Micro milling of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V: 3-D finite element modeling for prediction of chip flow and burr formation

Cutting process of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is considered difficult due to chemical affinity between tool and work material, adhesion, built-up edge and burr formation, and tool wear resulting in loss of productivity. Three dimensional (3-D) chip flow together with local field variables such as temperature, elastic/plastic strain, strain-rate and velocity in the shear zones during micro milling process can be predicted using continuum-mechanics based 3-D Finite Element (FE) modelling and simulation of elastic/viscoplastic work material deformations. This paper provides much needed process insight for chip flow, built-up edge and burr formation by using modeling work with experimental validation. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of the 3-D chip morphology and burrs demonstrate ductile fractured surfaces together with localized instability and failure behaviors. FE simulations are utilized to investigate the effects of micro milling operation i.e. up and down milling and tool edge radius on 3-D chip flow, built-up edge, and 3-D burr formation. Simulated results are compared with measurements of chip morphology, shape, and dimensions together with tool edge condition of built-up edge and chip adhesion yielding to good agreements.     

Dynamics of chip formation during orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Polished and etched disks of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V were machined in a series of continuous and interrupted orthogonal cutting tests on a specially adapted lathe. A high-speed imaging system with a microscope lens and strobed copper-vapour laser illumination system enabled direct observation of the chip formation zone at a recording rate of 24,000 frames/s. The chip formation cycle was recorded for cutting speeds from 4 to 140 m/min. Segmented chips were observed throughout. Image analysis of the recorded video sequences examined the resulting chip segment geometry, the segmentation frequency and the critical strain required to initiate shear band formation.     

Experimental and finite element simulation based investigations on micro-milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Effects of cBN coating on tool wear

Micro-milling process is a direct and flexible fabrication method in producing functional three dimensional micro-products. The advance of micro-milling process ultimately depends on the development of micro cutting tools since it is a tool-based process. Therefore, in this study an attempt to improve the performance of carbide micro-end mills by applying cubic boron nitride (cBN) coating was carried out. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) based simulations were used to study the effect of cBN coated tool in micro-machining of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The experiments were conducted to compare the performance of cBN coated and uncoated micro-end mills in terms of surface roughness, burr formation and tool wear. FE simulations were employed to investigate chip formation process in micro-milling to reveal the effects of cBN coated micro-end mills with increased edge radius in terms of cutting force generation, tool temperature and contact pressure, sliding velocity and hence tool wear rate. The simulation results were further utilized for estimating tool life using a sliding wear rate model and compared with experiments. This study clearly showed that the cBN coated carbide tool outperformed the uncoated carbide tool in generation of tool wear and cutting temperature.     

TI-6Al-4V钛合金电子束焊接有限元分析

采用有限元方法模拟分析了厚6 mm的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金电子束焊接过程,计算研究了瞬态温度场的分布特点、规律及特征点的温度变化历程,在准确计算焊接温度场的基础上通过热-应力顺序耦合,模拟计算了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金电子束焊接头的应力场的分布特征.结果表明:模拟计算的焊缝形貌与实际焊接试验所得基本吻合,焊接温度场整...     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的激光弯曲成形特性

以Ti-6Al-4V薄板材料为研究对象,研究了激光弯曲成形技术在钛合金上的应用特征.通过实验描述了不同扫描参数对弯曲角的影响规律,并对多次扫描下的板材弯曲动态特性进行了研究.结果表明:弯曲角随扫描次数呈近似的线性增加关系;在扫描次数一定的情况下,存在一个最优的累积线能量使弯曲角达到最大;不同的材料状态在加热和冷却过程呈现出不同的弯曲动态特性.此外,对激光弯曲后的材料微观组织、力学性能进行了测量和分析.结果表明:扫描参数的选择对发生相变的区域形状与相变区组织有较大影响;多次扫描后,加热区材料的强度与硬度均增加,塑性降低.     

Ti基钎料真空钎焊Ti-6Al-4V

在温度1223K、时间1－30min钎焊参数条件下，应用Ti基钎料对Ti-6Al-4V进行了真空钎焊。结果表明，接头强度较高，因钎焊温度较低母材基本上保留了原始组织。同时表明Ti-Zr-Cu钎料大幅度增加w(Cu)易造成钎缝中心区域生成连续分布的Ti2Cu TiCu,严重影响接头强度。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金等通道转角挤压有限元模拟

对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的等通道转角挤压过程进行三维有限元模拟,分析不同的凸模下压速度对等通道转角挤压过程的影响,并结合实际的挤压过程考虑挤压后残留在模具出口通道内的残余试样对挤压下一根试样的影响.结果表明:挤压速度的提高对应力、载荷和温升的影响很大,对应变速率很敏感的钛合金应在有效细化晶粒的前提下降低挤压速度,试验中挤压速度取0.3mm·s-1;残余试样的存在使变形更均匀,但增加了挤压下一根试样时的初始阶段的载荷.     

