高强热轧双相钢中组织对性能的影响

采用低成本成分设计,应用超快冷技术为核心的新一代TMCP技术可以得到强韧性较好的高强热轧双相钢,本文研究了该试验钢组织对性能的影响。研究表明:铁素体晶粒尺寸在5μm处波动;条状马氏体比块状马氏体的n值要高;抗拉强度随马氏体体积分数的增加而增加;组织中小尺寸的铁素体和马氏体提高了裂纹弛豫能力,有利于试样的韧性和n值的提高。     

铁素体/马氏体双相钢拉伸变形过程中应力应变不均匀性分析

以铁素体/马氏体双相钢为研究对象,经轧制及热处理后进行变形量为5%的拉伸实验,借助配有EBSD成像系统的场发射扫描电镜对实验钢塑性变形后的微区取向进行分析,并结合晶体塑性模拟DAMASK软件模拟其塑性变形行为。结果表明,经轧制变形获得的铁素体/马氏体双相钢,两相应力应变分配不均匀。实验钢中马氏体积累了更多的位错,KAM值更大。临近马氏体区域的铁素体基体Schmid因子更大,可达到0.49,在塑性变形过程中容易优先产生位错和滑移。晶体塑性模拟结果表明,变形初期,铁素体需承担较大的应变、马氏体承担应力以协调整体的变形。当拉伸变形继续发生时,两相应力应变分布的不均匀性将导致两相交界以及晶界处最先发生断裂。     

层片型铁素体加马氏体双相钢的冲击断裂行为

本文遭过对国产09SICrMrMoRe双相钢冲击断裂行为的研究表明,层片型(层片状马氏体与铁素体相间排列)双相组织的冲击韧性优于岛型(岛状马氏体弥散分布于铁素体中)双相组织。层片型双相组织中裂纹萌生与扩展对两相界面敏感性较小。层片型双相组织的韧化作用主要在于层片状马氏休有效比分隔了铁素体,使裂纹扩展途径曲折,消耗较多的塑性变形功。以层片型双相组织为推础,在马氏体基体上分布少量铁素体,对韧性无害。     

铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的变形和断裂特性

对一种低碳硅锰钢进行TMCP实验,获得了不同铁素体形态的铁素体/贝氏体双相钢(FB钢),研究了FB钢在单轴拉伸下的变形行为及断裂特性,结果表明:在均匀塑性变形阶段,FB钢的瞬时加工硬化指数n*值与真应变ε的关系曲线可分为n*值较高、n*值随ε缓慢下降以及n*值随ε迅速下降三个阶段,与等轴铁素体/贝氏体双相钢相比,准多边形铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的强度和低应变区的n*值均比较高,FB钢拉伸试样颈缩区的孔洞或微裂纹产生在F-B相界面附近和铁素体内,有助于减弱裂纹尖端附近的局部应力集中,改善钢材的抗裂纹扩展性能.     

双相钢断裂特征和精细结构的观察

本文对双相钢的断裂特征和精细结构进行了研究。采用反复腐蚀抛光法制样,用扫描电镜观察了双相钢的解理断裂的开裂相和裂纹扩展途径,并得出了双相钢的断裂模式。用双喷射加离子清洗减薄制膜,在透射电镜下观察了马氏体岛和铁素体的精细结构。结果指出:马氏体岛的精细结构与临界间退火温度有关,较低的临界间退火温度,马氏体岛的亚结构以孪晶马氏体为主,不过这种孪晶马氏体的组态在同样含碳量的淬火钢中比较少见。临界间退火温度升高,板条马氏体量增多;在铁素体中有马氏体相变诱发的高密度位错,有时还形成胞状结构。     

800MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢连续冷却相变及组织性能研究

为了探索一种800 MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢的连续冷却转变规律及退火后组织性能变化,利用For-master-FⅡ全自动相变仪及连续退火模拟实验机,进行了连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线的测定及连续退火实验.结果表明:实验钢的过冷奥氏体在很低的冷却速度(0.5℃/s)下即可发生马氏体转变,而珠光体转变较少.当冷速为80℃/s时,仅发生马氏体转变;退火后实验钢显微组织中的马氏体呈带状分布,经最优工艺退火后实验钢的显微组织为多边形铁素体(79%)+块状马氏体(16%)+细小的残余奥氏体(5%),残余奥氏体主要分布于马氏体晶粒内部或铁素体的晶界处;实验钢屈服强度为387 MPa,抗拉强度为863 MPa,延伸率为18%,强塑积达到15534.     

