Synthesis,Characterization and Surface Properties of Amidosulfobetaine Surfactants Bearing Odd-Number Hydrophobic Tail

Three amidosulfobetaine surfactants were synthesized namely: 3-(N-pentadecanamidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2a); 3-(N-heptadecanamidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2b), and 3-(N-nonadecanamidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2c). These surfactants were prepared by direct amidation of commercially available fatty acids with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine and subsequent reaction with 1,3-propanesultone to obtain quaternary ammonium salts. The synthesized surfactants were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the synthesized surfactants have excellent thermal stability with no major thermal degradation below 300 °C. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of the surfactants 2a and 2b were found to be 2.2 × 10^?4 and 1.04 × 10^?4 mol/L, and the corresponding surface tension (γ_CMC) values were 33.14 and 34.89 mN m^?1, respectively. The surfactants exhibit excellent surface properties, which are comparable with conventional surfactants. The intrinsic viscosity of surfactant (2b) was studied at various temperatures and concentrations of multi-component brine solution. The plot of natural logarithm of relative viscosity versus surfactant concentration obtained from Higiro et al. model best fit the surfactant behavior. Due to good salt resistance, excellent surface properties and thermal stability, the synthesized surfactant has potential to be used in various oil field applications such as enhanced oil recovery, fracturing, acid diversion, and well stimulation.     

Synthesis and Surface Activities of Novel Succinic Acid Double-Tailed Sulfonate Fluorinated Surfactants

In this study, four environmentally friendly succinic acid double-tailed sulfonate fluorinated surfactants were synthesized from maleic anhydride, fluoroalkyl alcohols, namely 1-(1H,1H,7H-Dodecafluoroheptyloxy) ethanol, 1-(1H,1H,5H -octafluoropentyloxy) ethanol, 1-(1H,1H,3H-tetrafluoropropoxy) ethanol, and 1-(1H,1H -trifluoroethyoxy) ethanol, and sodium hydrogensulfite. The surfactant structure was characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹⁹F NMR . Thermogravimetric results showed that the fluorinated surfactants were stable up to relatively high temperature. The Krafft points of the four novel succinic acid double-tailed sulfonate fluorinated surfactants were all below 0 °C. The lowest CMC value for the synthesized four double-tailed fluorine surfactants is about 0.076 mmol L^?1, far less than that of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), demonstrating that double-tailed surfactants have higher surface activity than surfactants with one fluoroalkyl chain. The replacement of alkyl groups with oxyethylene groups enhances the hydrophilicity of the obtained fluorinated surfactants. Based on these findings, the synthesized surfactants may be environmentally friendly alternatives to PFOA and exhibit promising potential in industry applications.     

A Comprehensive Study on the Synthesis and Micellization of Disymmetric Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants

Two groups of disymmetric Gemini imidazolium surfactants, [C₁₄C₄C _m im]Br₂ (m = 10, 12, 14) and [C _m C₄C _n im]Br₂ (m + n = 24, m = 12, 14, 16, 18) surfactants, were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR and ESI–MS spectroscopy. Their adsorption at the air/water interface, thermodynamic parameters and aggregation behavior were explored by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity and steady-state fluorescence. A series of surface activity parameters, including cmc, γ _cmc, π _cmc, pC ₂₀, cmc/C ₂₀, Γ _max and A _min, were obtained from surface tension measurements. The results revealed that the overall hydrophobic chain length (N _c) for [C₁₄C₄C _m im]Br₂ and the disymmetry (m/n) for [C _m C₄C _n im]Br₂ had a significant effect on the surface activity. The cmc values decreased with an increase of N _c or m/n. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔG _m ^θ , ΔH _m ^θ , ΔS _m ^θ ) derived from the electrical conductivity indicated that the micellization process of [C₁₄C₄C _m im]Br₂ and [C _m C₄C _n im]Br₂ was entropy-driven at different temperatures, but the contribution of ΔH _m ^θ to ΔG _m ^θ was enhanced by increasing N _c or m/n. The micropolarity and micellar aggregation number (N _agg) were estimated by steady-state fluorescence measurements. The results showed that the surfactant with higher N _c or m/n can form larger micelles, due to a tighter micellar structure.     

