Self-standing Co decorated Cu2O/CuS-based porous electrocatalyst for effective hydrogen evolution reaction in basic media

The self-standing Co decorated Cu₂O/CuS-based porous electrocatalyst was prepared with the help of simple electrodeposition and hydrothermal method. The structural characterizations of fabricated samples were performed with X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while the morphology of catalysts was studied with the help of Field-Emission Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction was checked in a basic electrolyte. The gradual increment in the electrochemical performance of Cu₂O was observed when it underwent sulfurization without and with Co precursor respectively. The best electrochemical performance for hydrogen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 150.29 mV to achieve a geometric current density of 10 mA/cm² was observed for the Cu₂O sample sulfurized with Co precursor. The results of different characterizations suggested that the improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to the increased intrinsic activity and surface porosity of the electrocatalyst after sulfurization.     

Inhibitor-regulated corrosion strategy towards synthesizing cauliflower-like amorphous RuFe-hydroxides as advanced hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts

Producing clean hydrogen energy by water electrolysis is considered as an effective route to solve the current energy and environmental problems. Herein, a facile inhibitor-regulated corrosion strategy is employed to synthesize efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. The corrosion inhibitor of D-sodium gluconate (SG) is adopted to slow down the serious reaction of iron foam (IF) in RuCl₃ aqueous solution. It is identified that the abundant hydroxy and carboxyl species of SG can compete with Cl^? to adsorb on the IF surface to weaken the drastic reaction between Ru³⁺ and IF, resulting in achieving uniform amorphous RuFe(OH)_x corrosion layers composed of nanoparticle aggregations. Owing to the sufficient exposure of active sites and electronic interaction between Ru and Fe sites, the optimized catalyst exhibits excellent HER activity of requiring a lower potential of 91 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA cm^?2 and maintains durable operation at 100 mA cm^?2 for 30 h without obvious fluctuations. This work supplies a facile inhibitor-regulated corrosion strategy for designing efficient catalysts for water splitting application.     

Light-induced confined growth of amorphous Co doped MoSx nanodots on TiO2 nanoparticles for efficient and stable in situ photocatalytic H2 evolution

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a-MoS_x) prepared by in situ photoreduction method with an abundance of exposed active sites has been identified as an efficient cocatalyst for catalyzing photocatalytic H₂ evolution reaction (HER). However, the intrinsic activity of the a-MoS_x cocatalyst toward HER is low due to the unfavorable electronic structures of the active sites. Herein, we report a facile light-induced method for the confined growth of transition metal (TM) doped MoS_x (a-TM-MoS_x) cocatalysts on TiO₂ nanoparticles and their catalytic activity for in situ photocatalytic HER. It is found that doping Co into a-MoS_x can greatly enhance the activity of resulted a-Co-MoS_x cocatalyst for photocatalytic H₂ evolution over TiO₂ among the transition metal dopants (Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn) tested. The most efficient a-Co-MoS_x cocatalyst (Co/Mo = 1/4 and 4 mol% loading) loaded TiO₂ (TiO₂/a-Co-MoS_x) shows a H₂ evolution rate of 133.8 μmol h⁻¹, which is 3.3 times higher than that of a-MoS_x loaded TiO₂ (TiO₂/a-MoS_x). Moreover, the TiO₂/a-Co-MoS_x photocatalyst shows excellent recycling H₂ evolution stability. The characterization results reveal that a-Co-MoS_x cocatalyst can not only effectively capture the photogenerated electrons of TiO₂ to greatly enhance the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges but also significantly reduce the overpotential of HER due to the formation of highly active “CoMoS” sites, thus synergistically enhancing the catalytic activity of TiO₂/a-Co-MoS_x. Moreover, the light-induced growth of a-Co-MoS_x on TiO₂ is found to readily couple with the in situ photocatalytic HER. Therefore, this work provides a simple and efficient strategy for designing high-performance a-MoS_x-based cocatalysts for stable in situ photocatalytic H₂ evolution.     

