Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear

This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect‐injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one‐way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi‐element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively. The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance.     

The influence of engine oil on diesel exhaust emissions

Increasingly stringent emission legislation, together with the requirements for improved diesel engine performance, such as fuel economy, friction reduction, and extended drain intervals, have led to attention being focused on engine oil quality. The use of low‐friction engine oils can improve engine fuel efficiency and lead to a significant reduction of gaseous emissions. Therefore, engine oil is of importance when considering engine design parameters. This paper describes a study of the contribution of engine oil to diesel exhaust emissions. The investigations have shown that diesel engine particulate emissions as well as hydrocarbons and NO_X emissions depend on the lubricant oil properties, in particular on the sulphur content, volatility, and metal content.     

Analysis of engine oil and phosphorus volatility

An apparatus has been designed that allows the measurement of phosphorus volatility, which is important in, among other things, controlling the degradation of exhaust catalysers in automobiles. Following on from the original Noack volatility test, the Selby—Noack apparatus can measure up to 99.9% of volatiles. The apparatus has been used in the present work to assess the relationship between engine oil volatility and engine oil phosphorus volatility (from additives), some reflections on which are presented.     

电控汽油喷射发动机燃油压力的测量方法

介绍了对电控发动机进行性能检测与故障诊断的基础项目之一的燃油压力检测的具体方法,并通过分析检测结果对燃油系中的一些元件做出性能判断.     

Evaluation of metallic elements in oil for an engine fault‐diagnosis system

One of the main problems in using oil analysis for predictive maintenance is the processing of the results. The oil analysis technique allows one to obtain relevant information about the state of the lubricant, the engine, and other auxiliary elements. However, it is necessary to process this information and to define the references with which the numerical results must be compared. The evaluation of metallic elements, wear particles, or contamination particles is more difficult, because factors such as engine metallurgy, engine use, and age must be considered. Therefore, the effect of various factors on the value measured, such as refills, different periods of sample taking, or types of oils, must be eliminated. A system to evaluate metallic elements in oil for an engine fault‐diagnosis system is presented in this paper.     

Effects of refined palm oil (RPO) fuel on wear of diesel engine components

In this particular research work, the effects of refined palm oil (RPO), as alternative fuel, on wear of diesel engine components are assessed. Fleet testing is carried for the qualifying candidates diesel fuel replacement, i.e. 100% RPO fuel or 50% RPO and 50% conventional diesel fuel mixture. The base line of the fleet testing is using pure conventional petroleum diesel fuel as an energy source in one of the tested vehicles in the fleet. Analysis of used engine lubrication oil, taken when the oil was changed on the vehicles, was compared to the analysis of used oil samples pulled from 100% diesel fuel engines. The finding suggested that the pure RPO and RPO blended fueled engines were wearing at a normal rate.     

Analysis of oil consumption in cylinder of diesel engine for optimization of piston rings

The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil.Most studies on oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder have been done by using the experimental method,however they are very costly.Therefore,it is very necessary to study oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder and obtain the accurate results by the calculation method.Firstly,four main modes of lubricating oil consumption in cylinder are analyzed and then the oil consumption rate under common working conditions are calculated for the four modes based on an engine.Then,the factors that affect the lubricating oil consumption such as working conditions,the second ring closed gap,the elastic force of the piston rings are also investigated for the four modes.The calculation results show that most of the lubricating oil is consumed by evaporation on the liner surface.Besides,there are three other findings:(1) The oil evaporation from the liner is determined by the working condition of an engine;(2) The increase of the ring closed gap reduces the oil blow through the top ring end gap but increases blow-by;(3) With the increase of the elastic force of the ring,both the left oil film thickness and the oil throw-off at the top ring decrease.The oil scraping of the piston top edge is consequently reduced while the friction loss between the rings and the liner increases.A neural network prediction model of the lubricating oil consumption in cylinder is established based on the BP neural network theory,and then the model is trained and validated.The main piston rings parameters which affect the oil consumption are optimized by using the BP neural network prediction model and the prediction accuracy of this BP neural network is within 8%,which is acceptable for normal engineering applications.The oil consumption is also measured experimentally.The relative errors of the calculated and experimental values are less than 10%,verifying the validity of the simulation results.Applying the established simulation model and the validated BP network model is able to generate numerical results with sufficient accuracy,which significantly reduces experimental work and provides guidance for the optimal design of the piston rings diesel engines.     