Surface Activities of Three Anionic Gemini Surfactants Derived from Cyanuric Chloride: Effect of a Branched Hydrophobic Chain

Sodium 4,6-(2-(N,N-bis-ethylhexylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-yl-amino) ethane sulfonate (IXC₈), Sodium 4,6-(2-(N,N-bis-octylamino)-1,3,5-Triazine-4,6-yl-amino) ethane sulfonate (XC₈) and 2,2′-(6,6′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl) bis(4-(octylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-6,2-diyl)) bis(azanediyl))diethane sulfonate (C₈-2-C₈) were synthesized from cyanuric chloride. The surface activity and application properties of these surfactants (XC₈, IXC₈ and C₈-2-C₈) were discussed. The values of CMC, γ _CMC, pC₂₀, Γ_max, and A_min calculated from surface tension measurement at 30 °C indicate that the surface activity of IXC₈, which has two branched hydrophobic carbon chains, has lower γ _CMC (26.8 mN m^?1) than the other investigated surfactants and excellent wetting ability.     

Synthesis and Properties of a Cationic Gemini Surfactant with the Hydrophenanthrene Structure

A novel cationic gemini surfactant with the hydrophenanthrene structure has been synthesized from dehydroabietylamine. Its structure was confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, and elemental analysis. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant and its surface tension at the CMC (γ _CMC) in aqueous solution were about 1.58 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 and 36.6 mN m^?1 at 25 °C, respectively. The emulsion composed of equal amounts of benzene and an aqueous solution with 0.1 % gemini surfactant as emulsifier maintained its stability for 8.5 h. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activities of the gemini surfactant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia aerogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were much better than those of bromogeramine and ampicillin sodium against the same bacteria, and its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 16, 32, and 4 μg mL^?1, respectively.     

Mixed Stability and Antimicrobial Properties of Gluconamide-Type Cationic Surfactants

The stability of anionic-cationic surfactant solutions and the antimicrobial properties of novel N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-(gluconamide/lactobionamide)]propyl-N-alkylammonium bromides (CnDGPB and CnDLPB), N-methyl-N-hydroxyethyl group-N-[3-(gluconamide)-propyl]-N-alkylammonium bromide (CnMHGPB) and star-shaped gluconamide-type cationic surfactants N-dodecyl-N,N-bis[(3-d-gluconylamido)propyl]-N-alkylammonium bromide (CnDBGB) were investigated. Mixed stability in combination with sodium n-alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) was determined via transmittance; stability is achieved when percent transmittance was greater than 90 %. Transmittance results suggest that these cationic surfactants can form stable solutions with anionic surfactants over a broad concentration range. The inhibition activity of C _n DBGB is the best among the three kinds of glucocationic surfactants. Antimicrobial activity of C₁₂ surfactants was the best, C₁₄ was the second and C₁₀ was the worst. Moreover, antibacterial activity of glucose-based cationic surfactants was greater than lactose-based cationic surfactants.     

Preparation of high surface area mesoporous nickel oxides and catalytic oxidation of toluene and formaldehyde

Mesoporous nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the thermal decomposition reaction of Ni(NO₃)₂·9H₂O using oxalic acid dihydrate as the mesoporous template reagent. The pore structure of nanocrystals could be controlled by the precursor to oxalic acid dihydrate molar ratio, thermal decomposition temperature and thermal decomposition time. The structural characteristic and textural properties of resultant nickel oxide nanocrytals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm and temperature programmed reduction. The results showed that the most excellently mesoporous nickel oxide particles (m-Ni-1-4) with developed wormlike pores were prepared under the conditions of the mixed equimolar precursor and oxalic acid and calcined for 4 h at 400 °C. The specific surface area and pore volume of m-Ni-1-4 are 236 m² g^?1 and 0.42 cm³ g^?1, respectively. Over m-Ni-1-4 at space velocity = 20,000 mL g^?1 h^?1, the conversions of toluene and formaldehyde achieved 90 % at 242 and 160 °C, respectively. It is concluded that the reactant thermal decomposition with oxalic acid assist is a key step to improve the mesoporous quality of the nickel oxide materials, the developed mesoporous architecture, high surface area, low temperature reducibility and coexistence of multiple oxidation state nickel species for the excellent catalytic performance of m-Ni-1-4.     

Seasonal N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions respond differently to environmental and microbial factors after fertilization in wheat–maize agroecosystem

