The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.

     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Summary Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.

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Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink in Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und in Hühnerlebern in den Niederlanden

Zusammenfassung Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und Hühnerlebern wurden auf den Gehalt an Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink untersucht. Die Durchschnittswerte für Kupfer, Mangan und Zink stimmen gut mit Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen und mit Literaturwerten überein. Die gemessenen Werte für Chrom und Nickel sind sehr niedrig; für Nickel in Schweine- und Schafnieren wurden mediane Gehalte von 0,045 und 0,022 mg/kg gefunden. Durchschnittswerte für Nickel in den übrigen Geweben und für Chrom in allen untersuchten Geweben liegen unterhalb 0,01 mg/kg Frischsubstanz. Diese Werte für Chrom und Nickel stimmen gut mit neueren Daten aus Schweden überein, aber sie sind niedriger als die meisten Literaturdaten.

     

1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc

Concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc were determined in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study and used to estimate dietary exposures of the general UK population. Population average dietary exposures to aluminium (3.4mg/day), arsenic (0.065mg/day), cadmium (0.012mg/day), chromium (0.10mg/day), copper (1.2mg/day), mercury (0.003mg/day), nickel (0.13mg/day), tin (1.8mg/ day) and zinc (8.4mg/day) are similar to those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and are below the appropriate PTWIs, PMTDIs and TDIs. Dietary exposure of the UK population (0.026 mg/day) to lead is falling as a result of measures taken to reduce lead contamination of the environment and food and is well below the PTWI. There has been little change in UK estimates of selenium exposure since the 1994 Total Diet Study but current estimates (0.039mg/day) are lower than those derived from earlier Total Diet Studies.     

Distribution of some essential trace elements in commercial flour-mill streams

The iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, nickel, selenium, protein and ash contents of two different bread grists and flour samples from the first to fourth break and A to J reduction systems of a commercial flour mill were determined. Iron, zinc, manganese and selenium levels followed the trend of ash and protein with the lowest from the A, B and C rolls and highest from either the fourth break or J roll. Copper and chromium levels were relatively homogeneous among the grist and mill streams while for nickel there was only a slight increase through the break and reduction systems.     

Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in meat, liver and kidney of Swedish pigs and cattle in 1984-88

During the period 1984-88 several hundred samples of meat, liver and kidney from Swedish pigs and cattle were analysed for lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury. Analysis was performed by AAS and extensive quality assurance was carried out. The mean lead levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were less than 0.005, 0.019 and 0.016 mg/kg, respectively: the mean levels in the corresponding bovine tissues were less than 0.005, 0.047 and 0.097 mg/kg. The mean cadmium levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.001, 0.019 and 0.11 mg/kg, whilst those in the corresponding bovine tissues were 0.001, 0.070 and 0.39 mg/kg. The mean arsenic levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.024, 0.023 and 0.019, respectively and those in the corresponding bovine tissues were lower, none exceeding 0.015 mg/kg. The mean mercury levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.009, 0.015 and 0.019 mg/kg respectively, while those in the corresponding bovine tissues were 0.005, 0.006 and 0.010 mg/kg. A decrease in the levels of both arsenic and mercury in pig tissues was found during the period studied, which may be due to a decrease in the use of fish meal in pig feed.     

Toxic and trace elements in liver, kidney and meat from cattle slaughtered in Galicia (NW Spain)

