钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土的抗冻性试验

为使废弃混凝土和再生橡胶在北方地区混凝土工程中得以应用,采用正交试验法研究再生粗骨料掺量、再生粗骨料强化方式、钢纤维掺量与橡胶掺量对钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土(C45)立方体抗压强度和抗冻性的影响规律。利用扫描电镜和螺旋CT扫描技术研究了钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土的宏观和细观结构及其对抗冻性能的影响机理。结果表明:橡胶颗粒掺量是影响再生混凝土含气量、抗压强度和相对动弹模量的重要因素,再生粗骨料掺量是影响相对动弹模量和强度损失率的次要因素,钢纤维掺量对混凝土抗压强度增强作用较小,粗骨料强化方式对混凝土性能影响不大;橡胶颗粒与砂浆界面的裂缝宽度在5~55μm之间,二者之间的相容性较差;当橡胶颗粒掺量(与砂的体积比)大于20%后,随橡胶颗粒掺量增大,混凝土内部孔洞数目增多,钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土抗压强度降低、抗冻性减弱。     

大掺量自来水厂污泥粉对混凝土强度和微观结构的影响

以煅烧后的自来水厂污泥粉(CWTS)取代部分水泥制备大掺量污泥粉混凝土，研究了大掺量CWTS对于混凝土强度、孔结构和纳米力学性能的影响。结果表明：尽管大掺量CWTS不利于混凝土的28天抗压强度发展，但是20wt%和40wt%的CWTS能够增强混凝土的90天抗压强度；由于CWTS的火山灰活性和填充作用，掺有20wt%～40wt%CWTS的混凝土90天孔结构被明显细化，大于1μm的孔隙含量明显减少；同时，从纳米尺度特征中观察到掺加20wt%CWTS能够明显降低基体中孔隙相和未水化相含量，并提高C-S-H相的体积分数，特别是高密度C-S-H相；此外，掺加20wt%的CWTS能够使界面过渡区(ITZ)宽度相对降低20%，并且掺加40wt%CWTS的实验组与对照组(0wt%CWTS)具有相似的ITZ宽度。由此可见，使用大掺量(20wt%～40wt%) CWTS取代水泥制备混凝土，不仅具备较好的经济和环境效应，也有益于其90天力学性能和微结构的改善。     

橡胶颗粒抑制蒸养混凝土热损伤机制

通过向蒸养混凝土中掺入橡胶颗粒制备蒸养橡胶混凝土来抑制蒸养过程中混凝土产生的热损伤。通过试验测试了蒸养橡胶混凝土的抗压强度；建立了考虑界面过渡区的橡胶混凝土随机骨料模型，基于ABAQUS，模拟研究了橡胶颗粒对降温阶段混凝土温度损伤应力的影响，从细观角度研究橡胶颗粒抑制蒸养混凝土中微裂纹发展规律，并将温度损伤应力作为初始缺陷，模拟了橡胶混凝土的抗压性能，验证了模拟结果的可靠性；通过压汞(Mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)测试研究了橡胶颗粒对蒸养混凝土孔结构的影响；通过超景深显微镜研究了橡胶与水泥石之间的结合情况。研究结果表明：橡胶颗粒掺入可以抑制蒸养混凝土的热损伤，减少强度损失。橡胶颗粒可以有效降低蒸养混凝土试件的总孔隙率，蒸养橡胶混凝土试件有害孔径较未掺加橡胶颗粒的普通蒸养混凝土下降了3.1%，同时改善了橡胶和水泥基体的粘结状况。     

紫铜-碳钢磁脉冲焊接接头界面形貌研究

为探索紫铜-碳钢磁脉冲焊接(MPW)接头界面形貌等微观特征,本文进行了T2紫铜管和50#钢管的磁脉冲焊接试验,在电压11 k V、径向间隙2.2 mm、重叠面积比3/4的条件下,获得了T2铜管-50#钢管冶金连接接头.通过光学金相、SEM/EDS、显微硬度和纳米压痕试验,重点研究了接头界面形貌、基体元素扩散和硬度分布.结果表明:接头由未焊合区、波状界面结合区、平直界面结合区等特征区域构成,连接区长度达到5 mm;波状结合区界面波长约为60μm,波峰幅值高约20μm;平直界面结合区基体元素扩散区(过渡区)宽度约2μm,而在波状界面结合区,扩散区宽度可达6μm;接头铜侧硬度相对初始值提高50%,最高硬度值出现在靠近界面的50号钢侧,而界面硬度介于两种母材之间.     

