皮革化学品生物降解相互影响的测定方法初探

论述了皮革化学品复合污染物生物降解相互影响研究的必要性。基于生长代谢原理、共生代谢原理以及通过改变难降解有机物的性质增加生物可利用性等角度,介绍了易降解有机物对难降解污染物生物降解的影响机理,综述了国内外该方面的研究进展,并详细介绍了现有复合污染物生物降解相互影响的测定方法,分析了各种方法的应用条件及有待深入研究的问题,探讨了各种方法在皮革化学品复合污染物生物降解相互影响研究中应用的可能性。     

皮革化学品可生物降解性及其构-效关系研究

介绍了化学品可生物降解的定义及意义,化学品生物降解的作用机理,化学品定量结构-生物降解性关系(QSBR)以及化学品可生物降解性的一般研究方法和预测方法,并对其它降解方法也进行了简介。最后对易于生物降解化学品结构特点进行了总结,在此基础上,对可生物降解皮革化学品的研究趋势做出了展望。     

化学品快速生物降解性标准体系

生物降解性作为评价有机化学品环境友好性的重要标志之一已得到普遍认可,文中阐述了国内外化学品快速生物降解性标准体系,包括经济合作与发展组织(OECD)及我国关于化学品快速生物降解性经典方法,重点介绍OECD 301系列标准提供的6种测试化学品快速生物降解性的方法,及其适用性和技术关键.     

棉织物染整化学品污染物环境影响的评价

为评价棉纺织产品全生命周期内产生的化学品污染物的环境影响,基于模糊综合评价方法,综合考虑化学品污染物的排放量、毒性、生物富集和降解能力等4个评价因素,对棉织物染整阶段产生的19种化学品污染物进行环境影响评价.结果表明,棉织物染整阶段后整理工序产生的化学品污染物对环境的影响最大,其次为前处理工序和染色工序;染整阶段对环境...     

改性胶原蛋白施胶剂、AKD和SAE的生物降解性评价

采用BOD5/CODCr和OECD-301B两种方法对改性胶原蛋白施胶剂(MCSA)的生物降解性进行研究,并与常规施胶剂烷基烯酮二聚物(AKD)和苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物(SAE)的生物降解性进行评价与对比。结果表明,MCSA、AKD和SAE的BOD5/CODCr分别为0.32、0.28和0.21,分别属于可降解物质、降解性差物质和难降解或不可降解物质;采用OECD-301B法,第28天的生物降解性指数(IB)分别为102.55%、95.63%和92.11%,分别属于可降解物质、难降解物质和难降解物质。两种方法得出的结论一致,其生物降解能力由大至小依次为MCSAAKDSAE;同时探讨了分子结构与生物降解性的关系,MCSA与SAE分子中同样具有苯结构,但MCSA具有极性强、生物亲和能力好的特点,所以MCSA降解性较好。分析结果表明化学品的结构对其生物降解性的影响需综合考察。     

三硝基甲苯在四种水产品中的富集及微生物降解

为了保障水产品安全,本研究建立了一种高效提取2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）的方法,利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对花蚬子、白蚬子、长竹蛏、文蛤四种市售水产品的TNT富集能力进行检测,并利用微生物高效降解水中的TNT污染物。结果表明该方法提取率可达97.80%。四种水产品中花蚬子、白蚬子、文蛤均可对TNT有不同程度的积累,其中白蚬子对TNT的富集程度最高,浓度可达76.26 ng/g。为降解水体中的TNT污染物,选取了9种能够降解芳香环类化合物的天然菌株,开展了TNT的生物降解研究。结果显示9种天然菌株均能够降解TNT,其中H5、LM1、CT1的降解效果较好,弧菌H5的降解效率最高,在27 ℃的条件下降解TNT 9 h,降解效率可达80.90%。本研究建立的提取检测方法简单高效、重复性好,具有较好的应用前景。同时生物降解法能够高效、无二次污染地去除水中的TNT污染物。从而保障水体的安全。     

皮革的生物可降解性研究

本文从生态保护角度出发,介绍了国内外皮革降解研究进展,简述了高分子生物降解及其机理,进而讨论了皮革制品生物降解试验方法.     

大豆蛋白可生物降解材料的研究现状

本文阐述了可生物降解材料的概念及其降解机理,介绍了大豆蛋白可生物降解材料的制备方法,综述了大豆蛋白可生物降解材料的研究现状,并对存在的问题和应用前景进行了分析。     

生物基静电纺纳米纤维空气过滤材料研究

可吸入颗粒物是常见的空气污染物之一,空气过滤是治理颗粒污染物的有效方法。静电纺纳米纤维在空气过滤领域应用广泛,但其难以降解,过度使用会造成污染。生物基聚合物具有可生物降解性,可替代传统空气过滤材料。介绍了空气污染及其空气过滤机理,概述了静电纺丝技术及静电纺纳米纤维膜的性能,分类介绍了纤维素、壳聚糖、蛋白质、其他新型生物基静电纺纳米纤维材料的应用前景,及其在空气过滤方面的研究进展。最后探讨了生物基静电纺丝空气过滤材料存在的问题和面临的挑战。     

试论聚乙烯醇浆料的环保性能(上)

为了探讨聚乙烯醇浆料的环保性能,介绍了环保型纺织浆料的判别原则,分析了PVA浆料的毒性、生物降解性和对环境的影响,阐述了PVA浆料的生物降解机理和PVA降解酶难以商业化的原因.指出,PVA浆料的生物降解性较差,可以通过对PVA降解菌进行驯化这一途径,提高PVA的生物降解性.     