Biogeochemical processes regulating cropland soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions are complex, and the controlling factors need to be better understood, especially for seasonal variation after fertilization. Seasonal patterns of N₂O emissions and abundances of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA), bacterial amoA, nitrate reductase (narG), nitrite reductase (nirS/nirK), and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in long-term fertilized wheat–maize soils have been studied to understand the roles of microbes in N₂O emissions. The results showed that fertilization greatly stimulated N₂O emission with higher values in pig manure-treated soil (OM, 2.88 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) than in straw-returned (CRNPK, 0.79 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and mineral fertilizer-treated (NPK, 0.90 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) soils. Most (52.2–88.9%) cumulative N₂O emissions occurred within 3 weeks after fertilization. Meanwhile, N₂O emissions within 3 weeks after fertilization showed a positive correlation with narG gene copy number and a negative correlation with soil NO₃^? contents. The abundances of narG and nosZ genes had larger direct effects (1.06) than ammonium oxidizers (0.42) on N₂O emissions according to partial least squares path modeling. Stepwise multiple regression also showed that log narG was a predictor variable for N₂O emissions. This study suggested that denitrification was the major process responsible for N₂O emissions within 3 weeks after fertilization. During the remaining period of crop growth, insufficient N substrate and low temperature became the primary limiting factors for N₂O emission according to the results of the regression models.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Bis-quaternary-Based Surfactants as Additives for Water-Based Mud

Two series of cationic gemini surfactants, alkanediyl-α,ω-bis[N,N-dimethyl alkyl (octyl or dodecyl)ammonium] dibromide (R-s-R; s = 6, 10, 12 and R = 8 and 12) were prepared and evaluated as additives for water-based mud. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed using FTIR and mass spectroscopy. Surface activity of these compounds has been studied and their surface properties including surface tension, emulsification power, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area were determined. The results showed that the prepared compounds have significant surface activity, especially those of longer hydrophobic chain length. The prepared cationic gemini surfactants were evaluated as viscosifiers and filter loss additives for water-based mud formulated from local Na-montmorillonite clay. XRD analysis was carried out to the Na-montmorillonite clay to determine the interaction of the surfactants with inter layers of the clay structure. Rheological properties, gel strength, thixotropy, filtration properties and the effect of temperature on rheological properties of the water-based mud were studied. The results indicated that the gemini surfactants have a positive effect on the rheological and filtration properties of the Na-montmorillonite clay according to American Petroleum Institute specifications.     

Novel Ester-linked Anionic Gemini Surfactant: Synthesis,Surface-Active Properties and Antimicrobial Study

A novel anionic gemini surfactant containing an ester bond in the spacer group was synthesized using cardanol as the raw material and characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. The surface properties of the gemini surfactant were investigated and compared with its corresponding single chain surfactant counterpart. It was found that this novel gemini surfactant exhibited a low critical micelle concentration value (1.9 mM) and good efficiency in reducing surface tension of water (33.6 mN/m). The gemini surfactant was found to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus stolonifer). The gemini as well as the corresponding single chain surfactant showed good antimicrobial activity against all pathogenic microorganisms studied and can be employed as an antimicrobial agent. The synthesized novel anionic gemini surfactant possesses an excellent wettability and low foamability.     

Structure of a biologically active binuclear palladium complex,bis(bis[(μ<Subscript>2</Subscript>-cysteine)(2,2′-dipyridyl)-palladium(II)]) · hexanitrates · novemhydrates

The structure of a biologically active binuclear palladium complex, namely, [(dipy)Pd(μ-cysH) (μ-cys)Pd(dipy)]³⁺ · 3NO ₃ ^? · 4.5H₂O (dipy = 2,2′-dipyridyl, C₁₀H₈N₂; cys = cysteine, C₃H₇NO₂S), has been determined from X-ray diffractometry data. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, symmetry space group P1, with the unit cell parameters a = 13.863(1) Å, b = 13.819(1) Å, c = 12.170(1) Å, α = 122.13(1)°, β = 103.61(1)°, γ = 91.40(1)°, V = 1887.02 ų, Z = 2, and ρ = 1.82 g/cm³. The final discrepancy factor is R1 = 0.0495 for 12884 symmetrically nonequivalent reflections with F ₀ ≥ 4σ(F ₀), wR2 = 0.1071, and GooF = 0.978. The unit cell contains two chemically equivalent but crystallographically independent positively charged binuclear palladium complexes, six NO ₃ ^? anions, and nine water molecules. The π-π stacking interaction between the nearest pyridyl rings of the neighboring layers takes place. Moreover, the interlayer and intralayer interactions occur through van der Waals interactions and a complex three-dimensional system of hydrogen bonds, which are formed by water molecules, NH ₃ ⁺ groups, and carboxyl groups.     

Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Alanine-Based Surfactants

The synthesis of a homologous series of alanine-based surfactants, namely sodium salts of n-alkanesulfonamido-2-propanoic acids in which n-alkane is n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n–hexadecane, and n-octadecane having the formula RSO₂NHCH (CH₃)COO^?Na⁺, is described. The starting materials used were a mixture of secondary positional isomers of n-alkanesulfonyl chlorides obtained by photosulfochlorination reaction using sulfuryl chloride and a catalyst. Surface properties of the aqueous solutions of the synthesized surfactants, including the critical micelle concentration and minimal surface tension δ_min, were determined using surface tension measurements at 25 °C. The surface excess Γ and minimum area per molecule (A _min) where calculated using the Gibbs equation. The foaming power was also determined by the Bartsh method, and the R ₅ parameter was calculated to estimate the stability of the foam formed. The results obtained were compared to those of a commercial surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate, and a series of synthesized glycine-based surfactants. The results obtained clearly show that the alanine-based surfactants possess good surface properties. The investigations highlight the influence on the surface properties of the addition of a methyl group in the hydrophilic part.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aryl Alkyl Sulfonates Based on Nonylphenol

A series of nonylphenol-substituted alkyl sulfonates (C _x NPAS, x = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) with two hydrocarbon chains and two different hydrophilic groups has been synthesized from α-olefins and nonylphenol. The respective products have a “pseudo-gemini” surfactant structure. The structures of the C _x NPAS have been characterized by IR, UV, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The effects of carbon chain length of the obtained surfactants on properties such as the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in aqueous solutions, surface tension at the CMC (γ _CMC), and efficiency of adsorption at the water/air interface (pC ₂₀) have been determined. The γ _CMC of the surfactants first decreased and then increased with increasing length of the carbon chain x, and reached a minimum of 29.25 mN/m at x = 10, which is much lower than that of α-olefin sulfonate (AOS) (33.52 mN/m). The CMC decreased and pC ₂₀ increased with increasing x. The introduction of the hydroxyl group is responsible for multiple molecular conformations at the water/air interface and leads to a greater molecular area A _min and smaller Γ_max than those of AOS.     

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on the Cloud Point in Alkyl Ether/Brine Systems: Apparent Relation with Dynamic Interfacial Tension Minimum

The effect of Na₂CO₃ on the cloud point in Na₂CO₃/surfactant/brine was investigated using two series of nonionic surfactants, C₁₃EO _x and C₁₇EO _x . The cloud point, T _cp, was found to decrease linearly with increasing Na₂CO₃ concentration. This was attributed to Na⁺ and particularly to CO₃ ^2?salting-out effect. The slope a = dTcp/d[Na₂CO₃] became more and more negative as the degree of ethoxylation is increased, suggesting that the higher the number of ethylene oxide (EO) groups the stronger is the cloud point depression for a given increment in Na⁺and CO₃ ^2?ions in solution. This was also illustrated by the linear variation of ΔT _cp = T _cp,0 ? T _cp,[Na2CO3] with the surfactant degree of ethoxylation.     

Purification,Surface Tensions,and Miscibility Gaps of Alkyldimethyl and Alkyldiethylphosphine Oxides

Alkyldimethyl (C _n DMPO) with chain lengths of n = 8 (octyl), 10 (decyl), 12 (dodecyl), and 14 (tetradecyl) as well as alkyldiethyl (C _n DEPO) phosphine oxides with chain lengths of n = 10, 12, and 14 were synthesized and purified to study how the adsorption properties and the location of the miscibility gap of these surfactants depend on the size of the head group and on the length of the alkyl chain. After surfactant purification, the surface tension isotherms were determined from which the cmc, the minimum surface tension σ_cmc, the maximum surface concentration Γ_max, and the minimum surface area A _min were obtained. As expected, for one homologous series, a decrease in the cmc and an increase in Γ_max was observed with increasing alkyl chain length. For two surfactants of the same alkyl chain length, the cmc values of the C _n DEPO surfactants are approximately two times lower than those of the C _n DMPO surfactants. However, the Γ_max values of C _n DEPO are lower than those of C _n DMPO as two ethyl chains are sterically more demanding than two methyl chains. In addition to the adsorption properties, the location of the miscibility gap as a function of the alkyl chain length and the head group size was studied. Its location depends on the total number of carbon atoms and not primarily on the length of the main alkyl chain. This observation reflects the decreasing water solubility which can be tuned by increasing the length of either the main alkyl chain or of the shorter head group chains.     

