Inhibition of Serum Cholesterol Oxidation by Dietary Vitamin C and Selenium Intake in High Fat Fed Rats

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have been considered as specific in vivo markers of oxidative stress. In this study, an increased oxidative status was induced in Wistar rats by feeding them a high-fat diet (cafeteria diet). Another group of animals received the same diet supplemented with a combination of two different antioxidants, ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg rat/day) and sodium selenite (200 μg/kg rat/day) and a third group fed on a control diet. Total and individual COPs analysis of the different diets showed no differences among them. At the end of the experimental trial, rats were sacrificed and serum cholesterol, triglycerides and COPs were measured. None of the diets induced changes in rats body weight, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Serum total COPs in rats fed on the high-fat diet were 1.01 μg/ml, two times the amount of the control rats (0.47 μg/ml). When dietary antioxidant supplementation was given, serum total COPs concentration (0.44 μg/ml) showed the same levels than those of the rats on control diet. 7β-hydroxycholesterol, formed non-enzymatically via cholesterol peroxidation in the presence of reactive oxygen species, showed slightly lower values in the antioxidant-supplemented animals compared to the control ones. This study confirms the importance of dietary antioxidants as protective factors against the formation of oxysterols.     

New Function of Cholesterol Oxidation Products Involved in Osteoporosis Pathogenesis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength, microarchitectural changes in bone tissues, and increased risk of fracture. Its occurrence is closely related to various factors such as aging, genetic factors, living habits, and nutritional deficiencies as well as the disturbance of bone homeostasis. The dysregulation of bone metabolism is regarded as one of the key influencing factors causing OP. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are important compounds in the maintenance of bone metabolic homeostasis by participating in several important biological processes such as the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone formation in osteoblasts, and bone resorption in osteoclasts. The effects of specific COPs on mesenchymal stem cells are mainly manifested by promoting osteoblast genesis and inhibiting adipocyte genesis. This review aims to elucidate the biological roles of COPs in OP development, starting from the molecular mechanisms of OP, pointing out opportunities and challenges in current research, and providing new ideas and perspectives for further studies of OP pathogenesis.     

Cholesterol oxidation in lard as affected by CLA during heating – A kinetic approach

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of two CLAs , 9‐cis, 11‐trans CLA and 10‐trans, 12‐cis on cholesterol degradation and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) formation in lard during heating for varied length of time. No CLAs and approximately 1770.1 µg/mL of cholesterol were detected in lard. Additionally, there was no significant change in the level of cholesterol and COPs in lard during heating at 100°C over a period of 240 min. But, at 150 or 200°C, the degradation of cholesterol was prominent with substantial amount of COPs being formed. Formation profiles of 7‐OOH, 7‐OH, and 7‐keto at 150°C as well as 5,6‐epoxides at both 150 and 200°C were fitted by a first‐order equation, while a pseudo‐second‐order model described the kinetic pathway of 7‐OH and 7‐keto formation at 200°C. The formation of 7‐OOH at 200°C were fitted as multiple first‐order formation and first‐order degradation curves as its level reached a peak at 60 min and declined to zero. Incorporation of 100 µg/mL CLA showed antioxidant activity, whereas a prooxidant activity was observed for CLA at 500 µg/mL. The outcome of this study demonstrated the potential of CLA to be an antioxidant in oil system.     

Antioxidant Activity of Amaranth Protein Hydrolysate Against Thermal Oxidation of Vegetable Oils

The antioxidant capacity of amaranth protein hydrolysate (AH) during the thermally induced oxidation of two different vegetable oils, sunflower oil (SO) and canola oil (CO), was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry by means of isothermal and non‐isothermal assays. Interactions between AH and tocopherols were also analyzed. In both oils, AH (10 % w/w) produced an increase in the induction period in isothermal assays, presenting a synergistic effect with tocopherols. In the case of non‐isothermal assays, thermograms of oils with AH showed a significant diminution in the second exothermic peak, suggesting an inhibition of the decomposition of primary to secondary oxidation products. In addition, AH produced an increase in the oxidation rate constant (k) value at low temperatures being more evident in the case of canola oil. However, this effect decreased as a function of the temperature increase, which suggests that AH would have a pro‐oxidant effect at low temperatures but a heat stabilizing effect at high temperatures (above 210 °C for SO and 190 °C for CO).     

