CALCULATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS FIELD IN LASER TRANSFORMATION HARDENED MoCu NODULAR IRON

1.IntroductionInthepasttwodecades,highpowerCOZandNd:YAGlasershavebeenusedinthefieldofsurfaceengineering,suchassurfacetransformationhardening,surfacealloyingandsurfaCecladding.Despitetheadvantageoflasertreatment(improvedwearandcorrosionresistance,smallcellsize,homogenousdistributionofimpurities,contactlessinteractionetc.)thereexistsalsoadisadvantage,i.e.thereishighresidualstressstate,bothintensionandcompression,inlasertreated..t..i.l.[1--5].Compressresidualstressishelptoincreasethefatiguelif…     

钛合金电子束焊接应力分析的有限元模型

建立了两种钛合金平板电子束焊接应力场的数值分析模型，针对4mm厚的TC11钛合金平板试件，计算分析不同计算模型对电子束焊接残余应力的影响。结果表明厚度为4mm的平板电子束焊接接头，在焊缝及其近缝区很窄的区域内，存在着数值接近材料屈服极限的纵向残余拉应力，而表面横向残余应力则为压应力，且残余应力在厚度上也呈不均匀分布，数值计算模型应根据研究问题的特点来选取。     

AlCrN涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件中的瞬态分析方法,对涂层刀具沉积过程中残余热应力进行了仿真分析。研究了AlCrN涂层残余热应力的大小、分布和影响因素。结果表明:由于涂层与基体材料的热膨胀系数不匹配,结合面区域存在严重的应力集中;基体材料、涂层厚度、沉积温度以及中间层的使用对残余应力有很大影响;基体材料为高速钢时,AlCrN涂层内残余应力大以压应力为主并随着涂层厚度的增加而减小;基体为硬质合金时,残余应力相对较小,涂层内以拉应力为主并随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;增加中间层可以减小残余应力。因此,通过涂层和不同基体匹配以及增加中间层可以缓和界面应力增强界面结合强度。     

TiAlN涂层的热残余应力分析

采用有限元方法分析氮铝钛涂层的残余热应力,研究不同的基体及过渡层对残余热应力分布的影响。结果表明：当基体为硬质合金时,涂层内以拉应力为主,而基体为不锈钢时,涂层内以压应力为主;增加过渡层可以使涂层内的残余应力减少40%以上;硬质合金基体中涂层的拉应力随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;无过渡层时,不锈钢基体存在明显的塑性约束区,有过渡层时,随着界面应力的减少,塑性约束区明显减小或消失。因此,通过不同的涂层和基体搭配可以改善应力场,同时增加过渡层可以缓和界面应力和增强界面结合力。     

Q345钢对接接头残余应力与变形的预测

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了用于模拟多层多道焊接头温度场、残余应力和焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 利用所开发的计算方法对板厚为16 mm的Q345钢平板对接接头的温度场、应力场和变形进行了数值模拟. 采用试验方法测量了对接接头的残余应力和角变形. 试验结果与数值结果比较吻合,验证了所开发方法的有效性. 结果表明,在板厚相同的条件下角变形和横向收缩随着焊接层数的增多有增大的趋势;焊缝附近的纵向拉伸应力区域分布范围随焊接层数的增加略有减小;焊接层数对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小.     

轴类件热喷涂涂层残余应力的有限元分析

热喷涂涂层内部的残余应力分布是影响喷涂成形质量和使用性能的重要因素之一.文中基于热喷涂过程的逐层叠加成形的基本假设,利用有限单元法建立了轴类金属基体表面沉积铝涂层的温度场和应力场二维数值模型,研究结果揭示了喷涂涂层温度的波动上升和大量粒子独立快速凝固的典型规律,通过分析残余应力分布行为,发现涂层内部的周向和轴向应力分量最大,皆为拉应力;径向应力分量值远小于周向和轴向应力,应力方向不固定.当涂层不断增厚时,每一薄层的应力受后续沉积薄层的作用发生部分抵消,且残余应力分量值都随着涂层厚度的增加而增大.     