初始组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺残留奥氏体及力学性能的影响

采用双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分(IQP)工艺,研究初始组织为铁素体+珠光体的IQP-Ⅰ多相钢和初始组织为马氏体的IQP-Ⅱ多相钢的组织形貌、残留奥氏体及力学性能。结果表明:初始组织为铁素体+珠光体的IQP-Ⅰ多相钢室温组织中,铁素体和马氏体基本呈块状分布,块状残留奥氏体存在于铁素体与马氏体界面处,薄膜状只存在于马氏体内的板条之间,且残留奥氏体含量较少,TRIP效应不明显,其抗拉强度为957 MPa,伸长率只有20%,强塑积为19905.6MPa·%。初始组织为马氏体的IQP-Ⅱ多相钢中铁素体和马氏体大多呈灰黑色的板条状或针状,且细小的针状马氏体均匀地分布在铁素体基体上,残留奥氏体只以薄膜状平行分布在铁素体基体上,体积分数达到了13.2%,且具有较高的稳定性,TRIP效应较明显,强塑积达到21560MPa·%,可以获得强度和塑性的良好结合。     

双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸性能及微观组织

利用温拉伸实验和金相实验,系统研究了双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸过程中温度、拉伸性能及微观组织三者之间的相互关系.结果表明:随着温度的升高,双相钢激光拼焊板真实应力-应变曲线下降,抗拉强度降低,延伸率升高;温拉伸条件下双相钢激光拼焊板的断裂位置处于焊缝部位,且焊缝组织发生明显变化,随着温度的升高,焊缝中的树枝晶逐渐消失,板条马氏体最终转变为细小的等轴状铁素体;不同温度下焊缝拉伸断口均为韧窝断裂,且随着温度升高,韧窝尺寸变大,深度变深.     

铁素体-粒状贝氏体型双相钢冷变形后的氢脆断裂行为

本实验采用阴极电解预充氢、慢应变速率拉伸的方法,研究了_(05)Si_2铁素体-粒状贝氏体双相钢经70%冷拔形变后的氢脆敏感性及断裂行为,并与_(05)Si_2铁素体-马氏体型。70%冷拔形变双相钢进行比较。发现冷拔铁素体-粒状贝氏体型双相钢的氢脆敏感性高于冷拔相同程度的铁素体-马氏体型双相钢,但由于原来的塑性较好,在充氢条件下仍有较好的塑性。铁素体-粒状贝氏体型冷拔双相钢在预充氢条件下拉伸时,微孔或裂纹在铁素体-粒状贝氏体相界面上形核,并沿着与外力约呈45°方向优先向粒状贝氏体-侧扩展。     

HYDROGEN EMBRITLEMENT OF COLD DRAWN FERRITE-GRANULAR BAINITE DUAL-PHASE STEEL

本实验采用阴极电解预充氢、慢应变速率拉伸的方法,研究了_(05)Si_2铁素体-粒状贝氏体双相钢经70%冷拔形变后的氢脆敏感性及断裂行为,并与_(05)Si_2铁素体-马氏体型。70%冷拔形变双相钢进行比较。发现冷拔铁素体-粒状贝氏体型双相钢的氢脆敏感性高于冷拔相同程度的铁素体-马氏体型双相钢,但由于原来的塑性较好,在充氢条件下仍有较好的塑性。铁素体-粒状贝氏体型冷拔双相钢在预充氢条件下拉伸时,微孔或裂纹在铁素体-粒状贝氏体相界面上形核,并沿着与外力约呈45°方向优先向粒状贝氏体-侧扩展。     