PCD刀具车削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的研究

本文通过正交试验研究了PCD刀具车削钛合金Ti-6A l-4V时,动态切削力和表面粗糙度随切削用量的变化规律,并分别以Ra、Rz为指标进行了方差分析。试验结果表明:x向和y向动态切削力随切削用量的变化很小,而z向相对较大。动态切削力随进给量和切削深度的增加而增加,其中在切削深度为0.1 mm的情况下,切削力出现了较大的波动。进给量和切削深度均对Ra、Rz有显著影响,其中进给量对Ra影响较大,切削深度对Rz影响较大。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高温微观变形行为

利用已有文献,结合修正的混合物模型和等功定律得到了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金中α相和β相在高温条件下的应力-应变关系,研究了合金在高温变形时两相的加工硬化率、应力-应变分配系数以及宏观应力和应变贡献率的变化规律。结果表明:β相和α相分别在宏观应变约为0.07和0.14时出现应变软化现象,且α相和Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在同一时刻开始出现应变软化现象,可见α相的应变软化行为在合金变形中发挥着重要作用;随变形的进行,两相应力-应变分配系数的绝对值逐渐降低,最终趋于稳定,表明两相变形的协调性得到改善;在变形达到稳定时,α相对宏观应力的贡献率比其体积分数大,而对宏观应变的贡献率比其体积分数小。     

置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的切屑形成过程与机制

利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的微观组织和相组成及切屑形貌进行了观察分析,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆试验测试置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的动态力学性能,研究氢对Ti-6Al-4V切屑形成过程及切屑形态的影响,探讨置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的切屑形成机制。结果表明:置氢后Ti-6Al-4V合金切屑的收缩系数增加,表面层片结构尺寸减小,切屑锯齿化程度减轻;氢含量低于0.4%(质量分数)时,局部材料热塑失稳是形成锯齿切屑的主要原因,随氢含量增加,钛合金切屑的绝热剪切现象减轻,随着氢含量的进一步增加,锯齿切屑的形成是由微裂纹而致。     

Hydrogen-induced hot workability in Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of hydrogen on hot deformability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated by isothermal hot compression test with temperature of 800 ℃ and velocity of 0.1 mm/s. By optical microscopy （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, the influence of hydrogen on the microstructural features was systematically examined including the morphology of a grain, volume fraction of a phase and dynamic recrystallization （DRX）. The flow stress shows an initial decrease but a later increase with the increase of hydrogen content. The minimum of peak compression flow stress is obtained when 0.2% hydrogen is added into the alloy. The hydrogen-induced softening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy may be that hydrogen induces the increase of proportion of soft β phase, the increase of DRX and the increase of extent of twins.     

Apatite formation on anodized Ti-6Al-4V alloy in simulated body fluid

Titania layers were successfully prepared on the surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V alloy via anodic oxidation in H₂SO₄ or Na₂SO₄ solutions at room temperature. The titania layers consisted of pure rutile or a mixture of anatase and rutile structures after the Ti-6Al-4V alloy had been anodized in 1.0 M H₂SO₄ solution at 150 V or 0.5M Na₂SO₄ solution at 100 or 130 V. Good apatite-forming ability was demonstrated in simulated body fluid. However, surface layers with mainly titanium metallic phase or a pure anatase structure did not possess the ability to induce apatite formation. Anodic oxidation is an effective method to prepare bioactive Ti-6Al-4V alloy that can be used as an artificial bone substitute under load-bearing applications.     

Stress relaxation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONTi 6Al 4VisoneofthemostimportantTial loys[1,2 ] .Butthisalloyhasbadformabilityforitshighelasticresilience .Therefore ,hotsizingisimpor tant[36 ] .Asthebaseofhotsizing ,thestudyofstressrelaxationhasimportanttheoreticalvalueandpracticalsignificance .Ontheotherhand ,Ti 6Al 4Visusedasfastenermaterialssometimes .Whenthefastenersworkatthetemperaturehigherthanroomtemperature ,stressrelaxationmayresultsinacci dents .Sohowtopreventthestressrelaxationisveryimportant[7] .Uptonow ,…     

Effects of hydrogen on fatigue life of Ti-4Al-2V titanium alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONFewresearcheshaveplacedontheregionofhy drogen influenceonfatiguepropertiesoftitaniumal loys .Becausetheeffectsofhydrogenonpropertiesoftitaniumaredifferentfromthoseonsteel,plusthattitaniumalloysarehydrogenstoragematerials ,theeffectsofhydrogenarequitecomplex .AlthoughthefunctionsoffatigueloadingsΔσamplitudefortheini tiationandpropagationoffatiguecracksofhydrogenchargedtitaniumalloyshavenotbeenreported ,alotofstudies[1,2 ] ofthosefunctionsonstaticloadingshavebeenmade .Willi…     

