海洋钢结构大尺寸焊接接头CTOD断裂韧性试验与分析

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准,研究了超大板厚碳钢焊接接头的低温断裂韧性(裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)) .针对厚为95 mm和60 mm的钢板分别开发了埋弧焊(SAW)和药芯保护焊(FCAW)2种焊接工艺,并研究了低温服役条件下(0℃)2种焊接工艺焊接接头各区(包括焊缝区和热影响区)的断裂韧性. 研究结果表明,所有试样均满足最小特征CTOD值0.15 mm的要求.本研究结果可为厚95 mm的D36钢板埋弧焊和厚60 mm的D36钢板药芯保护焊焊接接头免除焊后热处理提供依据.     

海洋平台大厚度焊接接头断裂韧度

依据BS7448断裂韧度试验标准(ISO／TC164／SC4-N400)，对采用埋弧焊(SAW)工艺施焊的、板厚为54mm的海洋石油平台大厚度对接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验。分别测试了-15℃下单丝和双丝埋弧焊工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的CTOD值。试验表明，除双丝埋弧焊热影响区试件外，其余试件均满足挪威船级社DNV规定的最小特征CTOD为0．15mm的要求，为指导海洋平台的施工建造提供了科学依据。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响北大核心

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

海洋平台用钢D36超大厚度焊接接头CTOD试验

依据英国标准BS7448断裂韧度试验标准(ISO/TC164/SC4-N400)和DNV-OS-C401,采用埋弧焊和CO2气体保护焊工艺对国产钢板板厚为80 mm的海洋石油平台导管架对接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.测试了零度下该工艺的焊缝和热影响区的CTOD断裂韧度,探讨了这种大厚板焊接接头在埋弧焊和CO2气体保护焊工艺下免除焊后热处理的可能性,为海洋平台施工建造提供科学依据.     

工程机械用高强钢20MnTiB焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

本文针对工程机械用高强钢焊接接头有较大断裂倾向的特点,依据英国标准BS 7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)工艺对板厚为14mm的国产高强钢20MnTiB对接焊接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.结果表明:在本文中所制订的焊接工艺条件下,无需焊后消氢处理20MnTiB高强钢的焊接接头CTOD平均值均大于标准验收值,有较高的断裂韧性值.     

EQ51与EQ70异种钢FCAW焊接接头低温断裂韧性研究

文中针对EQ51与EQ70异种钢平板对接多层多道药芯焊丝气保焊(FCAW)焊接接头,开展CTOD试验(-10℃),测试了EQ51与EQ70异种钢焊接接头焊缝区、粗晶热影响区和细晶热影响区的低温断裂韧性。结果表明,采用合理的FCAW焊接参数,焊缝区、粗晶热影响区和细晶热影响区的低温断裂韧性CTOD值均>0.15 mm,满足设计标准要求;其中熔合线粗晶热影响区的CTOD值相对较低(平均值为0.184 mm),细晶热影响区和焊缝区的CTOD值相对较高,表现出优异的低温断裂韧性。     

Q500qE桥梁钢焊接接头的低温断裂韧性

实验室试制了60 mm厚TMCP型Q500qE桥梁钢厚板;使用自动埋弧焊机对试验钢板进行双面多层多道次对接焊试验。采用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)测试技术和显微组织分析,对母材、焊缝金属和热影响区(HAZ)进行了低温(20、-10、-40℃)断裂韧性测试研究,利用扫描电镜对各部位的CTOD试验断口特征进行了分析,进而比较了母材、焊缝金属和热影响区不同区域金属低温断裂韧性。结果表明:随着试验温度的降低,焊接接头不同部位的断裂韧性CTOD特征值明显降低,F-V曲线逐渐缩短,试样的裂纹稳定扩展区变窄,断裂时的塑性变形不断减小直至消失,两侧剪切区也越来越不明显,焊接接头的韧性降低。在同一试验温度下,母材试样的裂纹稳定扩展区较宽,纤维断裂区较明显,裂纹扩展缓慢;热影响区试样的裂纹稳定扩展区最窄,断口平整,纤维区不明显,主要为脆断区。焊接过程的大输入量热循环使得焊接热影响区中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸增大,从而恶化了热影响区的低温韧性。     

焊后热处理对DH36钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

文中对DH36钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了焊后热处理,并根据BS7448标准对焊缝和热影响区进行裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD测试,研究焊后热处理对断裂韧性的影响.结果表明,焊后热处理对焊缝断裂韧性的影响并不一定是好的效果,热处理后,焊缝δ值有的升高有的降低;焊后热处理对热影响区粗晶区的断裂韧性有不利影响,热处理后,热影响区粗晶区的δ值均有所下降.经过焊后热处理,90 mm厚焊缝试样的δ值略有下降,60mm厚焊缝试样的δ值明显升高;90mm厚热影响区试样的δ值明显下降,60mm厚热影响区试样的δ值略有下降.     

9Ni钢TIP-TIG焊接接头低温韧性研究

为研究TIP-TIG(TT)焊接技术在液化天然气（LNG）储罐用9Ni钢焊接中的应用价值,根据国标对9Ni钢埋弧焊（SAW）和TT焊接接头进行了低温夏比冲击韧性试验和裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）试验,并对接头进行了微观组织及CTOD试样断口分析。结果表明,TT焊缝和热影响区平均低温冲击吸收能量远高于SAW,低温冲击韧性更好。TT焊缝和热影响区CTOD特征值分别为0.455 mm和0.744 mm,SAW焊缝区和热影响区为0.621 mm和0.391 mm,CTOD特征值远高于常用工程标准要求,CTOD试样断口均为韧窝,断裂形式为韧性断裂。TT焊接时,送丝机的推拉振动送丝功能实现了对熔池的搅拌,使得焊缝金属成分更加均匀,细化了晶粒,也减少了焊接过程中气孔的产生;另一方面,TT焊接时采用钟摆型摆动方式,焊枪摆动也有助于晶粒的细化,从而提高焊接接头的低温韧性。将TT焊接技术运用到9Ni钢的焊接中,相比传统的弧焊方法,不仅能够获得高品质的焊接接头,还可以解决清根、大量打磨的问题,节省材料和人工成本,从而实现高效高质量焊接。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.