Crystal structure and thermal expansion of ammonium pentaborate NH<Subscript>4</Subscript>B<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>8</Subscript>

Anhydrous ammonium pentaborate NH₄B₅O₈ has been synthesized by thermal dehydration of larderellite NH₄[B₅O₇(OH)₂] · H₂O at a temperature of 290°C for 7 h. The crystal structure has been determined from the X-ray powder diffraction data: a = 7.58667(5) Å, b = 12.00354(8) Å, c = 14.71199(8) Å, R _p = 6.23, R _wp = 7.98, R _B = 12.7, R _F = 8.95, and β-KB₅O₈ structure type. The double interpenetrating framework is formed by pentaborate groups, each consisting of a boron-oxygen tetrahedron and four triangles, in which all oxygen atoms are bridging. The thermal behavior of the NH₄B₅O₈ compound has been investigated using thermal X-ray diffraction. As for other pentaborates of this type, the thermal expansion of the NH₄B₅O₈ compound is anisotropic and reaches a maximum along the a axis. The thermal expansion coefficients are as follows: α _a = 39 × 10^?6, α _b = 6 × 10^?6, α _c = 20 × 10^?6, and α _V = 65 × 10^?6 °C^?1.     

Impedance sensor for the early failure diagnosis of organic coatings

A miniature impedance sensor used for field diagnosis of the early failure of coatings has been developed based on microelectronics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The aging process of polyurethane-based coatings in salt spray test chamber was studied using the impedance sensor. Several critical indexes related to EIS such as phase angle (θ_10Hz, θ_15kHz), breakpoint frequency (f_b), specific capacitance (C_10Hz, C_15kHz), and impedance modulus (Z_0.1Hz) were proposed to evaluate the severity of coating degradation. The results indicated that the impedance sensor could accurately monitor the degradation process of coatings, and once Z_0.1Hz?<?10⁶ Ω cm², f_b?>?100 Hz, or θ_10Hz?<?20°, the coating may be regarded as completely degraded and fails to protect the metal substrate.     

One Pot Synthesis and Properties of Cationic Surfactants: <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alkyl-3-Methylpyridinium Bromide

Three new amphiphilic compounds i.e., n-decyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide (a), n-dodecyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide (b), and n-tetradecyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide (c), have been synthesized by condensation reaction and characterized by NMR (¹H, ¹³C) and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. The micellization behavior of the compounds has been studied in ethanol employing conductometry and UV/visible spectroscopy. The critical micellization concentration (CMC) values for compound a, b and c was found to be 0.31, 0.29 and 0.27 m mol L^?1, respectively. Effect of temperature on the CMC was checked in the range of 298-318 K. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS of the micellization process of these surfactants were computed. The negative values of ΔG and positive values of ΔH indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the micellization process. Antimicrobial activities of these amphiphiles showed significant activity against different bacterial strains.     

Studies on Solution Behavior of Aqueous Mixtures of Nonionic Polymer in Presence of Cationic Surfactants

The interactions of two gemini surfactants (16–s–16, s = 5, 6) and their conventional counterpart cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with polyethylene glycols (PEG 3000 and PEG 35000) have been investigated using conductivity, steady state fluorescence, viscosity and TEM techniques. The results indicate that there is no interaction between the PEG 3000/CTAB complex at lower polymer concentrations. However, a very weak interaction is observed at higher concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 wt% PEG 3000), while PEG 3000 and PEG 35000 interact with the gemini surfactants. Both critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) increases with polymer concentration but are independent of the polymer molecular weight. From steady state fluorescence it is found that the addition of PEG results in no drastic decrease in the aggregation number (N) for all surfactants. This suggests that the atmosphere surrounding the polyion-bound micelles, with respect to the influence on the forces acting at the micelle surface, is equivalent to the counterion/water atmosphere surrounding free micelles. The relative viscosity (η _r) results show an enhancement in η _r for all the surfactants. The increase in η _r is quite significant with gemini surfactants. Polymer-surfactant interaction also depends on the polymer molecular weight. Also, the interaction seems to affect both inter polymer–polymer association as well as chain expansion. Additionally the surfactant induced changes in the polymer conformation depicted by TEM study at the micro structural level confirmed previously observed interactions determined by different analytical techniques.     

Three New Metal(II) Complexes with Unusual 2D Hydrogen Bond Network Based on <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylimidazole

Three new metal(II) complexes based on N-methylimidazole, [ML₆]·(SH)₂·(H₂O)_2, (M = Ni(II) (1), Co(II) (2), Cu(II) (3), L=N-methylimidazole), have been synthesized and characterized. The single crystal X-ray structural analyses show that complexes 1, 2, and 3 have isomorphous structures and crystallize in monoclinic system with space group P2₁/c. The complexes containing isolated SH^? anions, which may come from the thermochemical sulfate reduction, are located in the gap with lattice water molecules and provide multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form 2D layers. Topology analyses show a 2D hydrogen bond network, which can be regarded as an unprecedented trinodal (3,4,6)-connected topology with Schläfli symbol (3.4.5³.6)₂(3.4.5)₂(3²;5⁴;6⁴;8²;9³). Cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis spectra were studied.