Sorption kinetics and microbial biodegradation activity of hydrophobic chemicals in sewage sludge: model and measurements based on free concentrations

In the current study, a new method is introduced with which the rate-limiting factor of biodegradation processes of hydrophobic chemicals in organic and aqueous systems can be determined. The novelty of this approach lies in the combination of a free concentration-based kinetic model with measurements of both free and total concentrations in time. This model includes microbial biodegradation activity of the chemical in the aqueous phase and chemical sorption kinetics with respect to organic carbon and aqueous phases. The time dependency of free and total concentrations of 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyrane in activated sludge was experimentally determined in vitro. Evaporation losses from the test system were also determined. Least-squares regression to optimize the model parameters resulted in a model that is in accordance with the experimental data. Additionally, the model shows that a comparison between the decrease of free and total chemical concentrations in time, in combination with an independent measurement of the organic carbon/water partition coefficient provides information aboutthe rate-limiting step of the degradation process. This information can be used by sewage treatment plant managers to decide whether the microbial biodegradation activity itself or the desorption from organic carbon to the aqueous phase should be improved.     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留降解方法的研究进展

目前有机磷农药是应用最为广泛的化学农药之一,蔬菜是其主要作用对象,有机磷农药带来的药残严重威胁人类的健康。对于有机磷药残的降解方法主要有物理降解、化学降解和生物降解,其中生物降解法是应用前景最为广泛的降解方法之一。     

有机污染物降解用光催化纸的应用与展望

该文介绍了利用造纸技术制备有机污染物降解用光催化纸,光催化纸集中了悬浮TiO2和固定TiO2两者的优点,为TiO2在环境污染治理中的应用开辟了一个新的研究领域。文章介绍了光催化纸对气相和液相有机污染物的研究进展。     

有机污染物降解用光催化纸的研究进展

介绍利用造纸技术制备有机污染物降解用光催化纸,光催化纸集中了悬浮TiO2和固定TiO2两者的优点,为TiO2在环境污染治理中的应用开辟了一个新的研究领域,另外还介绍了光催化纸对气相和液相有机污染物的研究进展。     

Combined carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation investigations for elucidating benzene biodegradation pathways

Recently, combined carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation investigations have emerged as a powerful tool for the characterization of reaction mechanisms relevant for the removal of organic pollutants. Here, we applied this approach in order to differentiate benzene biodegradation pathways under oxic and anoxic conditions in laboratory experiments. Carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of benzene was studied with four different aerobic strains using a monooxygenase or a dioxygenase for the initial benzene attack, a facultative anaerobic chlorate-reducing strain as well as a sulfate-reducing mixed culture. Carbon and hydrogen enrichment factors (epsilon(C), epsilon(H)) varied for the specific pathways and degradation conditions, respectively, so that from the individual enrichment factors only limited information could be obtained for the identification of benzene biodegradation pathways. However, using the slope derived from hydrogen vs carbon isotope discriminations or the ratio of hydrogen to carbon enrichment factors (lambda = deltaH/ deltaC approximately epsilon(H)/epsilon(C)), benzene degradation mechanisms could be distinguished. Although experimentally determined lambda values partially overlapped, ranges could be determined for different benzene biodegradation pathways. Specific lambda values were < 2 for dihydroxylation, between 7 and 9 for monohydroxylation, and > 17 for anaerobic degradation. Moreover, variations in lambda values suggest that more than one reaction mechanism exists for monohydroxylation as well as for anaerobic benzene degradation under nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, or methanogenic conditions. Our results show that the combined carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation approach has potential to elucidate biodegradation pathways of pollutants in field and laboratory microcosm studies.     

Fenton degradation of organic pollutants in the presence of low-molecular-weight organic acids: cooperative effect of quinone and visible light

The influence of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), such as malonic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and oxalic acid, on the Fenton degradation of organic pollutants was examined under visible irradiation (lambda > 450 nm). The Fenton degradation of malachite green in the dark was completely blocked in the presence of LMWOAs. It was found that either visible light irradiation or the addition of hydroquinone could initiate the dye degradation, but the mineralization yield was almost zero. An important result was that the dye mineralization in the presence of LMWOAs could be achieved when both visible irradiation and hydroquinone were introduced. Similar results were obtained with colorless pollutants, such as benzyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. We concluded that coupling visible irradiation and hydroquinone could be a strong and universal driving force in the Fenton reaction for the complete degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants, even in the presence of LMWOAs.     

碱处理改性对TiO_2光催化及吸附性能的影响

研究了对纳米TiO2进行碱处理表面修饰改性的方法和工艺,通过改变其表面形貌和化学活性,改善其吸附分解能力,提高了对有机污染物的降解效果。碱处理后TiO2样品表面变得相对粗糙,比表面积从28.07 m2/g提高到了79.83 m2/g,平均孔径由10 nm下降到了4.135 nm;碘吸附值从35.6 mg/g增加到了102.79 mg/g,其吸附回线属于IUPAC吸附回线中的H1类型;对二氯甲烷的降解率均达到未处理试样的数倍。     

类胡萝卜素降解方式的研究综述

通过对关于类胡萝卜素的物理降解、化学降解和生物降解方式以及降解机制与产物关系研究的综述,指出生物降解有独特优点,高活性的类胡萝卜素生物降解菌的筛选以及工业化应用将成为今后研究的重点.     

光酶级联催化降解有机污染物

目的：解决过氧化物酶催化降解过程中需要添加过氧化氢导致的系列问题。方法：采用光催化原位生成过氧化氢级联过氧化物酶催化策略，通过筛选催化剂晶型、反应体系pH值和温度，实现酚类化合物和偶氮染料的高效降解。结果：8种不同结构的有机污染物在40 min内达到了良好的降解率。结论：与传统的有机污染物降解方法相比，试验建立的光酶级联策略具有绿色高效的特点，在环境安全和食品安全领域具有较好的应用潜力。