基于遗传神经网络的焊缝缺陷等级磁记忆定量化研究

针对金属磁记忆技术的焊缝缺陷等级定量化评定这一难题,通过对预制不同缺陷的Q345焊接试件进行疲劳试验,获得焊缝损伤演化临界状态的磁记忆信号特征规律.首次对照X射线定量检测标准和磁记忆检测结果,将焊缝损伤演化状态分为4个等级,即正常状态、应力集中、隐性损伤和宏观损伤.首次引入遗传算法优化的BP神经网络模型对焊缝等级进行磁记忆定量化评价.研究表明,遗传优化的BP网络模型与未优化的BP网络相比,预测结果更加稳定、误差更小,为工程实际中焊缝缺陷等级评定提供新的方法和依据.     

疲劳裂纹扩展的金属磁记忆信号特征

通过对Q235B钢缺口试件的方波载荷拉-拉疲劳试验,在不同循环次数下利用磁记忆检测仪在线测量试件表面的磁记忆信号。结果表明:未经处理试样沿缺口处的磁记忆信号在疲劳初始阶段随机分布;循环加载5000次后,磁记忆信号曲线转变为具有一个波峰-波谷的曲线波形;在循环稳定阶段,磁记忆信号曲线趋于稳定;宏观裂纹出现时,磁记忆信号曲线波形发散;最后阶段,磁记忆信号逐渐增强;磁机械效应能较好地解释循环初始阶段磁记忆信号变化规律。     

金属磁记忆技术表征应力集中、残余应力及缺陷的探讨

对应力集中、残余应力及缺陷三者之间的关系进行讨论,举例分析磁记忆信号对不同应力集中程度、疲劳裂纹及残余应力的反映.结果表明:金属磁记忆技术适宜表征铁磁材料存在磁导率急剧变化的位置;磁记忆信号能否表征残余应力还需要进一步的深入研究.     

基于磁记忆弱漏磁效应的钢绞线腐蚀检测

为明确缺陷对试件表面磁场的影响,该文对30Cr合金钢进行了逐级加载拉伸试验,在试件表面提前人为预制了缺陷,利用TSC-1M-4型磁检测仪采集磁场信号,研究了试件表面磁记忆信号在缺陷处的特征表现。切向磁记忆信号对试件的局部屈服更敏感。对其进行分析的结果表明：试件表面的磁记忆信号在缺陷边界处有明显的变化,通过表面磁场分布可以对试件的应力集中状况进行评价。     

环境磁场对磁记忆检测信号的影响研究

针对磁记忆检测中环境磁场对检测信号影响问题,首先详细分析试件放置方向变化时,不同类型损伤区域的磁场变化情况。然后根据磁记忆检测信号组成,研究环境磁场对磁记忆检测信号的影响机理。最后得出环境磁场对磁记忆检测信号的影响是环境磁场、被测试件自身磁化状态以及试件材料的磁特性共同作用的结果。当被测试件放置方向不同时,测得的磁场信号不是简单地在幅值上整体漂移,整体形貌上也可能会发生一定变化。在工程检测过程中,被测试件的放置方向应尽量保持不变。     

基于磁记忆的应力集中神经网络识别

为了探索磁记忆检测技术定量表征工件应力集中程度的方法,加工制备了不同应力集中系数的42CrMo钢试样进行拉压疲劳试验,采用磁记忆检测仪器测量不同疲劳周次时试样表面的法向和切向磁记忆信号。确定了不同应力集中程度下磁记忆信号的特征参量,并以此作为输入特征向量建立了BP神经网络,对试样的应力集中程度进行定量识别。结果表明:利用建立的BP神经网络能够实现试样应力集中程度的定量识别。     