氧化铝基复合陶瓷-金属钎焊界面的热应力

用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料钎焊SiCw／Al2O3复合陶瓷和金属时，陶瓷与钎料发生化学反应，在陶瓷表面形成由TiO、TiC等物相组成的反应层。采用有限元法，对SiCw／Al2O3复合陶瓷／反应层界面的热应力进行了计算。结果表明，复合陶瓷／反应层界面的残余应力变化急剧，最大拉应力位于晶须、基体和反应层交界处；晶须内部及其表面存在较高的双向压应力，Al2O3基体主要承受垂直于界面的拉应力；SiC晶须／反应层界面及其附近的反应产物TiC内具有较高的平行于界面的拉应力，当连接界面承受剪力作用时，SiC晶须／反应层界面和TiC处极易破坏。借助TEM和SEM观察了复合陶瓷／反应层界面区的精细结构和剪切断口形貌，并利用计算结果对观察到的现象进行了分析。     

超声滚压加工对X80管线钢焊接残余应力的影响

建立超声表面滚压加工（ultrasonic surface rolling process,USRP）的三维有限元模型,开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序,利用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了X80管线钢焊缝不同方向的焊接残余应力,在此基础上叠加USRP的超声振动与静载荷的综合作用,模拟了表面塑形变形、应力和应变,耦合后分析了USRP前后残余应力的变化规律.结果表明,经过USRP处理,X80管线钢表面焊缝区由三向残余拉应力变为三向残余压应力,随着USRP次数的增加,残余压应力数值不断增大,残余应力σ_x,σ_y,σ_z变化规律基本相同.     

Finite Element Prediction of Residual Stress in Rhombic Dodecahedron Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Additively Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting

In this work, a three-dimensional nonlinear transient thermo-mechanically coupled finite element model (FEM) is established to investigate the variation in temperature and stress fields during electron beam melting (EBM) of rhombic dodecahedron Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The influence of the processing parameters on the temperature and residual stress evolutions was predicted and verified against existing literature data. The calculated results indicate that the interlayer cooling time has very little effect on both the temperature and stress evolutions, indicating that the interlayer cooling time can be set up as short as possible to reduce manufacturing time. It is presented that the residual stress of the intersection is higher than that of non-intersection. With increasing preheating temperature, the residual stress decreases continuously, which is about 20%-30% for every 50 °C rise in temperature. The temperature and stress fields repeated every four layers with the complex periodic scanning strategy. Both x and y-component residual stresses are tensile stresses, while z-component stress is weak compressive or tensile stress in typical paths. It is proposed that the interlayer cooling is necessary to obtain a rhombic dodecahedron with low residual stress. These results can bring insights into the understanding of the residual stress during EBM.     

Design concept and material demand characteristics of rail

In order to improve fatigue strength in welded joints, low transformation-temperature welding wire has been developed in which residual tensile stress can be reduced. In application of the low transformation-temperature welding wire, the prevention of cold cracking without preheating in high strength steel welded joints is expected and examined from the control of residual tensile stress. However, it is expected that residual stress distribution in a welded joint can be suggested by numerical analysis, because the residual stress cannot be measured simply and non-distractively.

In this report, martensite transformation behaviour such as Ms point, transformation expansion, and so on is measured firstly by the Formaster test.

And temperature dependence of several mechanical properties was measured in full-austenite and full-martensite microstructures, and temperature dependence of mechanical properties was estimated in dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite.

By these data, numerical analysis was carried out and martensite transformation behaviour was compared with measured and calculated results in a rigid model test. From the comparison, it was suggested that transformation superplasticity had to be considered in numerical analysis.

Next, the increase of Ms point due to transformation induced plasticity was guessed from the comparison with measured data by laser speckle measurement and calculated data under transformation superplasticity consideration.