A new material model for 2D numerical simulation of serrated chip formation when machining titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V

A new material constitutive law is implemented in a 2D finite element model to analyse the chip formation and shear localisation when machining titanium alloys. The numerical simulations use a commercial finite element software (FORGE 2005^®) able to solve complex thermo-mechanical problems. One of the main machining characteristics of titanium alloys is to produce segmented chips for a wide range of cutting speeds and feeds. The present study assumes that the chip segmentation is only induced by adiabatic shear banding, without material failure in the primary shear zone. The new developed model takes into account the influence of strain, strain rate and temperature on the flow stress and also introduces a strain softening effect. The tool chip friction is managed by a combined Coulomb–Tresca friction law. The influence of two different strain softening levels and machining parameters on the cutting forces and chip morphology has been studied. Chip morphology, cutting and feed forces predicted by numerical simulations are compared with experimental results.     

厚度近均匀分布的Ti6Al4V钛合金筒形件超塑成形(英文)

采用MSC.MARC软件设计不同形状的预成形模具,采有限元模拟方法研究预成形模具和终成形模具的表面摩擦因数对筒形件侧壁厚度分布的影响规律。结果表明:对预成形模具压边部分环形带区域和筒形件底部区域进行局部预减薄有利于筒形件厚度的均匀分布。当预成形模具表面的摩擦因数达到0.57时,局部减薄效果最明显,有利于最终的厚度分布。终成形模具的表面摩擦因数为0时,板料趋于整体变形,厚度分布区域均匀。通过机械加工增加预成形模具的摩擦因数,通过喷涂BN陶瓷粉末降低终成形模具的摩擦因数,最终,采用正反向超塑成形成功制得厚度分布为1.50~1.78mm的TC4钛合金深筒形件。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构(英文)

采用W-Re合金搅拌头对α+β双相Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行搅拌摩擦焊并在合适的工艺参数下获得无缺陷焊缝,利用取向成像显微镜对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构进行研究。Ti-6Al-4V钛合金母材为轧制退火态,组织由变形的初生α相和转变β组织构成,具有典型的轧制织构。焊核区组织与母材明显不同,由大量的等轴动态再结晶晶粒组成,并在搅拌摩擦焊过程中形成{φ1=30°,φ=62°,φ2=30°}取向的织构。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金的超高周疲劳行为

采用超声疲劳实验分别确定了双态和网篮两种组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线,并用SEM观察疲劳断口.结果表明,两种组织合金的S-N曲线均保持下降趋势,在105-109cyc间不出现水平段,不存在传统意义的疲劳极限,断口形貌分析表明,随着应力幅的降低,二者的裂纹萌生位置都发生了由试样表面到内部的转变.与加载频率为25 Hz时的疲劳实验结果进行比较后发现,超声疲劳加载条件下,疲劳强度提高,疲劳寿命延长,且频率对网篮组织合金疲劳性能的影响大于对双态组织的影响.     

High-temperature corrosion of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V were exposed at 750°C in an H₂/H₂O/H₂S P_{O 2}10^–18 Pa and P_{S 2}10^–1 Pa), H₂/H₂O (P_{O 2}10^–18 Pa) and air environments for up to 240 hr. The corrosion kinetics, obtained by the discontinuous gravimetric method, showed that the sulfidation/oxidation kinetics were linear for Ti and linear-parabolic for Ti-6Al-4V in the H₂/H₂O/H₂S environment. Both materials obeyed parabolic rate laws in the H₂/H₂O atmosphere after a transient period, and linear-parabolic rate laws in air. After exposure to the H₂/H₂O/H₂S atmosphere, the titanium specimen displayed a double scale of TiO₂ with an intervening TiS₂ film between the double-layered scale of TiO₂ and the substrate. Ti-6Al-4V also contained a double layer of TiO₂ together with a stratum consisting of Al₂S₃, TiS₂ and vanadium sulfide at the junction of the inner TiO₂ layer and substrate. Some Al₂O₃ precipitated in the external portion of the outer TiO₂ layer. Following oxidation in the low-P_{O 2} atmosphere a double-layered oxide of TiO₂ scale formed on both Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. The scale on Ti-6Al-4V also contained an -Al₂O₃ film situated between the outer and inner (TiO₂) layers. For both materials, multilayered-scale formation characterized air oxidation. In detail a multilayered oxide scale of TiO₂ formed on the air-oxidized Ti, while a multilayered oxide scale with alternating layers of Al₂O₃/TiO₂ developed on Ti-6Al-4V oxidized in air.