TaC增强铁基梯度复合材料的原位生成及其磨粒磨损特性

以高纯钽板为原料,采用原位反应法在HT300表面制备了碳化钽增强表面梯度复合材料。用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和磨粒磨损试验机对复合层的微观形貌、物相组成、显微硬度以及磨粒磨损性能进行了表征。结果表明:所得复合层的总厚度约为475μm。最表层为碳化钽致密陶瓷层,厚度约为170μm,其颗粒尺寸小于1μm,体积分数近似95%,显微硬度最高值达2328HV0.1;次表层为碳化钽颗粒分散层,其颗粒尺寸为0.5~1.5μm,体积分数从90%逐渐减小至基体,显微硬度由915HV0.1降低至410HV0.1;复合层与基体之间呈现良好的冶金结合。铁基表面碳化钽陶瓷增强梯度复合材料的耐磨性比灰口铸铁基体有大幅度提高;复合层的磨损是局部塑性变形、显微切削和增强颗粒的部分破碎等因素综合作用的结果。     

应用挤塑板颗粒制备轻骨料混凝土

在生产挤塑聚苯乙烯板(XPS)的过程中会产生大量的颗粒废料，为避免产生环境问题，可将XPS颗粒废料用于制备轻骨料混凝土。采用外掺法研究聚苯颗粒掺量、 XPS废料颗粒和可再分散性乳胶粉对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响。结果表明：聚苯颗粒体积掺量小于1 200 mL时，与混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度、密度呈线性关系，当聚苯颗粒体积掺量为1 500 mL时在混凝土中趋向于饱和；可再分散性乳胶粉能改善聚苯颗粒与混凝土之间的界面问题，当质量掺量为6 g时，抗压强度提高了28%、抗折强度提高了48%。使用XPS颗粒等体积取代聚苯颗粒，XPS颗粒较大的空隙率导致导热系数升高；计算中去除颗粒之间空隙后，XPS颗粒等体积取代聚苯颗粒，当取代2/3的聚苯颗粒时导热系数降至0.0 896 W/(m·K)。     

硅灰对再生混凝土界面过渡区的影响

为改善再生混凝土的力学和耐久性能,以硅灰为增强材料对再生混凝土进行改良。研究了硅灰对再生混凝土3 d、28 d、90 d抗压强度和28 d、90 d抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结合扫描电镜、显微硬度等微观观测手段,分析了28 d再生混凝土试样微观结构和性能变化。采用压汞法测试了再生混凝土的孔结构参数,探究硅灰对再生混凝土孔隙性能的影响。结果表明：硅灰可以提升再生混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能,随掺量的增加提升效果先增后减;掺入硅灰可以改善再生混凝土多重界面过渡区结构,增加界面过渡区(ITZ)显微硬度,降低孔隙率。再生混凝土内部存在较多有害孔隙,硅灰可以细化孔隙结构,降低孔隙率,掺量为6%时效果最佳。     

废弃瓷砖粉对超高性能混凝土的抗压强度影响规律与机制

超高性能混凝土极低的水胶比和较高的水泥用量,使其在广泛应用中面临着水泥基体高自收缩和高成本等问题,而使用工业副产品或废弃物取代部分水泥是有效的解决方法之一。废品瓷砖已成为一种大宗工业废弃物,应用瓷砖粉在超高性能混凝土中可有效地解决水泥的高消耗和废弃瓷砖的堆积问题。因此,使用瓷砖粉取代水泥质量的10wt%、15wt%、20wt%和25wt%来制备新型绿色低碳超高性能混凝土,主要研究了瓷砖粉对超高性能混凝土抗压强度的影响规律,并采用修正Andreasen堆积模型、XRD分析、TG/DTG、SEM观察探讨了瓷砖粉对超高性能混凝土的改性机制,同时对瓷砖粉超高性能混凝土的环境足迹和成本进行了分析。研究结果表明,瓷砖粉的掺入对超高性能混凝土各龄期抗压影响在±10%以内,但对7~28天和28~60天的抗压强度发展影响显著,在25wt%掺量时抗压强度增长率分别达到了104.6%和51.8%。这主要是由于瓷砖粉的掺入提高了超高性能混凝土的堆积密实度,发生二次水化反应并生成了低钙硅比的水化硅酸钙凝胶,提高了水泥的水化程度,降低了界面过渡区的宽度。并且由环境影响和成本计算可知,瓷砖粉可有效降低超高性能混凝土的能耗、CO₂排放量和成本。      