TEM研究氢对双相组织的影响

用电镜观察了充氢后双相钢的亚结构,探讨了氢致双相钢机械性能下降的原因。观察表明:充氢后,F相中位错增殖,最后形成胞状亚结构;M相中位错组态变化不明显,但随充氢量增加,裂纹将在M板条界萌生和扩展,有时也横穿M板条;F/M相界充氢后出现宽化现象,并向F相一侧增殖位错,进而界面起裂。M量越多,则此现象越明显。M相与F/M相界起裂对充氢电流密度比充氢时间更为敏感。M相及F/M相界充氢后损伤严重,导致双相钢塑性下降,成为宏观拉伸时易于裂纹萌生和扩展的薄弱部位。     

Simulation of hot-rolled dual-phase weathering steel 09CuPCrNi

The continuous cooling transformation diagram of deformed austenite for steel 09CuPCrNi was constructed by means of a combined method of dilatometry and metallography. The diagram exhibits an elongated polygonal ferrite C-curve with a delayed pearlite start and a metastable austenite gap between the polygonal ferrite and pearlite regions and between the ferrite and bainite regions. For this experimental steel, it is possible to obtain a dual-phase microstructure directly by hot rolling and appropriate cooling. Based on the diagram, the technical process of a hot-rolled dual-phase treatment was established and simulated using a thermal simulation testing machine. Dual-phase microstructures were obtained that show some bainite phase and are characterized by an irregular distribution of island-shaped martensite in a matrix of equiaxed ferrite grains. The morphology of the martensite phase is essentially of the lath type, with small areas of micro-twins appearing.     

The influence of hydrogen on the sub-structure of the martensite and ferrite dual-phase steel

From this study, it is clear that the dislocation content increased and then resulted in the formation of subcells in the ferrite, at the ferrite-martensite interface, also the grain boundaries in ferrite widened, and cracks initiated along the interface and lath boundaries of the dual-phase steel if the charging current exceeded a critical value. These sub-structure changes in charged hydrogen dual-phase steel are similar to those caused by a small amount of plastic deformation. These structural changes may be a reason that dual-phase steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.     

Microstructure—Properties Correlation of Dual Phase Steels Produced by Controlled Rolling Process

The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of compositional and processing parameters on the microstructure and properties of dual phase steel produced directly by hot rolling and rapid cooling.Steels with the base composition of 0.1%C,1.4%Si,and 1.0%Mn with additions of 0.5%Cr to influence hardenability,0.04%Nb to retard recrystallization in the latter stages of rolling,or 0.02% Ti to inhibit grain growth during and after reheating were investigated.Investigation was made to predict microstructure evolution and to correlate microstructure with processing parameters.The effects of the important microstructure parameters such as ferrite grain size,martensite volume fraction (VM) and morphology (polygonal or fibrous) on the tensile and impact properties are discussed.Multiple linear regression analysis of the ultimate tensile strength has shown that,increasing VM and martensite microhardness and grain refinement of ferrite are the major contributions to increase the strength of the steel.It was found that the dual-phase steel produced by controlled rolling process,with a microstructure which consisted of fine grained ferrite(4μm) and 35%-40% fibrous martensite,presented optimum tensile and impact properties because of enhanced resistance to crack propagation.     

Studies on the stress-strain relations of dual-phase steels

The correlations of the work-hardening exponent,n, with quenching temperature, martensite volume-fraction (MVF) and solute concentration in ferrite are discussed and derived for dual-phase steel. The flow stress of dual-phase steel at low strain is suggested to be expressed by the combination of the terms due to plastic deformation in ferrite and elastic deformation of martensite. Previous experimental results are compared with the behaviour suggested by this theoretical work. In addition, an expression for the work hardening exponents at moderate strains and at the onset of necking are also theoretically suggested.     

