Precision grinding of optical glass with laser micro-structured coarse-grained diamond wheels

This paper presents a series of micro-structured coarse-grained diamond wheels for optical glass surface grinding aiming to improve the grinding performance, especially subsurface damage. The 150 μm grit size, single layer electroplated diamond grinding wheels with different interval micro-groove arrays were manufactured by nanosecond pulsed laser, successfully. The influence of micro-structures on surface roughness and subsurface damage was investigated. Compared with conventional coarse-grained diamond wheel, the subsurface damage depth was reduced effectually from 5 to 1.5 μm, although the better surface roughness was not obtained by the micro-structured coarse-grained diamond wheel. In addition, the surface roughness and subsurface damage depth were both reduced with the decreasing interval of micro-groove arrays.     

A study of grinding silicon nitride and cemented carbide materials with diamond grinding wheels

This paper presents selected results of the grinding of silicon nitride and cemented carbide materials with diamond grinding wheels, which will in later research be extended to the grinding of ceramic-cemented carbide compound drill tools. In these fundamental experiments four different types of diamond grinding wheels were used in face grinding processes. The diamond grinding wheels vary by the grain size, the grain concentration and the bonding material. The relevant influencing variables such as the cutting and feed speed and the coolant supply method were varied to investigate the effect on grinding of the two different workpiece materials, the brittle silicon nitride workpiece material and the ductile cemented carbide workpiece material. Some factors, which have significant effects, like the radial wear of the grinding wheel, the components of the grinding forces, the normal and the tangential grinding force, and the surface quality of the ground workpieces are discussed in detail.     

陶瓷零件精密成形磨削新工艺研究

本研究开发采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密成形磨削陶瓷材料新工艺,实现采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密(微米级)成形磨削复杂形状陶瓷零件.文章介绍了磨削工艺中采用的提高成形磨削砂轮工作形面精度保持性、金刚石磨料砂轮的高效精密成形修整、砂轮修锐等关键技术.采用的砂轮是1A1 305×20×127×10 MBD 150 B 100,其特别之处是采用了新型树脂结合剂,具有良好的高温强度性能,磨削速度为40 m/s,新的砂轮修正方法将金刚石砂轮修整过程分为修形、修磨和修锐几个阶段.采用切入式成形磨削,磨削余量约1 mm,磨削得到的陶瓷零件形面圆弧精度可达到:0.005 mm,齿距误差:0.0025 mm;此外还进行了磨削陶瓷轴承环试验,磨削后获得的陶瓷零件圆弧精度达0.005 mm,沟道形位精度:0.003 mm,尺寸分散度在微米级.采用本方法可以成形磨削几乎任意形面的陶瓷或其他适合金刚石磨料砂轮加工的材料零件.     

CBN砂轮在航空发动机零件高效精密加工中的应用

分析了航空发动机零件磨削加工的特点及现状,综述了砂轮在航空领域高效精密磨削中的研究进展,介绍了CBN砂轮制备技术的突破,指出了CBN砂轮在航空发动机零件的高效精密加工中具有广阔的应用前景,并提出了推广应用中存在的问题。     

Assessment of vitrified CBN wheels for precision grinding

Methods of measuring topographical features of grinding wheels are reviewed. Each technique has advantages and limitations for resolution, measuring depth, ease of application, data analysis and interpretation. Results obtained vary according to the method and instrument employed. Advantages and difficulties experienced with different techniques are discussed. Different replication techniques and materials are compared and suggestions made. A set of parameters that describe the wheel and grain characteristics is defined. Experimental studies with grinding wheels having different structures are carried out in terms of observations and measurements of changes in wheel topography. Experimental results are analysed and discussed in relation to theoretical understanding of abrasive wear and loading.     

旋转金刚石修整工具修整超硬磨料砂轮的研究

本文对比研究了金刚石修整笔和旋转金刚石修整工具,在修整超硬磨料砂轮时修整力、工具磨损、修整效率等参数的变化规律,结果表明:超硬磨料砂轮的修整中,旋转金刚石修整工具修整力、修磨效率和磨损等几乎不随修整次数增加发生变化,其原因是修整工作是由整个圆周上金刚石分担,旋转型金刚石修整工具在修整过程中,具有挤压砂轮的作用,使被修整的金刚石砂轮表面具有较好锋利度.结果表明:在优化的修整工艺条件下,旋转金刚石工具可以实现对超硬磨料砂轮的精密修整.     

Form crush dressing of diamond grinding wheels

Form crush dressing is a method to profile diamond grinding wheels. Especially for complex profiles with intricate details and high accuracy an improved form crush profiling system has been developed. The system consists of a hydrostatically supported form crushing disc embedded in a swiveling axis. Form disc wear, which forms a major bottleneck in reaching high accuracy, has been minimized through the development of an advanced wheel synchronization control strategy. Various vitrified grinding wheels and a crushable metal bonded wheel have been tested to show the general applicability of the method to grinding wheels with brittle bond systems.     