掺杂橡胶颗粒对砂加气混凝土砌块性能影响研究

将回收橡胶粉碎成平均粒径为700μm的颗粒用于砂加气混凝土砌块的制造,对比了不同掺杂量橡胶颗粒的砂加气混凝土砌块的干密度、干燥收缩性、抗拉强度、抗压强度以及养护过程中相关性能的变化规律。结果表明,橡胶颗粒掺杂量为4%(质量分数)的砂加气混凝土砌块性能最优,其干密度降低4.2%,抗拉强度提升近40%,抗压强度提升4.7%,且抗渗性能得到显著改善。相关性能能够在60d的养护考察周期内很好地保持,且养护周期越长性能优势越明显,表明橡胶颗粒在砂加气混凝土砌块制造领域具有良好的应用前景。     

水泥基材料的微观结构与离子传输性能

采用水泥基材料孔结构和界面过渡区逐渐优化的方法,设计了普通混凝土(Ordinary Concrete,简称OC)、高性能混凝土(High Performance Concrete,简称HPC)、低渗透混凝土(Low Permeability Concrete,简称LPC)、普通砂浆(Ordinary Mortar,简称OM)、无细观界面过渡区水泥基复合材料(Meso-interfacial transition zone-free cement-based materials,简称MIF)等5种水泥基材料,其抗离子渗透性能排列顺序为:LPC>HPC>OC,OM>OC,MIF>OM,MIF>LPC,其孔隙率、最可几孔径、孔径≥50nm的孔含量的排列顺序均为:LPC相似文献   

Dynamic compressive and splitting tensile properties of concrete containing recycled tyre rubber under high strain rates

In order to raise the efficiency of resource utilization, recycling waste rubber particles into concrete as aggregate has been widely accepted. When the size and content of the rubber particles are appropriate, rubberized concrete can achieve many excellent properties. This study investigated the impact of rubber replacement on dynamic compressive and splitting tensile properties of concrete. The split Hopkinson pressure bar tests of rubberized concrete containing 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% volume replacement for sand were completed. The failure modes, stress curves and dynamic strength values of rubberized concrete under high strain rates were recorded. The results reveal that the dynamic compressive and splitting tensile strength of rubberized concrete decrease with increasing rubber content. Meanwhile, peak strain increases with increasing rubber content. Dynamic increase factors (DIFs) of compressive and splitting tensile strength also were calculated, where rubberized concrete shows a stronger strain rate sensitivity. The analysis of specific energy absorption illustrates that rubberized concrete with 15% rubber replacement has the best impact toughness. In addition, ratios of dynamic compressive–tensile strength of rubberized concrete were calculated, which are between 3.82 and 5.39.     

Anti-vibration characteristics of rubberised reinforced concrete beams

The flexural and vibration properties were examined in order to evaluate the anti-vibration characteristics of rubber modified reinforced concrete beam. The rubberised mixtures were produced by replacing 5, 7.5, and 10 % by mass of the fine aggregate with 1–4 mm scrap truck tyre crumb rubber particles. A series of reinforced concrete beam (1,200 × 135 × 90 mm³) was tested in a free vibration mode and then subsequently in a four point flexural tests. The input and output signals from vibration tests were utilised to calculate various dynamic parameters such as natural frequencies, frequency response function, dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratio. The results showed that compared to control mixture, gradual reductions of natural frequencies in first six modes of all rubberised beams with the highest being in the mixture with 10 % rubber contents. In addition, despite the reduction in overall strength, rubberised mixtures showed flexibility under loading due to the higher energy absorption capacity of rubber particles. Compared to control mixture, the results also showed a uniform global decrease in the dynamic modulus over the span. The reduction was found as high as 26 % in the mixture with 10 % rubber content. The results indicated that the rubberised concrete exhibits better anti-vibration properties and could be a viable alternative to use as vibration attenuation material where resistance to impact or blast is required such as in railway buffers, jersey barriers (a protective concrete barrier used as a highway divider and a means of preventing access to a prohibited area) and bunkers.     