Statistical study of organomolybdenum compounds in an engine oil formulation and the results of engine testing

Organomolybdenum compounds are versatile lubricant additives of interest in the design of engine oils to meet the new ILSAC (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee) GF‐3 performance standard, especially for fuel efficiency. In this work, organomolybdenum and 13 other components were studied by experimental design and statistical analysis to determine their effects on friction, wear, and oxidation properties. The resulting linear model was used to construct a trial engine oil formulation. Engine test results, including some new tests required for ILSAC GF‐3, confirmed some of the strengths of organomolybdenum compounds, as well as their sensitivity to other additives in the formulation.     

Mathematical model for the thickening power of viscosity index improvers: Application to engine oil formulations

It is essential for a lubricating oil blender to be able to quantify the contribution that each component entering in a formulation makes to the viscosity of the finished product. In this context several studies have been devoted to the modelling of the thickening power of different types of polymers at both high (100 °C and 40°C) and low (−15°C) temperature in base oils of various origins and viscosities. To complement these earlier investigations, it is necessary to quantify the effect of the additive package on the viscosity of the formulation. For this purpose, the effect of several DI packages of different performance levels has been investigated in order to derive appropriate mathematical models representing the contribution of these packages to oil viscosity.     

Measurement of oil film thickness in big-end bearings and its relevance to engine oil viscosity classifications

Minimum oil film thickness MOFT measurements have been carried out in big-end bearings of V6 and in-line four-cylinder gasoline engines during engine operation. MOFT decreases with increasing crankshaft speed above 2000 r/min. The most severe practical steady-state operation is high-speed cruising. Maximum shear rates are in the region of 10⁷s⁻¹ at 4000 r/min. the dynamic viscosities at a shear rate of 10⁶s⁻¹ correlate significantly better with monograde MOFT data than with multigrade data; the correlation parameters for mono- and multigrade data are also significantly different. Although the dynamic viscosity measurement correlates with multigrade data better than the low-shear rate kinematic viscosity, the differences are not always significant at the 95% confidence level. Some other rheological parameter or combination of parameters may be better than either kinematic or dynamic viscosities.     

新型发动机滑油系统故障预防与分析

主要介绍新型飞机的滑油系统，并结合该型飞机实际工作情况，对滑油系统所产生的故障进行综合分析，提出了一些具体的解决措施。     

柴油机连杆动力学分析的新方法

认为连杆是刚体,作平面运动,手出运动方程;基于刚体平面运动理论,提出一种新的柴油机连杆动力学数值计算方法——转动惯量法;该方法进行连杆动力学分析速度快,计算精度也得到提高;通过证明可以发现“连杆多质量代替法”仅是该方法的一种简化形式。     

Changes in the mechanical properties of oil used in a gasoline engine

This study is concerned with the changes in and deterioration of the mechanical properties of oil used in a gasoline engine. The properties analysed were friction and antiwear performance, wear debris, load-carrying ability and the formation of surface films. It was found that the oil run in an engine deteriorated so as to increase the wear and friction and decrease the load-carrying ability as the running distance of oil was increased. The main cause of deterioration was related to the ability to form a protective film in the contact zone. When the film was produced by additives (sulphur), this could properly protect the surface in the contact zone undepleted from wear and friction. But as the oil deteriorated, it could not form such a film and so its protective ability on sliding surfaces diminished.     

A new method for assessing the lubricating ability of two-stroke engine oil

Evaluating the lubricating ability of two-stroke engine oils in laboratory test machines is difficult because of the lack of correlation with the engine test results. A high speed disc machine has proved its value as an effective screening method for this purpose: this paper describes the technique and its correlation with engine performance     

Influence of oil-soluble copper salts on catalytic oxidation of lubricating oil in laboratory conditions and in a single-cylinder engine

During oxidation of an engine oil under laboratory conditions, and testing in a single-cylinder gasoline engine, it has been found that oil ageing depends on the copper content, in particular the oil-soluble copper salt content. The latter considerably intensifies engine oil oxidation, loss in bearing weight, and piston deposit formation. Several regularities in the oil ageing process were found. It was noted that interaction of copper naphthenate with zinc dithiophosphate essentially influences this process.     