Engineered wheels for grinding of optical glass

This paper focuses on the evaluation of topographical parameters characterizing the influence on the behaviour and finally the process results by applying engineered diamond wheels in machining hard and brittle materials. Here, coarse-grained, single-layered diamond grinding wheels with electroplated abrasive layers and active-brazed, defined grain pattern have been dressed by a special conditioning process and used in precision grinding experiments on optical glass. The characterization of the abrasive layer topography was done by two topographical parameters, the specific total grain plateau area A′_G,total and the average grain cutting edge width b_G,a, determined by 3D-profilometry of replicated abrasive layers after each dressing step.     

Electrochemical oxidation analysis for dressing bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheels

Electrochemical dressing of fine-grained metal-bonded diamond grinding wheels enables to grind hard and brittle materials in the ductile mode. Optical surfaces can be manufactured by grinding, which reduces the need for subsequent, time-consuming polishing work. When using metal-bonded grinding wheels, the emerging oxides regulate the electrochemical dissolution. Bronze-bonded grinding wheels are more suitable for grinding cemented carbides and ceramics than iron-bonded grinding wheels, as it is easier to modify their chemical composition to suit a specific grinding task. They can also be sintered at lower temperatures, which reduces the risk of thermal damage to the diamond. In this paper, the dissolution and the oxidation of different bronze alloys are characterized for the electrochemical dressing process. The relevant evaluation criteria are the oxide layer thickness, the electrical behavior and the different emerging bronze alloy oxides. This work is funded by the German Research Association DFG within the Transregional Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR4 “Process Chains for the Replication of Complex Optical Elements”.     

金属结合剂金刚石多孔砂轮磨削温度的实验研究

制备了不同孔隙率的金属结合剂细粒度和微粉金刚石多孔砂轮并进行了不同材质石材的磨削性能实验.采用热电偶测温法,研究了不同孔隙率、不同磨粒粒度的金属结合剂金刚石多孔砂轮对两种不同工件材料的磨削温度特性.实验结果表明,不同孔隙率、不同磨粒粒度的金属结合剂金刚石砂轮的磨削温度均随着转速及切深的增加而增加;细粒度的金属结合剂金刚石砂轮随着孔隙率的增大,磨削温度降低;而微粉金属结合剂金刚石砂轮则表现出和细粒度金属结合剂金刚石砂轮不同的特性,即孔隙率达到一定值时,随着孑L隙率继续增大,磨削温度反而升高;同一孔隙率金属结合剂金刚石砂轮,细粒度金刚石砂轮的磨削温度要低于微粉金刚石砂轮的磨削温度.     

陶瓷磨削中新型多孔金属结合剂金刚石砂轮磨损特征研究

在磨削Al2O3工程陶瓷材料过程中,利用三维视频显微镜跟踪观察了新型多孔金属结合剂金刚石砂轮,金刚石的磨损过程以及砂轮表面形貌的变化。分析了新型砂轮中金刚石磨损的主要形式及原因,砂轮工作表面的状态变化特征。试验结果表明：新型多孔金属结合剂金刚石砂轮在加工过程中,金刚石的磨损形式包括磨耗磨损,破碎及脱落等磨损过程,其中以磨耗磨损为主;同时,随着结合剂的不断磨除,砂轮深层磨料能够不断出露,取代表面钝化失效、脱落的金刚石,且砂轮表面孔隙结构,随磨损过程呈交替更迭变化,砂轮具有较好的自锐性。     

改性酚醛树脂金刚石砂轮磨削性能的研究

本文通过对比磨削试验,研究了普通酚醛树脂和两种改性酚醛树脂制作的金刚石砂轮的磨削性能.试验结果表明,通过改性提高树脂的力学性能可以增强结合剂对磨料的把持力,从而提高砂轮的磨削比;通过改性提高树脂的耐热性,防止磨削区域过热引起的树脂降解,从而保证了结合剂对磨料的把持力不降低,对砂轮的磨削比提高效果更为显著.同时通过对树脂...     

Wire electrical discharge machining of metal bond diamond wheels for ceramic grinding

The application of cylindrical wire Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) for profile truing of metal bond diamond wheels is presented. Instead of using the mechanical force to break the diamond and matrix in the grinding wheel, the wire EDM process uses the thermal energy or electrical sparks between the wire and rotating grinding wheel to remove the metal bond and form the wheel. The design and manufacture of a corrosion-resistant, precise spindle with the high-electrical current capability for wire EDM truing of grinding wheel is first introduced. Three truing configurations were designed to study effects of wire EDM process parameters and to investigate the level of form accuracy and corner radii achievable by the wire EDM truing of diamond wheels. Results show that the wire EDM process can efficiently generate the μm-scale precision form on the diamond wheels. The wheel, after truing, was used to grind the silicon nitride workpiece. Grinding forces and wheel wear rate were measured. In the beginning of the grinding, high wheel wear rate was identified. The subsequent wheel wear rate was considerably lower and stabilized.     