常用抗氧剂对PMMA树脂热氧化稳定性的影响

考察了常用的抗氧剂对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）热氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,抗氧剂的加入可以很好地提高PMMA热氧化稳定性。单独使用一种抗氧剂时,随着抗氧剂添加量（最大添加量为3 ‰）的增大,PMMA的起始分解温度和最大分解速率温度成线性增大趋势。主抗氧剂BHT和辅助抗氧剂DLTDP复配效果相对较好,最佳配比为1/2。主抗氧剂主要影响起始分解温度,而辅助抗氧剂主要影响最大分解速率温度,添加量与温度基本成线性关系。     

Cholesterol oxidation in heated lard enriched with two levels of cholesterol

Cholesterol oxidation in lard containing two levels of added cholesterol was monitored using capillary gaschromatography. Loss of cholesterol and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were measured. Lard samples with 10 times (Test I) and 2 times (Test II) the amount of cholesterol originally found in each batch of lard were heated at 180°C for 10 hr a day for 240 and 160 hr, respectively. Cholesterol steadily decreased throughout the heating period in both tests. Cholesterol loss followed a first-order reaction rate, with a rate constant (k) of −1.18×10⁻³ h⁻¹ for Test I and −9.45×10⁻³ h⁻¹ for Test II. The COPs accumulated during both heating tests. But the amount of COPs formed did not total the amount of cholesterol lost. During heating, thermal degradation of cholesterol likely occurred, and those products were not detected. During cooling, hydroperoxides formed, which further oxidized into the COPs that were detected. The 7-ketocholesterol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol were the predominant COPs formed. The isomeric 7α-and 7β-hydroxycholesterols also accumulated in the heating tests. The 3β,5α,6β-cholestantriol was found in very small amounts and the 25-hydroxycholesterol was not detected. Presented in part at the 80th AOCS Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, in May, 1989.     

Thermal Oxidation Kinetics of Refined Hazelnut Oil

In this study, oxidation kinetics of refined hazelnut oil heated at the temperature range from 80 to 180 °C was evaluated. The changes in peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, polymer triglyceride content, α‐tocopherol content, and color values during oxidation were best fitted to zero‐order kinetic model. The rate constants for the p‐anisidine value, polymer triglyceride content, and degradation of α‐tocopherol of hazelnut oil increased at the temperatures between 80 and 160 °C, while the rate constant for peroxide value decreased at the temperatures between 80 and 140 °C. The activation energies for the formation of peroxides (at 80–140 °C), secondary oxidation products such as alkenals, the polymer triglycerides, and degradation of α‐tocopherol were found as 47.49, 29.95, 52.65, and 14.22 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The induction period of hazelnut oil was observed to reduce with increasing oxidation times. The increase in the b* value with the oxidation time and temperature was attributed to the fact that the heating process intensified the yellow color of the oil.     

苯直接氧化制苯酚反应产物分布测定方法的研究

研究以气相色谱测定苯直接氧化制苯酚反应后产物分布的方法,考察并优化了色谱分析条件。结果表明最佳色谱分析条件为：汽化室温度290℃、检测器温度320℃、升温速率5．0℃／min、载气流速2．0mL／min、分流比120：1、进样量为1μL。采用外标法定量,标准样品的回收率在95％～105％,重复性最大相对标准偏差为1．62％。     

The Effect of Antioxidants on Corn and Sunflower Biodiesel Properties under Extreme Oxidation Conditions