X80管线钢不同缺陷类型的磁记忆检测试验研究

为探究X80管线钢不同缺陷类型的力磁耦合特性,设计了平板试件与穿孔、边缘切槽3种不同试件,通过金属磁记忆检测方法对X80管线钢试件不同缺陷类型的磁记忆信号特征进行了试验研究.采用材料试验机对试件导入不同程度的塑性损伤与应力集中,通过光学应变测量系统获取试件表面的实时应变情况,同时采用磁记忆检测仪对试件表面诱发磁场的法向分量与切向分量进行卸载离线检测.结果表明:随着塑性损伤程度的增加,无缺陷试件的磁记忆信号法向分量与切向分量从平缓趋向波动,但未出现明显的峰值;含穿孔与切槽试件磁记忆信号法向分量在缺陷处出现过零点与反对称双峰,切向分量出现单峰值,并且渐趋明显.初步探究了X80管线钢塑性损伤与磁记忆信号之间的关联性,为油气管道塑性损伤程度的无损定量评价奠定了基础.     

焊接残余应力磁记忆信号特征的研究

针对焊接残余应力与金属磁记忆信号存在一定联系的现象,设计了Q345R焊接试件.以X射线法检测应力值为参考,研究焊接试件横向和纵向残余应力与试件焊接残余磁信号的对应关系.结果表明,焊接试件残余压应力和试件纵向残余拉应力与试件的磁信号梯度值,在数值和变化趋势上均无明显相关性;磁信号梯度值能用于较大横向拉应力的定位,且梯度最大值点与横向残余应力的最大值点存在一定的对应关系.     

不同应力集中系数下磁记忆信号影响因素研究

以45CrNiMoVA钢为实验材料,加工不同应力集中系数的试件进行拉拉疲劳实验,采用磁记忆检测仪检测不同载荷及疲劳周次时试件不同位置的磁记忆信号.结果表明:载荷及疲劳周次的增加,均会使磁曲线顺时针转动,且载荷的影响明显强于疲劳周次;不同位置磁记忆信号特征不同.出现疲劳裂纹后,在一定范围内异变峰峰值显著增大.     

ERW 管焊缝缺陷漏磁检测方法可行性分析

介绍了现有由轴向磁化和周向磁化检测技术组合构成的相对螺旋扫查式钢管漏磁检测方法,分析了该方法对ERW管焊缝缺陷检测的困难所在:相对螺旋扫查方式所形成的周期性焊缝信号掩盖了其上的缺陷信号,并且在漏磁叠加场的根源上难以区分.针对此问题,提出一种单一轴向磁化下的轴向直线扫查式ERW管焊缝漏磁检测方法,并通过实验和有限元法对其可行性进行了论证分析,在发现单一轴向磁化下钢管纵向伤可形成漏磁场并被观察出的基础上,对ERW管焊缝上最难以检出的人工纵向伤进行检测试验,最终表明:ERW管焊缝缺陷在单一轴向磁化下的漏磁检测方法具有可行性.     

Effects of activating flux on the welded joint characteristics in gas metal arc welding

This paper presents the effect of each welding parameter on the weld bead geometry, and then sets out to determine the optimal process parameters using the Taguchi method to determine the parameters. Three kinds of oxides, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, and MgCO₃, were used to investigate the effect of activating flux aided gas metal arc welding (GMAW) on weld bead geometry, angular distortion and mechanical properties in AISI 1020 carbon steel. During welding, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera system was used to observe and record images of the welding arc and analyze the relationship between penetration increase and arc profile. The experimental results showed that activating flux aided GMAW increased the weld area and penetration and tended to reduce the angular distortion of the weldment. The MgCO₃ flux produced the most noticeable effect. Furthermore, the welded joint presented better tensile strength and hardness.     