On-machine dry electric discharge truing of diamond wheels for micro-structured surfaces grinding

Precision grinding with diamond wheels gives a promising alternative to achieve high quality micro-structured surfaces on optical molds. However, it is difficult to true these diamond wheels efficiently, because of the remarkable resistance property and the geometrical limitation of small wheel profile. In this paper, an on-machine dry-EDT method to precision shape and prepare diamond wheels with various profiles was proposed for micro-structured surface grinding. Firstly, the fundamental truing errors were analyzed based on the dry-EDT kinematics. And then the capabilities of dry-EDT truing for high abrasive concentration metal bonded diamond wheels were presented. Next, the effects of kinematic parameters variables on trued wheel profile accuracy were investigated. Finally, the micro-structured surfaces on SiC ceramic and tungsten carbide WC were ground by these trued diamond wheels. The experiments results showed that the arc-shaped diamond wheel (diameter of 200 mm) with 4 μm profile error (PV) and 1.0023 mm profile radius, and the V-shaped diamond wheel with 22.5 μm V-tip radius and 120.03° profile angle could be obtained by on-machine dry EDT. The kinematic parameters of dry-EDT have an important influence on truing profile accuracy of diamond wheels, especially for the tip of V-shaped wheel. The subsequent grinding show that the edge radius of V groove array on SiC is less than 2 μm, while the radius of included corner is around 55 μm. The PV error of ground arc groove array on WC is less than 5 μm. The surface roughness of ground micro-structured surface R_a is 142 nm and 97 nm for SiC and WC, respectively.     

Surface grinding of space materials using specially formulated vitrified grinding wheels

The quantum leap that is expected in the reliability and safety of machined engineering components over the next 20 years, especially in the space industries, will require improvements in the quality of cutting tools if science-based manufacturing is the goal for manufacturing by 2020. Significant improvements have been made in the past 10 years by understanding the properties of vitrified bonding systems used to bond conventional and superabrasive materials in grinding tools. The nature of the bonding system is of paramount importance if next-generation cutting tools are to be used for aerospace materials, especially if they are dressed using laser beams. This paper was presented at the fourth International Surface Engineering Congress and Exposition held August 1–3, 2005 in St. Paul, MN.     

铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID磨削硬质合金的性能研究

硬质合金具有硬度高、强度好、耐腐蚀和耐磨损的特点,采用传统方法难以满足精密及超精密加工的技术要求.本文采用不同粒度的铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID镜面磨削硬质合金,得到了不同加工效率以及不同加工表面质量的硬质合金磨削效果,揭示了不同粒度砂轮其磨削性能变化的规律与作用.实验结果表明:在相同的进给量下,粗粒度砂轮的磨削效率较高,能更好地控制工件的尺寸精度.细粒度砂轮则磨削效率较低,但能获得优良的加工表面质量.砂轮表面的氧化膜在磨削过程中扮演非常重要的角色,磨粒的粒径与砂轮表面氧化膜厚度的比值大小决定了砂轮的磨削性能.氧化膜的形成又受到电解参数的影响,可以通过对电解参数的调节实现高效率高精度的ELID磨削.     

Understanding the properties of bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheels on process behaviour

The process behaviour of bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheels depends on the selected bond composition and the sintering parameters. Understanding these dependencies is the key to a knowledge-based manufacturing process for grinding wheels. In this study, the wear behaviour of different bond compositions and sintering parameters is investigated. It could be shown that the predominant wear mechanism is mainly grain flattening and that it depends on the critical bond strength. Finally, these findings were used to analyse the workpiece quality in dependence of the variously manufactured grinding wheels. This enables a new approach for the production of load adapted grinding wheels.     

Study on the grinding of advanced ceramics with slotted diamond wheels

Slotted diamond wheel grinding is a new machining technology. In this paper, an experimental study on the cutting force and the grinding temperature for ceramic face grinding using slotted diamond wheels is presented. Moreover, the empirical relationships related with the material removal rate, the surface roughness, the depth of cut, the wheel speed and the grain size are discussed. With these relationships, a temperature field for face grinding has been built. The work contributes to the fundamental theories for optimal design of slotted diamond wheels.     

陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮在凸轮轴加工中的应用

本文介绍了陶瓷结合剂立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮的优越的磨削性能,总结了应用经验.采用郑州磨料磨具磨削研究所研制的陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮在我厂进口的Landis数控高速磨床上进行了磨削冷激铸铁凸轮轴应用性试验.试验结果表明,加工工件粗糙度、砂轮的耐用度和寿命均达到进口CBN砂轮的水平.     

不同晶型金刚石树脂砂轮磨削性能研究

通过磨削试验,从主轴电流、齿高磨损、磨削工件表面质量等方面,研究了单晶、自锐1#、自锐2#金刚石对工件磨削性能的影响。研究结果表明:在各磨削参数相同的条件下,自锐2#金刚石树脂砂轮的工作电流最稳定且最小,砂轮齿高磨损最少,硅片磨削表面质量与另外两种金刚石砂轮相差不大。自锐2#金刚石树脂砂轮总体磨削性能最佳。