Biodiesel is an alternative to mineral fuels, with advantages such as biodegradability. However, this makes biodiesel unstable to oxidation. In this way, the use of natural or synthetic antioxidants is necessary. Although many studies have paid attention to the effect of these antioxidants on oxidation stability, not much literature about their effect of them on other properties (before and during storage) was found. The aim of this research study was to characterize biodiesel from corn and sunflower by adding two antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), in order to improve its oxidation stability. Moreover, the effect of oxidation on the parameters of biodiesel was studied by using extreme oxidation conditions to accelerate the oxidation process. Both antioxidants improved the oxidation stability of biodiesel, whereas some parameters were altered (viscosity and acid number), which could make this biofuel, if high concentrations of antioxidants are used, unsuitable for commercialization according to standards.     

Absorption of Dietary Cholesterol Oxidation Products and Their Downstream Metabolic Effects Are Reduced by Dietary Apple Polyphenols

Exogenous and endogenous cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) perturb various metabolic processes, and thereby they may induce various homeostasis-related disorders. Here, we observed that procyanidin-rich dietary apple polyphenol (APP) from unripe apples alleviates the perturbation of lipid metabolism by decreasing the exogenous COP levels in rats. Dietary COPs may be the greatest source of COPs found in the human body. Rats (4 weeks of age) were fed AIN-purified diets containing 0.3% COPs supplemented with 0.5 or 2.5% APP for 3 weeks. Dietary APP alleviated the growth inhibition action of the exogenous COPs. The modulations of the liver lipid profile by COPs remained unchanged. However, serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels increased following the intake of dietary APP. Further, dietary APP inhibited the increase in lipid peroxide levels in the liver and serum by COPs. The activity of hepatic Δ6 desaturase was lowered by dietary APP in a dose-dependent manner, although exogenous COPs generally increased the activity of this enzyme. In keeping with this observation, Δ6 desaturation indices in the phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of the liver and serum lipids were lower in the APP-fed groups than those in the control group. Dietary APP also promoted the excretion of exogenous COPs, cholesterol, and acidic steroids in feces. Therefore, the inhibition of intestinal absorption of COPs may partly contribute to the alleviation of the perturbation of lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation levels. Thus, APP may be an important removal agent of exogenous toxic material such as COPs contained in processed or fast foods.     

Nb2O5纳米线的热氧化生长与光催化性能研究

采用热氧化技术在金属铌箔片上生长了Nb2O5纳米线,利用X射线衍射光谱、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对产物的物相、形貌和微结构进行表征,并研究了纳米线的光吸收与光催化染料降解特性。结果表明,热氧化所得Nb2O5纳米线为四方相结构,直径约为20-60 nm。当氧气流量为25毫升每分钟（sccm）时,纳米线生长致密、长径比高,构成网络结构。随着氧气流量的增加,纳米线的数量和致密程度逐渐下降。紫外可见吸收光谱表明,Nb2O5纳米线为直接带隙半导体,带隙宽度为3.42 eV。此外,Nb2O5纳米线在波长为365 nm的紫外光照射下对亚甲基蓝、甲基橙和罗丹明B等染料均具有光催化降解性能,效率因子分别为-0.025、-0.021和-0.008 min-1。     

Oxidation Protection of MgO-C Monolithic Refractories with Tar-Resin Binder and Metal Antioxidants

The development of efficient bonding agents is one aspect of the advancement of refractories. Based on a newly developed binder system, a new generation of tarresin bonded magnesia carbon products with high performance has been developed. Furthermore, the binder system characterized by high carbon yield after carbonization results in forming an extremely strong carbon bonding. It can improve refractories properties to get new product with more advantages than old refractories： more economic, lower cost and low toxicity. Tar-resin is not only used in shaped refractories, but also in more refractories types, such as monolithic refractories. Immersion experiments of MgO- C monolithic refractories samples in liquid steel at 1600℃ have been carried out for steel making industry. These experiments showed the formation of a dense and continuous MgO rich layer, on the interface between refractory and steel, and the possible formation of inclusions as large clusters protruding from the refractory surface. For the mechanical properties, the powder was heated up to 1400℃ in air to remove carbon, and was subsequently formed into brick shape. Standard ASTM was used to determine the MOR, porosity and density. It is found that antioxidantmaterials play an important role in improving the mechanical properties.     