GFRP筋橡胶集料混凝土梁受弯性能

为提高纤维增强聚合物复合材料(FRP)筋混凝土梁抗裂性能,改善其脆性破坏特征,将玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料(GFRP)筋与橡胶集料混凝土共同应用于梁构件中。采用ABAQUS对GFRP筋橡胶集料混凝土梁的受弯性能进行有限元模拟及参数分析,探究了橡胶掺量、GFRP筋配筋率、混凝土强度等级及截面高度对梁受弯性能的影响。结果表明:增加混凝土中橡胶颗粒的掺量可提高梁的开裂荷载,当橡胶掺量为15%时,开裂荷载提高了29%;增加配筋率可提高梁的开裂荷载和承载力,当受拉筋直径由10 mm增加至18 mm时,橡胶掺量为10%的GFRP筋橡胶混凝土梁开裂荷载提高了约15%,承载力提高了约85%,但配筋率增加至一定数值后,其影响不再明显;提高橡胶混凝土强度等级,可提高梁的开裂荷载及承载力,当橡胶混凝土强度等级由C25提高至C40时,开裂荷载提了高约53.7%,承载力提高了约23%;为更好地满足正常使用极限状态,GFRP筋橡胶混凝土梁的截面高度宜适当增加。      

钢纤维-橡胶/混凝土单轴受压全曲线试验及本构模型

将钢纤维(SF)掺入橡胶混凝土中,能够改善由于橡胶颗粒掺入导致的强度降低,并进一步增加延性。为研究SF-橡胶/混凝土的抗压性能,配制得到SF体积分数分别为0vol%、0.5vol%、1.0vol%和1.5vol%及橡胶颗粒等体积替换砂率为0%、10%和20%的10组SF-橡胶/混凝土试件,并进行单轴受压全曲线试验。结果表明:SF的桥联作用及其与橡胶颗粒的协同作用可改善混凝土的抗压性能,试件破坏呈明显延性特征。随SF掺量的增加,SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗压强度及弹性模量均明显增大,其相应峰值应力的应变及全曲线峰值后延性也相应增加;随橡胶颗粒掺量的增加,SF-橡胶/混凝土试件相应峰值应力的应变及全曲线峰值后延性增加,而抗压强度及弹性模量有所减小。在已有研究基础上,通过曲线拟合试验数据,提出适用于SF-橡胶/混凝土的单轴受压应力-应变全曲线数学表达式,模型与试验结果吻合较好,为此类混凝土的结构分析设计提供了理论基础。      

Influence of scrap rubber addition to Portland I concrete composites: Destructive and non-destructive testing

The aim of the present work was the recycling of rubber from automobile tyre treads, as a partial substitute of fine aggregates in concrete. Composites obtained were characterized by destructive and non-destructive testing, in order to find a liable application.

According to results obtained, it was found that when weight proportion increased and particle size of scrap rubber decreased (0.59 and 0.29 mm), flow and density of composite in the fresh state decreased, as well as compressive strength and splitting tensile strength in the dry state. Previous treatment of rubber with NaOH and silane (A-174) did not produce significant changes on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of composites, when compared to the untreated rubber–concrete composite. On the other hand, from the behavior showed by the ultrasonic pulse velocity with time, one can infer that the addition of rubber decreased this variable, being the effect more notorious when rubber content increased. This was due to the greater volume that rubber occupies, as well as water absorption. It can be concluded that the ultrasonic pulse velocity was relatively independent of particle size and coupling agent employed.     