From the all results, it was found that the measured transformation behavior and residual stress had good agreement with the calculated results under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity considerations.     

基于应力不确定性最小化法的7075铝合金板内部残余应力检测

采用裂纹柔度法测试残余应力时,柔度甬数的计算和插值函数阶数的选择对计算结果的精确性有较大影响.采用有限元法计算得到测试试样的裂纹柔度函数,考虑应力计算不确定度的两个主要来源:应变测量数据的随机误差和模型误差;基于应力总不确定度的最小化目标,确定最优的插值函数阶数,进而计算得到7075铝合金淬火板内部残余应力的分布.结果表明:分别采用11阶和9阶勒让德多项式能较好地拟合铝合金板材内部轧向和横向残余应力的分布,不确定度的均方根值分别为2.9015MPa和4.7558 MPa.轧向或横向残余应力都呈明显的外压内托的分布规律,且在板厚度的中面出现局部的残余拉应力的最小值.     

Influence of Multi-Thermal Cycle and Constraint Condition on Residual Stress in P92 Steel WeldmentEI北大核心CSCD

P92 steel is a typical 9%similar to 12% Cr ferrite heat-resistant steel with good high temperature creep resistance, relatively low linear expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance, so it is one of important structural materials used in supercritical thermal power plants. Fusion welding technology has been widely used to assemble the parts in thermal power plant. When the supercritical unit is in service, its parts are constantly subjected to combination of tensile, bending, twisting and impact loads under high temperature and high pressure, and many problems such as creep, fatigue and brittle fracture often occur. It has been recognized that welding residual stress has a significant impact on creep, fatigue and brittle fracture, so it is necessary to study the residual stress of P92 steel welded joints. The evolution and formation mechanism of welding residual stress in P92 steel joints under multiple thermal cycles were investigated in this work. Based on SYSWELD software, a computational approach considering the couplings among thermal, microstructure and mechanics was developed to simulate welding residual stress in P92 steel joints. Using the developed computational tool, the evolution of residual stress in Satoh test specimens was studied, and welding residual stress distribution in double-pass welded joints was calculated. In the numerical models, the influences of volume change, yield strength variation and plasticity induced by phase transformation on welding residual stress were taken into account in details. Meanwhile, the hole-drilling method and XRD method were employed to measure the residual stress distribution in the double-pass welded joints. The simulated results match the experimental measurements well, and the comparison between measurements and predictions suggests that the computational approach developed by the current study can more accurately predict welding residual stress in multi-pass P92 steel joints. The simulated results show that the longitudinal residual stress distribution around the fusion zone has a clear tension-compression pattern. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses generated in the fusion zone and heat affected-zone (HAZ) in each pass, while tensile stresses produced near the HAZs. In addition, the numerical simulation also suggests that the transverse constraint has a large influence on the transverse residual stress, while it has an insignificant effect on the longitudinal residual stress.     

界面粗糙度对热障涂层残余应力和裂纹演化的影响

由于残余应力的作用是造成热障涂层失效剥落的主要因素之一,本工作采用不同幅值的正弦曲线来模拟粗糙度对陶瓷层(TBC)-结合层(BC)界面处残余应力分布的影响;以内聚力模型模拟TBC-BC界面,研究了在外加机械载荷作用下粗糙度对界面裂纹萌生和扩展的影响。结果表明,粗糙度对残余应力分布以及裂纹的形核与扩展有很大的影响。随着粗糙度的增大,陶瓷层和结合层靠近界面的波峰波谷处最大拉/压应力也增大。当施加一定拉伸位移载荷时,最大损伤与裂纹首先在幅值最小的波峰波谷处产生。     

Thermal residual stresses and stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings of short fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

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Internal residual stress measurement on inertia friction welding of nickel-based superalloy