Influences of joint geometry on defects and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA6061-T4 T-joints

In this paper, AA6061-T4 T-joints with three different joint geometries of T-lap/T-butt-lap/T-butt were fabricated successfully by friction stir welding. The distributions and formation mechanisms of defects in friction stir welded (FSWed) T-joints were discussed through macro and micro-observations, respectively. Hardness profiles of the as-welded samples were also measured to evaluate the softening effect during the process. What’s more, influences of joint geometry and the traverse speed on the tensile properties of FSWed T-joints were investigated. All the experimental results indicate that tunnel defects and kissing bond are easily formed and vary significantly in T-joints of the three joint geometries. Defects are moderated to a large extent with decreasing the traverse speed, but the specific relationship to tensile properties is complicated. T-lap joints present the superior tensile properties along the skin direction among the three geometries, the same as T-butt joints along the stringer direction. All the as-welded samples almost fractured in the locations of softening zones and bonding surfaces.     

焊接裂纹的金属磁记忆定量化评价研究

针对金属磁记忆检测技术目前尚不能对焊接裂纹进行定量的评价的问题,通过对预制焊接裂纹一阶微分后的金属磁记忆信号进行分析,找出了焊接裂纹存在定位特征,并且建立了微分后的磁记忆信号与焊接裂纹的长度及埋深的定量关系.现场检测表明,利用一次微分后的磁记忆信号的特征,可以比较准确地对焊接裂纹进行定量化评价.     

Characteristics of metal magnetic memory signals of different steels in high cycle fatigue tests

The detection of crack initiation in steel Q235, 16MnR and 20 g was carried out by metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique. Fifty specimens of welded and base metal were tested. Both MMM testing and metallographic examination were done to them when unloaded at the different phase of high‐cycle fatigue testing, and hence MMM signals before and after crack initiation could be recorded. The values of magnetic intensity gradient were calculated, and whose critical value was determined and proposed for early defects detection. The results show that the magnetic intensity (Hp) curve became concave responding to the occurrence of stress concentration, and its gradient (dHp/dx) increased greatly; at the critical dHp/dx, no change occurred to the microstructure, but beyond the critical value, dHp/dx increased suddenly and a large number of intragranular slips were found in the microstructure. Three different kinds of materials have different critical values of magnetic intensity gradient.     

再制造抽油杆疲劳寿命评估的磁记忆检测实验研究

废旧零部件寿命评估一直是再制造工程的技术难点之一。通过对预制沟槽抽油杆试件的拉-拉疲劳实验,利用磁记忆检测仪在线测量试件表面在不同循环次数下的磁记忆信号,研究抽油杆疲劳损伤演化的切向幅值和法向峰峰值变化规律。通过引入李萨如图,表明随着循环的进行所围成的面积由变大到最大后又逐步减小,而非闭合图形面积达到最大时正好对应着宏观裂纹即将发生失稳扩展的临界状态。在此基础上,提出切向法向合成磁场梯度最大值作为预测疲劳寿命的指标,结果表明该特征参数与疲劳循环发展的不同阶段相对应,基于高斯函数拟合建立了其与归一化寿命之间的定量关系模型,可用于抽油杆的疲劳寿命预测。     

X90钢级管线钢预精焊接头的性能研究

为综合研究X90管线钢的焊接性,选用国内某钢厂轧制的X90管线钢卷板,利用预精焊工艺制备试验钢管4根,采用金相分析、扫描电镜(SEM)断口分析、夏比V型缺口冲击试验、拉伸、弯曲、硬度等试验,研究了焊接接头各个区域的组织和性能.试验结果表明:内外焊缝区组织均为针状铁素体,热影响区(HAZ)粗晶区晶粒粗化严重,主要组织为粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体,在原奥氏体晶界和贝氏体板条内部存在块状或条状的(马氏体-奥氏体)M-A组元;HAZ冲击功离散性较大,出现了单值较低(45 J)的试样,SEM断口分析呈现典型的解理断裂特征;焊接接头抗拉强度805~815 MPa,断裂位置均在HAZ;焊接接头反弯试样易在HAZ出现裂纹和脆断现象;HAZ硬度在220~250 HV之间,较母材下降30 HV左右.HAZ是X90预精焊钢管焊接接头的薄弱环节,为提高X90管线钢的焊接稳定性,应重点研究精焊内外热循环双热影响亚区的组织转变和脆化机理.