Strength development and chloride penetration in rubberized concretes with and without silica fume

The study presented herein has been carried out in order to investigate the strength development and chloride permeability characteristics of plain and rubberized concretes with and without silica fume. For this purpose, two types of tire rubber, namely crumb rubber and tire chips, were used as fine and coarse aggregate, respectively, in the production of rubberized concrete mixtures which were obtained by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber. Two water-cementitious material (w/cm) ratios (0.60 and 0.40), three moist curing periods (3, 7, and 28 days), four designated rubber contents (0, 5, 15, and 25 by total aggregate volume), two silica fume content (0 and 10% by weight of cement), and five different testing ages (3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days) were considered as experimental parameters. The results indicated that for a given w/cm ratio and moist curing period, the use of rubber significantly aggravated the chloride ion penetration through concrete but the degree of the rate of the increment of the chloride permeability depended on the amount of the rubber used. When the curing period was extended from 3 to 28 days, the reduction in the magnitude of chloride penetration depth was notably higher for the rubberized concretes, even at a rubber content of as high as 25%. It was also observed that silica fume may be considered as a remedy to enhance the chloride penetration resistance of the rubberized concretes.     

钢纤维-橡胶/混凝土抗剪性能试验

抗剪强度和剪切韧性是反映构件在复合受力状态下承载能力及耗能能力的重要指标。为研究钢纤维(SF)-橡胶/混凝土的剪切性能,设计了14组SF-橡胶/混凝土试件,通过双面剪切试验,研究了SF体积分数掺量、橡胶掺量和水胶比对SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗剪性能及剪切破坏形态的影响。研究表明:SF的桥联作用及其与橡胶颗粒的协同作用可显著改善混凝土的抗剪性能。SF对SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗剪性能起主导作用,SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗剪强度、峰值变形及剪切韧性相比普通混凝土及橡胶/混凝土试件均显著提高,且增幅随SF掺量的增加而增大,剪切破坏呈现出明显的延性特征。当SF体积分数为1.5vol%时,橡胶掺量(等体积取代砂取代率)为10%的SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗剪强度、峰值变形相比橡胶/混凝土分别提高了78%、63%。橡胶对SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的抗剪性能也起到辅助作用,SF-橡胶/混凝土试件的剪切韧性及延性相比SF/混凝土试件进一步增加。采用水胶比优化设计后,随着橡胶掺量的增加,SF-橡胶/混凝土的抗剪强度、峰值变形及峰值前剪切韧性可基本保持不变,而峰值后韧性指标进一步增加,增幅可高达96%。根据试验结果,考虑橡胶及SF掺量的影响提出了SF-橡胶/混凝土的抗剪强度计算式。      

橡胶混凝土的抗裂性能和弯曲变形性能

通过净浆、砂浆和混凝土3 个层面的试验研究, 探讨了橡胶混凝土的抗裂性能和弯曲变形特性。根据圆环试件的开裂时间, 对3 种水灰比( 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5) 水泥净浆中掺入不同体积含量橡胶颗粒( 10%, 15%, 20%,30% , 50%) 后的开裂敏感性进行了对比分析。结果表明, 在水泥净浆中掺入橡胶颗粒可以显著延缓试件的开裂时间, 提高抗裂性, 延缓时间随着橡胶颗粒掺量的增加和水灰比的增大而延长。弯曲试验考察了4 个橡胶颗粒体积含量( 8%, 16%, 21. 4%, 32%) 砂浆试件和3 个橡胶颗粒体积含量( 10%, 12. 5%, 15%) 混凝土试件的弯曲变形性能。结果表明, 含橡胶颗粒的砂浆试件和混凝土试件在弯曲过程中会产生明显的塑性变形, 试件不会在承受最大荷载时产生脆性断裂, 而是经过较大的塑性变形后延性破坏。与基准试件相比, 砂浆试件和混凝土试件破坏时的极限变形值均有大幅度提高。      

等强条件下橡胶粉对碾压混凝土强度与变形性能的影响

采用橡胶粉等体积代砂的方法,选择橡胶粉体积含量为5%、10%和12 %,通过试验探讨了等抗压强度(40 MPa)条件下橡胶粉用量对碾压混凝土力学强度、抗裂性能和变形性能的影响及其变化规律。结果表明：橡胶粉的掺入使碾压混凝土的韧性得到改善,压缩破坏表现出明显的韧性破坏特征,碾压橡胶混凝土的立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗弯强度之间具有与普通混凝土相近的对应关系;等抗压强度条件下,碾压橡胶混凝土的抗弯强度、抗拉强度和极限拉伸值较不掺橡胶粉的碾压混凝土有所增大;橡胶粉的添加不会改善碾压混凝土的干缩性能,反而会使干缩变形速率和干缩变形量有所增大。