Gold protective layer decoration and pn homojunction creation as novel strategies to improve photocatalytic activity and stability of the H2-evolving copper (I) oxide photocathode

p-type Cu₂O (p-Cu₂O) is a promising candidate for engineering of photocathodes for solar H₂ generation but it suffers from the photo-induced corrosion process. In this work, we report on the two new strategies to overcome the photo-induced corrosion and to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the p-Cu₂O photocathode: (i) a 60-to-300-nm-thick Au layer prepared by sputtering was used as a protective layer to the p-Cu₂O electrode; (ii) a thin layer of n-type Cu₂O was deposited onto the p-Cu₂O electrode surface before sputtering the Au protective layer. For the latter, as a direct result, a pn-Cu₂O homojunction was formed that was then protected by the Au thin layer. The pn-Cu₂O homojunction helps to enhance the charge separation within the Cu₂O electrode, consequently contributes to the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. Under the standard 1 Sun irradiation, the best Au-protected pn-Cu₂O photocathode showed an onset photovoltage of +0.55 V vs. Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE), and a photocurrent density of 0.76 mA/cm² at an applied potential of 0 V vs. RHE that remained more than 50% after 3 min of operation. Whereas, the bare p-Cu₂O showed a photocurrent density of 0.3 mA/cm² that was completely degraded after 1 min of operation under the identical conditions.     

ZnBi38O60/Bi2O3 photocathode for hydrogen production from water splitting

Hydrogen production from water splitting into photoelectrochemical cells is a promising alternative for reducing the use of fossil fuels. Here, we synthesize by spray pyrolysis a porous ZnBi₃₈O₆₀/γ-Bi₂O₃ film with a surface area of 744 m² g⁻¹ for use as a photocathode in water-splitting cells. The film of ZnBi₃₈O₆₀ with 3 wt% Bi₂O₃ has 2.3 eV bandgap energy and a conduction band energy of −2.14 V vs. RHE at pH 6.99, which is thermodynamically suitable for reducing H⁺ to H₂. Under illumination, the film produces a current density of −1.55 mA cm⁻² at 0 V vs. RHE with an onset potential of 0.84 V vs. RHE. HC-STH efficiency is 0.09% at 0.17 V vs. RHE and IPCE at 0 V vs. RHE is 3.8% at 480 nm. Under continuous operation, the ZnBi₃₈O₆₀/γ-Bi₂O₃ film shows a stable photocurrent of −0.4 mA cm⁻² at 0 V vs. RHE for 1800 s with 100% Faradaic efficiency.     

Cu2O as an emerging photocathode for solar water splitting - A status review

Recently, cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) based photocathodes have gained research attention for hydrogen (H₂) production through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting reactions due to marginally lower synthesis cost and low energy intensity fabrication processes. Unique properties of Cu₂O, such as tunable bandgap, appropriate band edge potentials with water redox levels and non-toxic nature makes it beneficial for PEC applications. Cuprite is mainly studied under visible light to facilitate enhanced H₂ gas production upon illumination. However, notoriously photocorrosion degrades the PEC performance and restricts the photoactivity of Cu₂O. Moreover, because of the redox potentials lies within the band gap of Cu₂O; self-photocorrosion or self-oxidation upon illumination is unavoidable. Improvement in the Cu₂O photocathodes was achieved by finding elegant solutions such as forming thin heterojunction layers by atomic layer deposition (ALD) as well other methods, co-catalyst deposition, tuning crystal facets and surface modifications with different synthetic methods. In this review, we discuss the improvements in Cu₂O photocathodes achieved over the years for enhanced H₂ production with recently studied photocathodes.     

Cu2O nanowires based p-n homojunction photocathode for improved current density and hydrogen generation through solar-water splitting

Hydrogen generation through solar-water splitting is expected to address the global energy crisis by providing a source for a safer and sustainable alternative fuel. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of Cu₂O nanowires and show that the magnetic field could influence the nanowires’ distribution and alignment. Orientation of nanowires was observed to become more inclined towards the magnetic field lines as the values of full-width at half maximum decreased from 140° to 46.2° with the increase in the field strength. Crystallographic, morphological, optoelectronic, and photoelectrochemical properties of the constructed p-n homojunction were analyzed by using different characterization techniques. A high built-in potential of +0.93 V vs. RHE was observed for a 50 nm layer of n-Cu₂O over p-Cu₂O nanowires that resulted in a significantly high photocurrent density of −7.42 mA/cm². The stability in the photoelectrochemical medium was maintained for 14 h, generating 20 mmol/cm² of H₂.     