Development of a high performance railroad diesel engine oil for improved oil consumption control

High output railroad diesel engines today require high-performance crankcase lubricants, not only for extending drain intervals, but also for economising by lowering oil consumption. Although the importance of engine design in controlling oil consumption has been recognised for quite some time by the oil and railroad industries, another approach has been to reduce oil consumption by effective design of crankcase lubricants. This paper reports the development of a high-performance railroad diesel engine oil with superior detergency, dispersancy, oxidation and thermal stability characteristics vis-à-vis oils formulated with the latest generation packages. The same oil has also given reduced oil consumption in the Petter AV-1 performance engine test. Multigrading this formulation has resulted in further reduction in oil consumption.     

Sulphur emissions from engine oil: Information from the sulphur emission index

Data published by the Institute of Materials including information on the volatility, sulphur content, and sulphur volatility of 913 engine oils were compiled. These engine oils were collected in three geographic regions: North America, Europe, and Asia. The volatility data were generated using a Selby—Noack instrument in which all volatilised material is collected for the further analysis of phosphorus and sulphur content. It was found that under the normal Noack test exposure conditions of 250°C for one hour, the sulphur emission index (a measure of sulphur volatility in mg/l) varied markedly among the engine oils. In a correlation study, a minor correlation of up to %R²= 15 was found between sulphur volatility and oil volatility while a greater correlation of up to %R² = 39 was found between sulphur volatility and sulphur content of the formulated engine oils. A new concept and application of the sulphur volatility ratio may be useful in explaining the observations concerning sulphur volatility dependence.     

基于PLC的柴油机重油动态乳化过程控制系统

根据船舶柴油机重油动态乳化过程的特点,设计了将PLC控制的方法应用于重油动态乳化过程的控制系统,介绍了系统的工作流程、功能特点以及系统硬件和软件设计,并给出了部分实验核心程序。实验结果表明,该系统对掺水率的控制精度可达1%以上,燃油消耗率平均降低7.8%。     

Laboratory evaluation of the dispersancy power of a gasoline engine oil and its relationship with sequence VE test results

The evaluation of the dispersancy power of a gasoline engine oil is included among such international specifications as those of the Committee of Common Market Automobile Constructors (CCMC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). Such an evaluation is carried out by means of long, severe, and expensive engine bench tests, the engines used being Mercedes M102E (CCMC G4 and G5 levels) or the Ford Pinto 2.3 (API SG and SH levels). The cost of these tests necessitates pre-selection of oils by laboratory tests and these need to be a reliable indicator of bench test performance. The present study proposes two new laboratory methods, the OXYDISP and the POTDISP tests, which associate artificial ageing of the lubricants with modified blotter spots tests. These tests showed excellent correlation with Sequence VE engine test results. They were also capable of distinguishing oils of different API standards. They therefore provide an effective tool for preselection of lubricants, without pretending to be a replacement of or substitute for Sequence VE or other engine bench tests.     

Hot oil oxidation test (HOOT) — a laboratory simulation of ASTM Sequence IIID/IIIE engine tests

Reliable laboratory screening tests are an important stage in the development of automotive oils, because these oils are required to pass expensive engine tests to establish their performance credentials. The oxidation stability of crankcase lubricants is a vital parameter which defines the longevity of these oils in service. ASTM Sequence IIID and IIIE tests are used in the industry to evaluate this parameter. The present paper describes the development of a simple, bubbling oxygen, glassware, catalyst inhibited, type oxidation test. The test conditions have been optimised to get better discretion in the results, and the test results, when statistically correlated with the corresponding ASTM Sequence IIID and IIIE data, indicate that a 50–375% viscosity rise in HOOT will ensure a comfortable IIID pass with 98% confidence. However, in the case of IIIE, a viscosity rise of HOOT below 50% may indicate a IIID+ or IIIE performance with only 50% confidence. Improvement of the correlation between HOOT and IIIE can only be achieved by increasing the severity of the test conditions.