谱测定,对吸附前后的稻壳灰进行表征分析。实验结果表明:溶液pH对吸附效果影响极大,当4≤pH≤6时,吸附率较高,pH过低或过高均不利于吸附;在前0.5 h内吸附速度很快,1 h后吸附基本完成。稻壳灰吸附Cu²⁺的最佳条件为:稻壳灰投加量20.0 g/L、35 ℃、Cu²⁺质量浓度30 mg/L、吸附时间1 h、溶液初始pH为6。准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地描述稻壳灰对Cu²⁺的吸附过程。     

MCM-41的化学修饰及其对Cu2+的吸附性能

为了改善介孔分子筛MCM-41的吸附性能,通过两步化学反应依次用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷和一溴代乙酸对其进行化学修饰.采用扫描电镜、接触角、红外光谱等方法对功能化前后的介孔分子筛进行表征.同时,以铜离子为目标污染物,考察了pH值、吸附时间和初始质量浓度对吸附剂吸附性能的影响,探讨了介孔吸附剂对Cu2+的等温吸附特征.实验结果表明:经过羧基化表面修饰后,介孔吸附剂吸附50mg/LCu2+溶液的最佳pH值为6、平衡吸附时间为40min,吸附剂对Cu2+的等温吸附曲线符合经典的Langmuir模型和理论的Freundlich模型,理论最大吸附量为38.46mg/g.     

4种胺基改性甘蔗渣对Cu2+的静态吸附

采用两步法制备了乙二胺（EDA）、二乙烯三胺（DETA）、三乙烯四胺（TETA）、四乙烯五胺（TEPA）系列胺基改性甘蔗渣（SCB）吸附剂,探讨了浓度、吸附时间、酸度和共存离子对四种吸附剂吸附Cu²⁺的影响。结果表明四种胺基改性吸附剂对铜离子的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,吸附可在1h内达到平衡,动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附最佳酸度范围为4.5~5.5。4种胺基改性甘蔗渣吸附剂对Cu²⁺的吸附容量大小的顺序为:DETA-SCB>TEPA-SCB>TETA-SCB>EDA-SCB,对Cu²⁺选择性顺序为:EDA-SCB>DETA-SCB>TETA-SCB>TEPA-SCB。共存干扰离子对Cu²⁺吸附容量影响的大小顺序:Zn²⁺>Cd²⁺>Ca²⁺≈Mg²⁺>K⁺≈Na⁺。     

土壤主要组分对多氯联苯吸附及共存Cu2+的影响

采用选择性萃取分离方法对土壤中的主要化学组分锰氧化物、铁氧化物和有机质进行分离,在此基础上,采用批量平衡法研究了25℃下土壤原样、去锰氧化物样品、去铁氧化物样品和去有机质样品对多氯联苯(PCBs)的吸附热力学特征和吸附机理,以及不同含量的共存重金属Cu2+对多氯联苯吸附规律的影响.结果表明:Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型均可较好地描述多氯联苯在土壤各级样品上的吸附热力学过程.通过比较Langmuir和Freundlich模型所获得的拟合参数可知,土壤各级样品对多氯联苯的吸附规律为:去锰氧化物样品>去铁氧化物样品>土壤原样>去有机质样品.土壤中的有机质和铁氧化物对多氯联苯吸附起主要作用,锰氧化物则抑制多氯联苯的吸附.吸附体系中的共存重金属Cu2+与多氯联苯产生了竞争吸附作用,抑制了土壤各级样品对多氯联苯的吸附,二者之间的竞争吸附作用主要可能发生在铁氧化物和有机质中.     

花生壳和小麦秸秆处理废水中Cd2+的试验研究

以废弃花生壳和小麦秸秆为原料,对模拟废水进行了Cd2+吸附试验研究.结果表明,溶液pH值、溶液温度、Cd2+初始质量浓度、花生壳粉和秸秆粉的用量、吸附时间等因素均对吸附效果有一定影响.在Cd2+初始质量浓度为25mg/L、pH值为6、吸附剂投加量0.25g、恒温振荡120min的条件下,花生壳粉和小麦秸秆粉对Cd2+的去除率分别为63.2%和52.4%.     