Enhanced performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using MoS2/graphene hybrids

A MoS₂/graphene hybrid (MSG) is synthesized by microwave hydrothermal method. Both of the charge transfer resistance and the photocurrent are tuned in graphene modified MoS₂ by enhancing photocatalytic nature, where the charge transfer resistance significantly decreases from 36,000 Ω–8.49 Ω and the photocurrent promotes from 0.29 mA cm^?2 to 16.47 mA cm^?2. In this article, the result reveals that the appropriate modification of graphene can reach the maximum yield of hydrogen gas. In addition, the appropriate conditions, such as the concentration of 0.32 M formic acid and the MoS₂ photocatalyst with 0.8 wt% graphene (MSG_0.8) dose of 0.013 g L^?1, can complete the outstanding photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, where the hydrogen evolution using MSG_0.8 composite photocatalyst has the maximum yield of 667.2 μmol h^?1 g^?1.     

CuO/CuBi2O4 bilayered heterojunction as an efficient photocathode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

The poor photostability and low photoactivity are two bottlenecks limiting the application of CuO and CuBi₂O₄ as competitive candidates for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To overcome the bottlenecks, we constructed a novel CuO/CuBi₂O₄ bilayered structure for PEC HER. The underlying CuO layer functions as the main photoabsorber, while the outside CuBi₂O₄ layer acts as a protection shield. After further decorated with the NiO_x electrocatalysts, the CuO/CuBi₂O₄/NiO_x photocathode exhibits a high photoactivity and remarkable photostability. We ascribe this excellent performance to the following factors: (1) the bilayer structure improves light harvesting efficiency, (2) the outside CuBi₂O₄ enhances the photostability, (3) the favorable band alignment increases charge separation efficiency, and (4) the presence of NiO_x facilitates the charges transfer at the interface. Therefore, this work not only sets a new benchmark efficiency for the CuO and CuBi₂O₄ heterojunction, but also provides principles for designing layered heterojunction for PEC water splitting.     

Surface-assembled Fe-Oxide colloidal nanoparticles for high performance electrocatalytic water oxidation

Nanoscale electrocatalytic materials having enhanced electroactive sites has been considered trendier and can drive kinetically uphill OER at much lower energy cost with high efficiency. However, very complex synthetic strategies, extensive functionalization processes, and less stability have stimulated quest for economically viable, straightforward and facile preparative methods for designing stable, robust and active nanoscale electrocatalysts engaging geologically abundant materials to ensure their industrial implications. Here we present surface-assembled Fe(OH)_x/FeO_x type colloidal catalytic thin-films, with or without post annealing, derived from Fe-colloidal NPs in simple carbonate system for efficient water oxidation. Comprehensive electrochemical studies including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, Tafel slope analysis, mass activity, electrochemically active surface area measurements are conducted to comparatively evaluate the performance of simple (FeO_x/HCO₃^?@FTO and annealed (FeO_x/HCO₃^?@FTO₂₅₀, FeO_x/HCO₃^?@FTO₅₀₀) catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under employed conditions. The FeO_x/HCO₃^?@FTO₂₅₀ annealed at 250 °C initiates water oxidation at much lower overpotential of 1.52 V vs. RHE with remarkable stability during long-term electrochemical experimentations. In addition to enhanced OER activity as evidence by better onset potential (<1.55 V vs. RHE), lower Tafel slope value (36 mV dec^1?) and negligible charge transfer resistance, the Fe(OH)_x/HCO₃^?@FTO type catalyst presented excellent electroactive nature during long term controlled potential electrolysis experiments where more and more electroactive sites were getting exposed during continuous hours of electrolysis. The catalysts behave as a potential enduring, inexpensive and competent candidate for catalyzing water oxidation reaction when tested under begin conditions.     