The aims of this study were to determine the levels of some toxic and trace metals in cattle meat in Spain and to compare them with concentrations in cattle elsewhere and to maximum acceptable levels. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc concentrations in the liver, kidney and muscle (meat) from 438 calves (6-10 months old) and 56 cows (2-16 years old) slaughtered in Galicia (NW Spain) in 1996 were quantified. The arithmetic mean fresh weight concentrations in calf liver, kidney and muscle respectively were 0.043, 0.055, 0.004mg/kg for arsenic, 0.032, 0.070, 0.001 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.053, 0.052, 0.009 mg/kg for lead, 64.6, 4.91, 0.677mg/kg for copper and 47.7, 14.4, 47.8mg/kg for zinc. In cows, these concentrations were 0.046, 0.068, 0.005mg/kg (arsenic), 0.097, 0.458, 0.001mg/kg (cadmium), 0.057, 0.066, 0.017mg/kg (lead), 60.3, 3.67, 1.26 mg/kg (copper) and 59.8, 20.0, 52.7mg/kg (zinc). Except for copper levels in the liver which were high, metal concentrations in cattle were generally low in Galicia and broadly similar to those in the rest of Europe, Australia and Canada. Arsenic, cadmium and lead concentrations in Galician cattle rarely exceeded acceptable maximum concentrations that have been adopted by many countries. Copper and zinc concentrations in Galician cattle did exceed acceptable maximum concentrations but the frequency with which this occurred depended upon which acceptable maximum concentration was used; regulatory values differ markedly between countries.     

Trace metal content of livers and kidneys of cattle

Results are presented for the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the livers and kidneys of 190 cattle from eight different locations in New South Wales. The mean and range for each of the trace metals, in parts 10^?6, in livers and kidneys, respectively were as follows: arsenic 0.013 (n.d.?0.09) and 0.018 (n.d.?0.10); cadmium 0.08 (n.d.?0.80) and 0.43(0.02–10.7); chromium 0.05 (n.d.-1.0) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.22); cobalt 0.07 (n.d.?0.45) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.25); copper 18.0(0.81–82.8) and 3.9 (1.84–9.2); lead 0.14(n.d.?0.85) and 0.22(n.d.-2.29); manganese 2.72(1.11–4.09) and 1.07(0.58–1.67); mercury 0.005 (n.d.?0.050) and 0.006 (n.d.?0.177); molybdenum 0.88 (n.d.-2.41) and 0.31 (n.d.-1.85); nickel 0.33 (n.d.-4.82) and 0.46 (n.d.-5.80); selenium 0.17(0.01–0.63) and 1.10 (0.47–1.77); zinc 37.5 (13.4–99.2) and 18.6 (12.9–31.6). Significant differences were observed in the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the different regions of the State and between the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the same region. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by analysis of NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver.     

Toxic and essential metals in liver, kidney and muscle of pigs at slaughter in Galicia, north-west Spain

The aims of the study were to evaluate toxic and essential metal concentrations in meat and offal from pigs in north-west Spain to compare these with reported metal concentrations in pigs in other countries and in cattle in this region, and to relate the observed concentrations to maximum acceptable concentrations. Samples from 63 pigs aged 6 months were randomly collected at slaughter. After acid digestion, levels of metals were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. As regards the toxic metals, mean concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 0.073, 0.308 and 0.009 mg kg^-1 fresh weight for cadmium, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for lead, 0.013, 0.011 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for arsenic, and 0.001, 0.002 and 0.001 mg kg^-1 for mercury. These concentrations can be considered low, and in general similar to those reported in similar studies in recent years. In addition, maximum admissible concentrations established by the European Union were not exceeded in any sample. As regards the essential metals, concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 14.9, 5.63 and 6.85 mg kg^-1 for copper, 81.3, 28.9 and 42.5 mg kg^-1 for zinc, 195, 51.6 and 26.5 mg kg^-1 for iron; 1.17, 2.51 and 0.656 mg kg^-1 for selenium, 3.32, 1.56 and 1.01 mg kg^-1 for manganese, 0.023, 0.027 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for cobalt, 0.120, 0.077 and 0.131 mg kg^-1 for chromium, 0.009, 0.027 and 0.026 mg kg^-1 for nickel, and 1.62, 0.683 and 0.140 mg kg^-1 for molybdenum. These concentrations are all within the accepted adequate-safe ranges for this animal species, and in general are in line with those previously reported in the literature.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测进口清酒中 20种矿物元素