4A分子筛掺杂PES膜吸附剂的制备及其对Cu2+吸附性能研究

以聚醚砜(PES)为膜基质材料,以粒径分布较均匀的4A分子筛为功能颗粒,采用相转化法制备出了对Cu2+具有较大吸附容量的膜吸附剂;研究了4A分子筛填充PES膜吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附与脱附性能;探讨了4A分子筛填充量、离子强度、温度、pH、初始浓度等因素对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明:膜吸附剂的吸附容量随着4A分子筛填充量的增加而增大,当4A分子筛质量分数达60%时,膜吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附容量可达109.7 mg/g;0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液对吸附饱和的膜吸附剂脱附率达98.6%.     

胺型腰果酚醛树脂对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附与解吸

研究了胺型腰果酚醛树脂对Cu2+、Pb2+与Cd2+的吸附-解吸行为,并探讨了吸附热力学及动力学特征。结果表明,溶液pH为5.5时树脂的吸附量最大,等温吸附行为符合Langmuir方程;热力学数据显示树脂的吸附以自发的吸热的化学吸附为主过程;动力学特征可用Lagergren准二级方程描述。采用0.1mol/L稀硝酸对吸附在树脂上的重金属离子进行洗脱,解吸率可达95%以上,且降温有利于提高解吸速率。     

CdSe/CdS量子点荧光探针检测Cu2+

采用液相反应法在水介质中合成巯基乙酸封端的CdSe/CdS核壳结构量子点,基于Cu²⁺对量子点荧光的猝灭效应,以CdSe/CdS核壳量子点为荧光探针定量检测水溶液中Cu²⁺的浓度。研究结果表明：Cu²⁺的浓度为0.5～60μmol/L时,CdSe/CdS量子点的荧光强度与Cu²⁺的浓度成良好的分段线性关系,浓度检测限为0.06μmol/L;该荧光探针对Cu²⁺的检测具有高选择性;对实际自来水样品中Cu²⁺的检测结果准确可靠;量子点的淬灭机理为动态淬灭。     

天然高分子吸附剂吸附水中的 Cu2+和Ni2+

为了更有效地去除水中的Cu2+和Ni2+,采用壳聚糖、泥炭和海藻3种吸附剂对Cu2+和Ni2+进行吸附性能研究。考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、吸附剂的质量浓度和金属离子的质量浓度对Cu2+和Ni2+吸附率的影响。结果表明,采用壳聚糖作为吸附剂,pH为6,吸附剂的质量浓度为3 g/L,吸附时间120 min的条件下,对Cu2+的吸附效果最好,吸附率可达98%。采用泥炭为吸附剂在pH为6,吸附剂的质量浓度为1 g/L,吸附时间为120 min时,对Ni2+的吸附效果最好,吸附率达80%。     

高炉渣对废水中Cu2+的吸附率和吸附行为

工业固废高炉渣对废水中的重金属离子表现出了较好的吸附能力,为了深入了解高炉渣对Cu2+的吸附效果,在研究高炉渣的用量、pH、吸附时间和温度对废水中Cu2+吸附率的影响规律基础上,选取四因素三水平正交设计实验,获得吸附Cu2+的最佳反应条件,并利用吸附等温模型和吸附动力学探讨高炉渣对Cu2+的吸附行为.结果表明:高炉渣表面的吸附位点、较大的比表面积以及发达的孔隙结构能够促进Cu2+的吸附.在高炉渣用量为0.5 g、pH为9、吸附时间为360 min、温度为65℃时,去除率可达99.93％,吸附后溶液中Cu2+的残余质量浓度小于1 mg/L,达到了国家排放标准.高炉渣对Cu2+的吸附更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,吸附动力学过程更符合拟二级动力学方程.     

膨润土对废水中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

研究了钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土对废水中铜离子的吸附特性.结果表明,钠基膨润土和钙基膨润土的吸附行为都依赖于溶液的pH值,初始离子浓度和吸附剂用量.在低pH值时主要是H+与Cu2+竞争吸附位.pH值在3到7时基本的吸附机制是离子交换的过程.在高pH值(＞8.3)时,在膨润土颗粒表面形成氢氧化铜的吸附或沉淀.随初始金属离子浓...     