Critical Comparison of Novel and Conventional Processing for Dual-Phase Steels

The final properties of an industrial product depend on the processing route of the material. Hence there is an impetus to study different processing routes to obtain the most desirable final properties. In the present study, low carbon steels have been subjected to the novel deformation induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) technique to produce dual-phase microstructures that are composed of ultra-fine ferrite with martensite and/or bainite as a second transformation product. In this thermomechanical processing technique, the steels have been rapidly cooled from the austenitization temperature to the deformation temperature (which is at least 25°C above the Ar₃ temperature) to produce highly undercooled austenite, followed by heavy deformation, and subsequently rapidly cooled thereby facilitating transformation to fine grained ferrite. Comparing the final microstructures obtained by this route with those attained by conventional thermo-mechanical processing, it can be concluded that significant ferrite grain refinement is attainable by the novel DIFT technique thereby emphasizing its potential to achieve improved mechanical properties.     

Microstructure evolution during thermomechanical processing in 3Mn-0.1C medium-Mn steel

ABSTRACT

Medium-Mn steels are energetically investigated as a candidate of the third generation advanced high strength steels (AHSSs). However, their phase transformation and microstructaure evolution during various heat treatments and thermomechanical processing are still unclear. The present study first confirmed the kinetics of static phase transformation behaviour in a 3Mn-0.1C medium-Mn steel. Hot compression tests were also carried out to investigate the influence of high-temperature deformation of austenite on subsequent microstructure evolution. It was found that static ferrite transformation was quite slow in this steel, but ferrite transformation was greatly accelerated by the hot deformation in austenite and ferrite two-phase regions. Characteristic dual-phase microstructures composed of martensite and fine-grained ferrite were obtained, which exhibited superior mechanical properties.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Medium Manganese Steels.     

The effect of new ferrite content on the tensile fracture behaviour of dual phase steels

The effect of new ferrite present with different volume fractions and morphologies of martensite on microvoids formation and tensile fracture behaviour in dual phase steels has been studied for a steel containing 0.065% C, 1.58% Mn and 0.5% Ni. Fine and coarse dual phase microstructures were obtained from two different starting conditions. Martensite contents were kept constant at 18 and 25% and new ferrite content was varied by controlled cooling from intercritical annealing temperature of 740, 750 and 785°C. In both fine and coarse dual phase structures microvoids formed at martensite particles, inclusions and martensite-ferrite interfaces in the necked region. Martensite morphology had an influence in determining martensite cracking. Coarse and interconnected martensite distributed along ferrite grain boundaries cracked easily. Martensite cracking was less frequent and the microvoids were smaller in the fine structure than the coarse ones. Microvoid coalescence was the dominant form of fracture in both structures. The specimens with higher new ferrite contents had higher densities of voids. In these samples, voids initiated mostly by decohesion at the interface, and by some examples of fracture of martensite     

Effects of microstructural variables on the deformation behaviour of dual-phase steel

An expression for the stress of martensite in dual-phase steel was developed, which shows the interdependence of the stress of martensite and strain hardening in the ferrite matrix and the contribution of microstructural variables (the volume fraction of martensite f_m, ferrite grain size d_f, and martensite particle size d_m). The onset of plastic deformation of martensite in dual-phase steel was predicted to depend on its yield strength and the microstructural variables, and this was verified by the modified Crussard-Jaoul analysis. It was found that for this dual-phase steel, refining the grain size and increasing f_m increase the flow stress and raise the strain hardening rate at low strains, but little affect the strain hardening rate at high strains. The effect of the ferrite grain size on the flow stress of this dual-phase steel was found to obey the Hall-Petch relation, i.e. σ = σ₀^e + K^ed_f^−1/2, where the Hall-Petch intersection σ₀^e and slope K^e are functions of strain, f_m and d_m. The effects of the plastic deformation of martensite and the microstructural variables on the strain hardening rate and the Hall-Petch behaviour were analysed in terms of the densities of statistically stored dislocations and geometrically necessary dislocations using the previously developed theoretical model.