Recent advances in CoSe2 electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

Hydrogen as a sustainable alternative fuel is recognized as a primary choice for future energy supply due to its high gravimetric energy density and zero carbon emission upon combustion. Electrochemical water splitting is a promising strategy for effective and sustainable hydrogen production. Nowadays, research is focused on developing non-precious, stable, and highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Among them, CoSe₂ has attracted tremendous attention as HER electrocatalyst due to its unique electronic configuration that ensures fast charge transport, excellent catalytic activity, and good chemical stability. So far, a lot of reviews on electrocatalytic water splitting based on transition metal dichalcogenides and cobalt-based materials are reported. However, the review on CoSe₂ electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction is limited up-to-date. Hence in the present review, a comprehensive literature survey on CoSe₂ electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction is done and reported. In this review, the crystal structures of CoSe₂, their phase transformation strategy, their hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism in acidic and alkaline electrolytes are highlighted. The various synthesis procedures adopted to produce CoSe₂ based materials, the relation between its structure and composition with their electrocatalytic activities are discussed. Moreover, the effective ways to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of CoSe₂ based materials such as its morphological modification, constructing heterostructures, and heteroatom doping are reviewed.     

H2 evolution by water SPLITTING on Rh/La2O3

The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of rhodium catalysts supported on La₂O₃ denoted XRhLa (X = 1 and 5% wt. Rh) prepared by impregnation using RhCl₆H₂O as precursor salt were studied. The solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal analysis (TG/TDA) and hydrogen chemisorption (HC) to evaluate the dispersion of the metal phase. The temperature-programmed reaction with hydrogen (H₂-TPR), carbon monoxide (CO-TPR) or methane (CH₄-TPR) were carried out to elucidate there effects on catalytic reaction. The adsorption and decomposition of H₂O has been investigated on the surface catalysts. The number of reduced centers of lanthanum in Rh/La₂O₃ catalysts was measured by in situ oxidation of these centers at oxydation temperature of water (T_OXtov) by water pulses according to the following reaction (Reduced centers + H₂O→Oxidized center + H₂). The amount of hydrogen Q(H), evolved in the reaction allows us to calculate the number of reduced centers of the support since the Rh metal is not oxidized. The results showed that although the conversion rate of water to H₂ is low, the 5% wt. Rh catalyst is a promising candidate in the water adsorption and dissociation compared to the 1% wt.     

Structure and electrochemical property of amorphous molybdenum selenide H2-evolving catalysts prepared by a solvothermal synthesis

Amorphous molybdenum selenide nanoparticles were synthesized by the solvothermal treatment of Mo(CO)₆ and Se in dimethylformamide. By varying the Mo(CO)₆ over Se molar ratio, we obtained a family of MoSe nanoparticles having comparable morphology but different chemical composition. Using a combination of experimental analyses (e.g. XRD, ICP-MS, Raman, XPS) and DFT theoretical calculation, we found that the structure of MoSe was close to that of the amorphous molybdenum sulfide analogous but not that of MoSe₂ layers. The MoSe was found to consist of [Mo₃Se₁₃]^2- cluster within its structure together with some structural defects. Thanks to its less ordered structure, the MoSe can be activated by several chemical and electrochemical treatment resulting in a catalytic enhancement. A treatment with fuming HCl resulted in generation of a novel catalyst displaying 1.4 time higher catalytic current. Remarkably, a treatment with reflux NaOH solution resulted in generation of a component being soluble in water and displaying catalytic H₂-evolving activity at a moderate onset overpotential of ca. 200 mV, being one of the most attractives homogeneous catalysts in water.     