不同沸石粉对Cu~(2+)的吸附特性试验研究

为了研究沸石粉对重金属铜的吸附效果,采用室内试验方法,选取天然沸石粉、4A沸石粉以及在天然沸石粉的基础上添加粉煤灰经高温焙烧制成的改性沸石粉作为吸附剂对重金属Cu~(2+)进行静态吸附试验,为了对比验证水泥吸附去除Cu~(2+)的能力,添加了水泥作为吸附剂。通过室内静态吸附试验发现,四者吸附Cu~(2+)能力大小为4A沸石粉≈改性沸石粉天然沸石粉水泥;考虑到制备工艺及经济因素,改性沸石粉是吸附去除Cu~(2+)的最佳选择;改性沸石粉去除Cu~(2+)的最佳掺量为2 g:100 mg/L;p H值在5~8之间沸石粉吸附Cu~(2+)的效果较好。     

Removal of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2 ： 4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ are 16.19 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb^2＋ is stronger than that for Cd^2＋. The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich＇s model with related coefficient higher than 0. 996.     

Adsorption behavior of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ ions on bauxite flotation tailings

The adsorption behavior of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ ions on bauxite flotation tailings was investigated to demonstrate the adsorptivity of the bauxite flotation tailings. The adsorption percentage of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ ions as a function of adsorbent dosage, solution pH value and shaking time were determined by batch experiments. The maximum adsorption percentage of 99.93% for Pb^2＋ ions and 99.75% for Cd^2＋ ions were obtained by using bauxite flotation tailings as adsorbent. The methods, such as zeta potentials, specific surface area measurements and the analysis of adsorption kinetics, were introduced to analyze the adsorption mechanisms of the Pb^2＋ ions on bauxite flotation tailings. The isoelectric point of bauxite flotation tailings shifts from 3.6 to 5.6 in the presence of Pb^2＋ ions. The specific surface area of bauxite flotation tailings changes from 12.57 to 20.63 m^2/g after the adsorption of Pb^2＋ ions. These results indicate that a specific adsorption of the cation species happens on the surface of bauxite flotation tailings. Adsorption data of Pb^2＋ ions on the surface of bauxite flotation tailings can be well described by Langmuir model, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provides the best correlation for the adsorption data of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ ions on bauxite flotation tailings.     

Cu2+和Ni2+对水解-MBR工艺处理效能的影响特性

为降低电镀废水中重金属对生物处理系统的冲击,采用水解-膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对电镀综合废水进行处理,以重金属离子Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)为代表,重点研究不同质量浓度的重金属冲击下对水解-MBR工艺处理电镀废水效能的影响,以及水中DOMs与微生物活性的变化情况.结果表明:在Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)质量浓度5~20 mg/L冲击下,水解-MBR组合工艺对COD和NH_4~+-N去除效率分别在75%和45%以上.硝化细菌抗重金属冲击能力较差,水解-MBR组合工艺对重金属Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)的耐受质量浓度可达20 mg/L,而单纯MBR工艺仅为10 mg/L.水解反应器可将污水中HPI大部分转化为HPO-A,改善难降解有机物可生化性,芳香族化合物的含量明显降低.随着重金属Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)质量浓度的升高,MBR反应器内活性污泥的SOUR值逐步下降,但水解-MBR工艺SOUR受重金属的抑制率均比单独MBR工艺低5%左右.由于水解使重金属毒性减弱,水解-MBR系统中微生物的活性较高,系统中EPS含量和出水质量浓度均显著低于单独MBR工艺,且可以有效减少膜表面胶体物质和溶解性有机物形成,降低污泥滤饼层的形成速度,有效减缓膜污染的速率.     

Study on the separation of Co2+ from Zn2+, Cd2+ by anion-exchange chromatography

The separation of Co²⁺ from Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ by anion-exchange chromatography was discussed. The chromatographic column containing anion resin 201 × 7 which was saturated with a solution of ammonium chloride. The effects of the eluant acidity and eluant composition on the separation were investigated. The results indicate that this anion-exchange chromatography is suitable to the separation of Co²⁺ from Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and the condition of separation is simple and convenient. When the column is saturated with NH₄Cl solution (2.0 mol/L, pH=4.0), the separation can be completed effectively. Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ can also be separated when different eluants are used and the pure solution with high concentration of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ respectively can be obtained easily. Biography of the first author: WANG Xin-yan, born in Dec. 1975, majoring in extraction chemistry.     

粉煤灰处理含铜废水的正交实验研究

利用粉煤灰处理的含铜废水,初步研究粉煤灰对Cu2+的吸附机理,通过试验分析不同浓度、不同pH值、不同的振荡时间、不同的粉煤灰加入量对吸附的影响,并设计正交试验寻找最佳工艺参数。     

Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^2＋ , Pb^2＋ and Hg^2＋ in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of groups on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified groupting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg²⁺ > Pb²⁺ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests. Foundation item: Project (2000-65) supported by the Fund for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China