葡聚糖-大豆分离蛋白耦联接枝工艺优化及接枝产物理化特性研究

为研究条件温和、高接枝度、低褐变程度的糖接枝技术,以葡聚糖、大豆分离蛋白为原料,研究大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的制备工艺。选取物料比、接枝温度及接枝时间进行单因素实验;采用物料比、接枝温度及接枝时间为变量,以接枝度(DG)为响应值,通过响应面实验设计,优化糖接枝蛋白制备工艺,并进行理化特性分析。结果表明,糖接枝反应的最佳工艺条件为:蛋白:糖(质量比)1:1.2,接枝温度83 ℃,接枝时间7.3 h,此工艺条件下,接枝度可达56.38%,褐变程度为0.041。分别以聚丙烯酰胺电泳、氨基酸分析鉴定糖接枝蛋白,表明葡聚糖以共价键接枝在蛋白上。糖接枝蛋白在pH为7.0处的溶解性与原蛋白相比提高40.48%;乳化活性和乳化稳定性明显提高,分别比原蛋白提高69.76%和62.11%。     

燕麦蛋白质糖基化改性研究

为改善燕麦分离蛋白的功能性质,拓宽其在食品工业中的应用,采用糖基化反应对燕麦分离蛋白进行改性。研究糖的种类（木糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、葡聚糖2万和葡聚糖4万）和糖基化反应进程对燕麦分离蛋白功能性质的影响。在90 ℃、pH9反应条件下,测定糖基化反应的接枝度、褐变程度、SDS-PAGE及糖基化产物的溶解性和乳化性。结果表明：木糖与燕麦分离蛋白反应的接枝度和褐变程度最大,pH下降最快,表明低分子量的木糖与燕麦蛋白反应速度最快,其次是葡萄糖、乳糖、葡聚糖两万和葡聚糖四万。SDS-PAGE电泳证实燕麦分离蛋白与不同糖发生共价结合。研究糖基化产物功能性质发现,葡萄糖与燕麦分离蛋白的糖基化产物溶解度大幅提高。多糖特别是葡聚糖4万与燕麦分离蛋白生成的糖基化产物具有较高的乳化活性和乳化稳定性。     

微波法制备棉籽蛋白-阿拉伯胶接枝物

采用微波辐射法对棉籽蛋白与阿拉伯树胶进行接枝改性。以接枝度（DG）为指标,对微波处理的pH、蛋白浓度、蛋白质与多糖配比、温度和时间进行单因素实验,采用正交法对其工艺进行优化。结果表明:棉籽蛋白-阿拉伯胶接枝反应的条件为pH7.00,蛋白浓度0.4%,蛋白质与糖的配比5:5,反应温度70℃,反应时间60min,接枝度可达到8.735%。      

响应面优化超声辅助裸燕麦蛋白/β-葡聚糖糖基化改性工艺

以裸燕麦蛋白、β-葡聚糖为原料进行糖基化改性,利用超声波辅助优化改性工艺条件。通过单因素实验,比较分析了超声时间、超声功率、超声温度和β-葡聚糖与裸燕麦蛋白质量比对接枝度和溶解度的影响,并利用Box-Benhnken原理对4个单因素进行响应面优化,以接枝度为指标,得到了裸燕麦蛋白糖基化改性的最优工艺条件为:超声时间95 min,超声功率240 W,超声温度75℃,β-葡聚糖与裸燕麦蛋白质量比为2:1,此时糖基化改性的接枝度为35.79%±0.86%。与未超声处理的裸燕麦蛋白糖基化改性相比,接枝度提高了2.34倍。结果表明,超声波辅助对裸燕麦蛋白糖基化改性过程有较大的促进作用。     

小麦胚芽蛋白糖基化反应改性的研究

以葡聚糖为糖基供体,采用糖基化反应对小麦胚芽蛋白进行改性。通过单因素实验摸索和正交实验优化确定了改性的最佳工艺条件:底物浓度2%,蛋白∶葡聚糖=1∶1,pH11,温度110℃,时间20min。在此条件下,接枝度达到11.27%,产物溶解性达到85.91%。反应产物在激发波长347nm,发射波长422nm处有最大荧光强度,且随着反应时间的延长,荧光强度增大,符合美拉德反应产物的荧光特征。傅立叶红外分析(FTIR)结果证实了葡聚糖以共价键的形式接入了小麦胚芽蛋白。      