Light-assisted synthesis of Au/TiO2 nanoparticles for H2 production by photocatalytic water splitting

A series of Au/TiO₂ photocatalysts was synthesized via the light assistance through the photo-deposition for H₂ production by photocatalytic water splitting using ethanol as the hole scavenger. Effect of solution pH in the range of 3.2–10.0 on the morphology and photocatalytic activity for H₂ production of the obtained Au/TiO₂ photocatalysts was explored. It was found that all Au/TiO₂ photocatalysts prepared in different solution pH exhibited comparable anatase fraction (～0.84–0.85) and crystallite size of TiO₂ (21–22 nm), but showed different quantity of deposited Au nanoparticles (NPs) and other properties, particularly the particle size of the Au NPs. Among all prepared Au/TiO₂ photocatalysts, the Au/TiO₂ (10.0) photocatalyst exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for H₂ production, owning to its high metallic state and small size of Au NPs. Via this photocatalyst, the maximum H₂ production of 296 μmol (～360 μmol/g?h) was gained at 240 min using the 30 vol% ethanol as the hole scavenger at the photocatalyst loading of 1.33 g/L under the UV light intensity of 0.24 mW/cm² with the quantum efficiency of 61.2% at 254 nm. The loss of the photocatalytic activity of around 20% was observed after the 5th use.     

Ultrafast fabrication of amorphous bimetallic hydroxide layer on nickel nanocones array for oxygen evolution electrocatalyst

Designing and fabricating high efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst based on non-precious and earth-abundant elements are essential for future renewable energy production. In present work, we report a facile strategy to construct 3D ordered nickel-based OER catalyst. Firstly, nickel nanocones array (NNA) is electrodeposited on commercial Ni foam (NF) from an ammoniacal Ni (II) electrolyte, then an amorphous nickel and iron based bimetallic hydroxide layer is fabricated on the NNA/NF via an ultrafast approach from an Fe³⁺ contained solution at 100 °C. The derived composite material (NiFeOH@NNA/NF) exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward OER as well as good durability. Moreover, it demonstrates that this is a general approach to fabricate other Ni-based bimetallic hydroxide (Ni-M-OH, M = Ni, Co, Mn, or Cu) layers on NNA/NF with good OER performance. This work provides an attractive method for the design and fabrication of 3D ordered nickel-based electrocatalyst for OER.     

In-situ synthesis of TiO2/La2O2CO3/rGO composite under acidic/basic treatment with La3+/Ti3+ as mediators for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution

Graphene-bridged, carbonate-coordinated and lanthanum modified TiO₂ nanocomposite (La/Ti³⁺/TiO₂/La₂O₂CO₃/rGO) was established using sol-gel assisted modified hydrothermal method followed by acidic/basic heat treatment. The synergistic effect of La/La₂O₂CO₃ in rGO bridged Ti⁺³/TiO₂ nanocomposite was investigated for dynamic H₂ production from ethylene glycerol-water mixture in a slurry phase continuous flow photoreactor system. La-TiO₂/rGO showed H₂ evolution rate of 462 μmol/h which was about 1.24, 1.51 and 5.13 folds higher compared to La/TiO₂, rGO/TiO₂ and pure TiO₂ samples, respectively. Furthermore, when La-TiO₂/rGO nanocomposite was treated under H₂/CO₂ atmosphere, a great potential in photocatalytic H₂ production with a rate of 583 μmol/h was obtained, which was ~1.02, 1.17 and 1.26 times higher than using H₂, CO₂ and N₂ atmospheres, respectively. This significantly enhanced productivity was due to formation of La₂O₂CO₃, increased absorptive properties of TiO₂ and changes in elemental level like Ti³⁺ state, which improves light absorption properties and producing more electrons with their hindered recombination rate by rGO. Specifically, existence of La₂O₂CO₃ could facilitate the basicity of catalyst and contributes in the decomposition of ethylene glycol for H₂ evolution. Next, apparent quantum yield of La-TiO₂/rGO calcined in CO₂/H₂ composite was 1.3 folds higher than using La-TiO₂/rGO composite. Moreover, the stability comparison reveals that CO₂/H₂ treated sample showed stability in cyclic runs due to better interactions of its components and formation of interface species like Ti³⁺ and La₂O₂CO₃. Therefore, fabrication of composite under well-controlled atmospheric heat treatment could be promising to develop graphene supported metal oxides with their unique structures towards visible light enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production applications.     