目的建立进口清酒中钠、镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、钡、汞、铅20种元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱快速测定法。方法以硝酸处理进口清酒样品,通过超声排除产生的氮氧化物黄色气体,再以超纯水稀释,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定清酒中20种元素的含量。结果实验回收率在92.4%~109%之间,RSD为2.10%~5.92%,检出限分别为:钠、钙为1.0 mg/L,,钾为0.5 mg/L,铝、镁、铁、锌为0.1mg/L,钡为0.05 mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、汞、铅为0.01 mg/L,线性范围分别为:钠、钙为3.0~200 mg/L,钾为1.5~200mg/L,铝、镁、铁和锌为0.3~10.0 mg/L,钡为0.15~10.0mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉和铅为0.03~10.0 mg/L,汞为0.03~0.20 mg/L。结论该检测方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、重新性好,适用于进口清酒样品的多元素同时检测。     

Elements in rice on the Swedish market: part 2. Chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc

A survey of the levels of some essential and non-essential trace elements in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001-03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white. The mean levels found were: chromium (Cr) = 0.008 mg kg(-1), copper (Cu) = 1.9 mg kg(-1), iron (Fe) = 4.7 mg kg(-1), manganese (Mn) = 16 mg kg(-1), platinum (Pt) < 0.0003 mg kg(-1), rubidium (Rb) = 3.3 mg kg(-1), selenium (Se) =0.1 mg kg(-1); and zinc (Zn) = 15 mg kg(-1). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of Pt, Rb, and Se, after acid digestion. All other elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after dry ashing. Intake calculations were performed and it was concluded that rice may contribute considerably to the daily requirements of the essential elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn if rice consumption is high. The levels of some elements, e.g. Fe and Mn, were significantly higher in brown compared with white rice.     

泸州桂圆果肉中微量元素含量分析

目的确定泸州产桂圆肉中微量元素的含量。方法采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体光谱质谱联用仪和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪对桂圆肉中16种微量元素进行检测。结果泸州本地产桂圆肉中钾平均含量高达20 g/kg;其次是钙和镁,平均约为600 mg/kg;钠的平均含量约40 mg/kg;铁、硼、铜、锌、含量均大于10 mg/kg、锰的含量约为5 mg/kg。同时含有微量的镍、钼、钴、硒、铬、锡;在方法检出限范围内,未检测到钒。结论泸州桂圆中含有人体必需的微量元素,同时含有丰富的钾、钙、镁。     

Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK Total Diet Study

Dietary exposures of consumers to 30 elements (aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, gold, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, strontium, thallium, tin and zinc) estimated from the UK 1994 Total Diet Study are reported, and compared with those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates were generally low and, where comparisons are possible, similar to those from other countries and below the relevant Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes and Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intakes. For most of those elements included in previous UK Total Diet Studies, dietary exposures have declined.     

Dietary intake of toxic and essential trace elements by the children and parents living in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan.

This study estimated the dietary intakes of 25 pairs of Japanese children and their parents to 12 toxic and essential trace elements using 7-day duplicate diet composites. The estimated intakes of lead (children = 5.34 microg day-1, adults = 6.74 microg day-1) and tin (162 and 152 microg day-1) were below tolerable limits, but large difference in aluminium intakes (7.32 and 12.1 mg day-1) among the subjects warranted further investigations. Intakes of cadmium in both children and adults (13.2 and 15.9 microg day-1) were high, but a low uranium (U) intake was observed (0.593 and 0.587 microg day-1). Intakes of copper (567 and 784 microg day-1), manganese (1.56 and 2.72 mg day-1), zinc (4.93 and 6.75 mg day-1), and molybdenum (103 and 131 microg day-1) were close to the recommended values. Concentrations of chromium, nickel and selenium were lower than the detection limits in most cases.     

Determination of toxic and essential elements in sunflower honey from Thrace Region,Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and selenium (Se) in sunflower honeys obtained from Thrace Region of Turkey. Trace and toxic element determination was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. The accuracy of the method was checked by the standard reference material, NIST‐SRM 1515 Apple leaves. The maximum contents of trace and toxic elements in honey samples from Kesan (polluted area) were found as 0.46, 0.82, 1.98, 14.0, 9.86 μg kg^?1, 0.48 mg kg^?1, 137, 115 and 290 μg kg^?1 for Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni and Se, respectively.     

Metal contaminants in various food colours.

Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc have been estimated in 18 permitted and 18 non-permitted food colours. Arsenic, chromium, copper and lead were found to be within the maximum allowable international limits in all the permitted colours, but they were in excess in a number of non-permitted colours. There is a case for establishing the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc in food colours.     

Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years

Concentrations of 24 elements including metals in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study (TDS) were measured and dietary exposures estimated. Composite samples for the 20 TDS food groups (bread, fish, fruit, etc.) were collected from 24 UK towns and analysed for their levels of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, copper, germanium, indium, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, strontium, thallium, tin, and zinc. Concentrations of each of the elements in the food groups were lower than or similar to those reported in the previous TDS survey, conducted in 2000, with the exception of aluminium, barium, and manganese. Dietary exposures to the 24 elements were estimated for UK consumers and compared with previous estimates made over the last 30 years in order to examine any trends in exposure to these elements in the typical UK diet. Population exposures to the elements have generally declined over time, and exposures to most of these elements remain at low levels. The independent UK Government scientific Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) commented on the estimated dietary exposures, taking into account their previous evaluations (in 2003 and 2008), and identified no major concerns for the health of consumers, but did advise that there was a need for more information on aluminium and barium, and also commented that dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic and to lead should continue to be reduced.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定小麦粉13种重金属元素

为建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定小麦粉13种重金属元素含量的方法,以4种小麦粉为试材,用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测定。结果表明:该方法检出限为0.022~0.670 μg/L,各元素标准曲线相关系数高于0.9992,相关性良好;元素加标回收率在88.00%~107.38%之间;4种样品Al、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se的检出平均值在0.004~8.615 mg/kg之间,Ag、Cr、As检出值分别为0.186、0.142、0.015 mg/kg,Cd、Pb均未检出,盲检样所检出元素含量均在所给定范围内。该法具有检测快捷、灵敏度高、精确度良好、结果准确的特点,可为小麦粉重金属检测提供参考。     

Heavy metal concentrations in raw milk collected from different regions of Samsun,Turkey

In this study, 144 raw milk samples were analysed for heavy metal contamination derived from emissions from industrial operations in Tekkekoy, Samsun, Turkey. Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb levels in samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The average amounts of copper, chromium, iron, zinc, nickel, cadmium, arsenic and lead were determined as 1.130, 0.441, 12.920, 0.032, 0.483, 0.006, 0.003 and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. It was determined that the summer period has the highest levels for copper, lead and cadmium. The highest contents of arsenic and copper were found at the two industrial regions that were close to Black Sea, described as ‘1st’ and ‘2nd’ region. Whereas the 3rd and 4th regions that were far from an industrial zone and also from the Black Sea, nickel, lead and chromium had the highest levels.     

Cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in lamb liver and kidney from six areas in Iceland and to compare the results against aerial deposition data for the same elements obtained using moss as an indicator organism. The total number of samples was 96 for each organ. Cadmium was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mercury by coldvapour atomic absorption, and iron, copper, manganese and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Analysis of variance determined significance differences among means for areas, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to study correlation among trace elements in liver and kidney. The mean fresh weight concentrations in lamb liver and kidney respectively were 0.045 and 0.058mg kg -1 for cadmium, 0.009 and 0.012mgkg -1 for mercury, 141 and 52.7mgkg -1 for iron, 28.1 and 2.89mgkg -1 for copper, 4.01 and 1.13mgkg -1 for manganese and 48.7 and 25.2mgkg -1 for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, mercury and copper in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb were low compared with data from other countries. Iron concentrations in the organs, however, were high. No sample exceeded 46% of the proposed maximum level for cadmium in organs for human consumption in the EC. Cadmium, mercury, iron and copper in the liver and kidney differed significantly between areas. Deposition of cadmium and copper in moss was not a useful indicator in the evaluation of the susceptibility of the Icelandic lamb to accumulation of cadmium and cop per. However, iron levels in Icelandic lamb liver showed the same pattern as results for iron from the moss study. The cadmium and mercury levels of organs from lambs grazing in the vicinity of Mount Hekla a few months after its eruption did not indicate a significant contamination from volcanic activity.