乳清蛋白-海藻酸钠的制备及其特性的测定

将海藻酸钠通过糖基化反应引入乳清蛋白,制备乳清蛋白-海藻酸钠复合物,探讨干法条件下反应时间、反应温度、海藻酸钠与乳清蛋白质量配比对复合物接枝度和溶解度的影响,确定了最佳糖基化条件为反应时间6.3 d,反应温度56.1℃,海藻酸钠与乳清蛋白质量配比4.1∶1。在此条件下,乳清蛋白-海藻酸钠共价复合物的接枝度为75.89%、溶解度为32.56%与理论预测值基本相符。     

米糠蛋白复合戊聚糖糖基化反应条件的优化及性质研究

以米糠蛋白与戊聚糖进行糖基化反应制备复合物，考察不同条反应件（时间、温度、pH、米糠蛋白复合戊聚糖比例）对米糠蛋白戊聚糖复合物接枝度的影响。并在单因素实验的基础上，进行Box-Behnken响应面优化，优选出米糠蛋白戊聚糖复合物的最佳制作工艺参数。结果表明，通过响应面优化可知最佳工艺参数为pH=10.11、反应时间58.71 min、反应温度44.15 ℃及米糠蛋白与戊聚糖质量比1∶2.21时，在此条件下接枝度为29.07%。与米糠蛋白相比，米糠蛋白戊聚糖复合物的褐变程度、溶解性及乳化性质均有所改善，本研究为米糠蛋白的应用领域提供参考。     

响应面优化超声波辅助马铃薯蛋白糖基化反应

以马铃薯蛋白、麦芽糖为原料进行湿法糖基化反应,利用超声波辅助优化。通过单因素试验,确定反应时间、蛋白浓度和超声功率对糖基化反应接枝度的影响,通过Design-Expert 8.05b软件做响应面分析。最终确定最佳反应条件为:反应温度75℃,糖与蛋白质量比3∶1,pH 9,蛋白浓度12.42 mg/mL,反应时间60 min,超声功率240 W。在此条件下进行验证试验,马铃薯蛋白-麦芽糖糖基化反应的接枝度达40.187 4%,与模型预测值40.422 6%十分相似。证实响应面分析超声波辅助优化马铃薯蛋白糖基化条件切实可行,为马铃薯蛋白新产品的开发和应用提供理论依据。     

面筋蛋白糖基化产物乳化性的研究

为改善小麦面筋蛋白的乳化性,以葡萄糖为糖基供体,利用干法糖基化法制取糖基化接枝产物。并利用响应面法研究了时间、温度、葡萄糖/面筋蛋白(W/W)对接枝产物乳化性的影响。研究结果表明,改性后面筋蛋白的乳化性有很大的提高,最佳反应条件为:时间3.29 d(约79 h)、温度46℃、葡萄糖/面筋蛋白(W/W)35%,此时乳化性为56.57 m2/g。通过研究p H以及温度对接枝物乳化及其稳定性的影响,发现接枝物具有较强的耐酸碱能力,且温度对其影响较面筋蛋白小。     

大豆分离蛋白-多糖美拉德反应共聚物的制备及性能研究

以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和海藻酸钠、壳聚糖、葡聚糖利用干法美拉德反应制备大豆分离蛋白-多糖共聚物,通过比较反应产物的接枝度、乳化活性和乳化稳定性,选取大豆分离蛋白-海藻酸钠共聚物,并对其制备条件进行研究。在单因素实验的基础上,以接枝度、乳化活性和乳化稳定性为评价指标,通过正交实验,确定大豆分离蛋白-海藻酸钠共聚物最佳制备条件为:糖蛋白比9:10,反应温度为68℃,反应时间24 h;最终得到共聚物的接枝度为27.2%,乳化活性提高了121%,乳化稳定性提高了255%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the