CoSe2@NiSe2 nanoarray as better and efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Electrocatalytic water splitting is identified as one of the most promising solutions to energy crisis. The CoSe₂@NiSe₂ materials were first prepared and in situ grown on nickel foam by typical hydrothermal and selenification process at 120 °C. The results show that the CoSe₂@NiSe₂ material used as the 3D substrates electrode can maximize the synergy between the CoSe₂ and NiSe₂, and also exhibits high efficiency of water splitting reaction. The lower overpotential of only 235 mV is presented to attain 20 mA cm⁻² compared to the benchmark of RuO₂ electrodes (270 mV @ 20 mA cm⁻²). Besides, the CoSe₂@NiSe₂ material also shows a remarkable improved hydrogen evolution reaction activity compared to NiSe₂ (192 mV@10 mA cm⁻²) and Co precursor catalysts (208 mV@10 mA cm⁻²) individually, which a low overpotential of only 162 mV is achieved at 10 mA cm⁻². The CoSe₂@NiSe₂ catalysts exhibit excellent water splitting performance (cell voltage of 1.50 V@ 10 mA cm⁻²) under alkaline conditions. It was proved that the high water splitting performance of the catalyst is attributed to high electrochemical activity area and synergistic effect. The work offers new ideas for the exploitation of synergistic catalysis of composite catalysts and adds new examples for the exploitation of efficient, better and relatively non-toxic electrocatalysts.     

TiO2 nanoparticles modified with 2D MoSe2 for enhanced photocatalytic activity on hydrogen evolution

As an emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, 2D MoSe₂ nanosheets has the advantages of wide light response and rapid charge migration ability. In this work, 2D MoSe₂/TiO₂ nanocomposites were successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method. The microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites were systematically investigated and determined. The corresponding Raman peaks and crystal planes of MoSe₂ were analysed by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy respectively, demonstrating the successful combination of the MoSe₂ nanosheets and TiO₂ nanoparticles. UV-vis diffused reflectance spectra demonstrated that the introduction of MoSe₂ did increase the light absorption ability of the nanocomposites. A lower recombination of electrons and holes was demonstrated for the MoSe₂/TiO₂ heterojunction from photoluminescence results. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution test showed that the hydrogen production rate was 4.9 μmol h⁻¹ for the sample with 0.1 wt.% MoSe₂, 2 times higher than that of bare TiO₂. This work provides a novel strategy for improving the photocatalytic properties of semiconductor photocatalyst.     

A new hyperbranched water-splitting technique based on Co3O4/MoS2 nano composite catalyst for High-Performance of hydrogen evolution reaction

Due to the extensive use of fossil fuels & their direct influence on the environment, new ways of producing energy sources are highly needed. Hydrogen is the perfect candidate for renewable energy; however, H₂ gas production is associated with disadvantages due to a lack of efficient and active catalysts that could be cost-effective and comparable to platinum performance. Active hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts are needed to advance the development of a cheaper generation of solar fuels. Thus, outperformance, and stable earth abundant. And inexpensive catalysts are highly demanded. That is H₂ gas production from the electrolysis of water through HER. In this work, we present different analytical techniques that characterize an efficient and highly stable catalyst based on transition metal oxide Co₃O₄/MoS₂ nanostructures. And their composites for water splitting in harsh acidic conditions time and material chemical composition as like SEM, EDS, XRD, HRTEM & XPS. The composite material is highly best to produce HER at 10 mA cm^?2 and obtained 268 mV overpotential of nano Co₃O₄/MoS₂ (S3) and Tafel slope of 56 mv/dec. Faraday efficiencies of the hydrogen gas production measured for the 60 min and catalyst is highly durable for the 20 h. The presented catalysts are up to the mark of platinum metal performance and superior to several transition metal oxides. This fabrication technology is a new roadmap for developing active and scalable hydrogen-evolving catalysts by overcoming the issues of fewer catalytic edges, low density, and poor conductivity.