用热分析方法研究药物降解过程及动力学

用热重法（TG），微分热重法（DTG）。和差热分析法（DTA）研究药物甲磺酸多沙唑嗪（C24H29N5O8S）在空气流中的热氧降解过程和热氧降解动力学，发现该药物的热氧降解过程由四个紧连步骤组成。用Coats-Redrern方程进行动力学处理，确定该药物热氧降解的表观反应级数分别为1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2和反应活性能为353.7KJ/mol 239.5KJ/mol 229.9KJ/mol 167.2KJ/mol。     

Cholesterol oxidation in some processed fish products

Numerous foods of animal origin are reported to contain considerable levels of cholesterol oxidation products (COP); however, very few reports are available on fish products. Levels of COP were assessed in samples of fish roe, fish oil, and fish meal. Among the fish roe samples, the smoked cod roe had the highest amount of COP, 93 μg/g lipids. Refined and bleached menhaden oil had 8 μg/g, and two experimental alkali-refined, bleached, and deodorized herring fish oil samples contained similar amounts of COP. The range of total COP in the three fish meal samples ranged from 50 to 78 μg/g fish meal. Generally, processed fish roe contained high amounts of COP compared with refined fish oils, which had very low amounts of COP. Fish meal samples had very high amounts of COP.     

铝试剂热氧降解动力学研究

本文在用热分析方法研究了铝试剂的热氧降解历程后＾［１］,用Ｃｏａｔｓ－Ｒｅｄｆｒｎ方程进行动力学处理,确定铝试剂热氧降解的表面反应级数为１．８、１．６、１．５、０．８２和活化能力６０．２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ、１１３．３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ、６５．２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ、２７４．２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

木塑复合材料的热氧化规律研究

以聚丙烯(PP)和木粉为主要原料制备了木塑复合材料(WPC),用差示扫描量热法（DSC）和热重分析（TG）研究了WPC及其主要原料PP、木粉的热氧化曲线特征,并研究了木粉、抗氧剂对WPC氧化诱导时间的影响。结果表明,在含有抗氧剂1010的条件下,PP和WPC都不会被显著氧化,而当抗氧剂1010消耗完毕后（氧化诱导时间之后）,PP和WPC都会发生明显热氧化而使DSC曲线上出现放热峰,同时使TG曲线上出现快速热失重;抗氧剂对提高木粉的热稳定性没有显著效果;在WPC中加入抗氧剂硫代二丙酸二月桂酯（DLTP）对提高WPC的热稳定性具有显著效果。     

热重-红外联用方法在药物热降解和热氧降解研究上的应用

通过用热重 -红外联用方法 (TG -IR)研究药物氯甲双磷酸钠 (NaHPO3 ) 2 CCl2 4H2 O在空气流中的热氧降解过程 ,取得很好的结果 ,证明热重 -红外联用是研究药物热氧降解历程的好方法。     

An Engineered Cholesterol Oxidase Catalyses Enantioselective Oxidation of Non-steroidal Secondary Alcohols

The enantioselective oxidation of 2° alcohols to ketones is an important reaction in synthetic chemistry, especially if it can be achieved using O₂-driven alcohol oxidases under mild reaction conditions. However to date, oxidation of secondary alcohols using alcohol oxidases has focused on activated benzylic or allylic substrates, with unactivated secondary alcohols showing poor activity. Here we show that cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) could be engineered for activity towards a range of aliphatic, cyclic, acyclic, allylic and benzylic secondary alcohols. Additionally, since the variants demonstrated high (S)-selectivity, deracemisation reactions were performed in the presence of ammonia borane to obtain enantiopure (R)-alcohols.