The internal residual stress in the narrow inertia friction welding (IFW) welds of FGH96 nickel-based superalloy was measured with the contour method (CM). The as-welded internal hoop and axial residual stresses were obtained after two cuts and the detailed steps of the CM measurement were described. In addition, the hole-drilling method was used to obtain the surface stress. Furthermore, the internal hoop residual stress of a FGH96 superalloy IFW specimen after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was also measured with the CM after a single cut. The measured results show that the peak hoop residual stress is not symmetrical about the weld centreline. Axial residual stress on the outer surface at the weld centreline is compressive stress, while tensile stress appears on the inner surface, and it varies linearly along the thickness. The peak values of hoop tensile and compressive stresses decrease dramatically after PWHT.     

坯料形状对大棒材开坯轧制变形的影响

为研究圆坯和矩形坯两种坯料形状对大棒材开坯轧制变形的影响,采用有限元分析软件MARC对大棒材开坯轧制进行了模拟。模拟结果表明：在箱型孔中开坯轧制时,轧件芯部附近变形区应力状态都是两拉一压,矩形坯残余应力呈两拉一压应力状态而圆坯是三向拉应力状态;矩形坯比圆坯在箱型孔中的充满度好,等效应变分布均匀;当孔型侧壁起限制宽展作用时,轧件芯部呈现两压一拉应力状态,变形向芯部渗透明显,利于芯部孔隙性缺陷的压实。     

Resistance spot welding and the effects of welding time and current on residual stresses

A 2-D finite element model is developed based on fully coupled electrical-thermal and incrementally coupled thermal-mechanical analysis. The growth rate of the weld nugget as a function of welding time and current is studied. Comparison of the predicted results with the experimental data shows good agreement. Contact area variations and pressure distribution between the sheets’ faying surface and electrode-sheet interfaces during the welding process are studied. Compressive radial residual stress on the surface of the specimen obtained in the center region of the nugget while it becomes tensile and rises toward the nugget edge. The maximum tensile residual stress occurs outside of the nugget, near the edge region. The effects of welding time and current on distribution and magnitude of welding residual stresses are also investigated. The magnitudes of radial residual stresses in the inner and outer areas of the weld nugget grow with increasing the welding time and current while they decrease slightly in the edge regions of the weld nugget. The growth rate of the maximum residual stress reduces with increase in the welding time and current. This fact is more tangible for welding time.     

玻璃与金属真空钎焊接头残余应力影响参数分析

玻璃和金属焊接接头由于设计不合理,将致使接头存在较大的焊接残余应力,会严重削弱接头强度.应用顺次耦合有限元热应力计算方法,对平板玻璃和金属在真空条件下的钎焊过程进行了数值模拟,分析了玻璃、金属、钎料厚度、钎焊压力和钎焊温度等因素对应力集中区域残余应力的影响,并观察了焊接接头拉伸断裂后的形貌特征.结果表明,金属厚度增加会增大残余应力,并且其对残余应力影响最显著;钎焊压力和钎焊温度的增加可以降低残余应力;玻璃和钎料厚度对残余应力的影响不大;焊接接头的拉伸断裂区域位于玻璃和金属焊接接头界面贴近玻璃一侧.     

低残余应力HFCVD硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的制备与图形化研究

采用拉曼光谱技术分析了不同生长气压和碳源浓度下,硅基HFCVD硼掺杂金刚石薄膜中的残余应力,并使用光刻和反应离子刻蚀技术加工出多种金刚石薄膜微结构。研究结果表明:利用热丝CVD沉积的硅基金刚石薄膜内存在残余压应力,通过优化生长气压,可以有效降低金刚石薄膜的残余压应力,在生长气压从1.3kPa增加至6.5kPa的过程中,晶格缺陷增加,残余压应力减小。碳源浓度的变化对残余应力的影响较小,但对薄膜质量影响较大。采用低残余应力的金刚石薄膜通过光刻和反应离子刻蚀获得了悬臂梁、角加速度计、声学振膜等微结构。      

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。