W/O型环己烷微乳液的研究

考察了不同种类醇、表面活性剂用量和配比对环己烷微乳液增溶水量和电导率的影响;探讨了电解质对环己烷微乳液相行为的影响。实验结果表明：正戊醇为最佳助剂,助剂与表面活性剂碳链比适中更易形成微乳液;随着表面活性剂质量分数的增加,体系增溶水量增大,电导率下降;电解质对环己烷微乳液有重要的影响,随着NaCl质量分数的逐渐增大,体系从下相微乳液过渡到中相微乳液,进而形成上相微乳液。     

Phase Behavior of Non-Ionic Surfactant-Medium Chain Triglyceride-Water Microemulsion Systems

Microemulsion systems have garnered tremendous interest in the pharmaceutical sector for a variety of drug delivery applications. Non-ionic surfactants are often the preferred surfactant class given their uncharged nature, enhanced oral safety profile, and generally regarded as safe status as compared to other surfactant classes (Myers, Surfactant science and technology, 2005, p. 29), (Malmsten, Handbook of microemulsion science and technology, 1999, p. 755), (Grove & Mullertz, Chapter 5-liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, 2007), (Liu et al., Water-insoluble drug formulation, 2008), (Hauss, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2007, 59, pp. 667–676), (Balazs, Solubility, delivery and ADME problems of drugs and drug-candidates, 2011, p. 68). In this work, the phase behavior and microemulsion formation potential of four commonly used non-ionic surfactants, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, Poloxamer 188, Polysorbate 80, and d -α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate were studied via ternary phase diagram (TPD) mapping using a medium chain triglyceride, Miglyol 812. Results indicated notable differences in phase behavior despite similarities in hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value (13–15). All surfactants produced Winsor Type I, oil-in-water microemulsions at water concentrations above 40% wt/wt. Winsor Type II water-in-oil microemulsions were difficult to obtain even at high oil concentrations of ≥70% wt/wt. Winsor III microemulsions, though rare, were generally obtained in the middle regions of the TPD between 10% and 30% wt/wt water while Winsor IV microemulsions dominated at high surfactant concentrations of ≥45% wt/wt. Opaque emulsion areas were particularly notable in wax state surfactants. Polysorbate 80 and PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil demonstrated a high degree of synergism as well as the largest oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion formation potential rendering them suitable for a number of enteral and parenteral applications.     

闪蒸干燥器气相流场的模拟研究

针对目前旋流闪蒸干燥器的气相流场存在的一些问题,应用FLUENT6．0软件进行模拟,对平底、带叶片的旋流闪蒸干燥器的气相流场分布进行数值模拟和实验研究。并用实验数据对模拟结果进行了验证,取得了很好的一致性。同时,针对带气体分布器的闪蒸干燥器进行了模拟研究,分别对圆管形、圆锥形、方管形分布器进行模拟分析。结果表明,方管形干燥器能够使切向速度分布更加均匀,从而提高干燥能力。     

Formation and Phase Behavior of Winsor Type III <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis>-Based Microemulsion Systems

The formation and phase behavior of Jatropha curcas-based microemulsion systems, which could potentially be used in enhanced oil recovery applications, has been investigated. Winsor type III microemulsions were obtained by adding n-octane to Winsor type I microemulsion systems prepared using various concentrations of alkyl polyglucoside (APG). To optimize the formulation of type III microemulsion systems, five different types of co-surfactants, i.e. normal butyl alcohol (NBA), isobutyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, fatty acid alcohol C8 (FAC8) and fatty acid alcohol C8/C10 (FAC8/C10) were used. The microemulsion phase behavior was determined along with particle size distributions by dynamic light scattering measurements. Results show that the optimum Winston type III system can be achieved by mixing 3 wt% of NBA, 1 wt% APG and 3 wt% NaCl. At the optimum formulation, the IFT reached a minimum value (0.016 mN/m) and formed very small emulsion droplets with a narrow particle size distribution.     

（AEO-9/SAS60）/石油醚/醇/水微乳液相行为的研究

以AEO-9和SAS60为表面活性剂,醇(无水乙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正辛醇)为助表面活性剂对水和石油醚进行了微乳化实验,考察了表面活性剂和醇的种类、含量,盐的含量,醇与表面活性剂的质量比对微乳液相行为的影响。结果表明,当AEO-9与SAS60质量比为7∶3时,协同效应最好;正戊醇做助表面活性剂时,拟三元相图中微乳区的面积最大;当正戊醇与表面活性剂的质量比值为0.8时,体系的溶油量最大;当微乳液质量浓度为1.824 g/L时,表面张力为24.49 m N/m;微乳液的质量分数为0.3%时,界面张力可以降至9.25×10-4m N/m。     

Phase Behavior of Glycerol Trioleate‐Based Ionic Liquid Microemulsions

Glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions are promising biolubricant alternatives. This study presents the formation and the phase behavior of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions. Areas of the single‐phase domain were calculated to illustrate the phase‐forming capacities of the designed systems. The effects of ionic liquid anions and cations, oxyethylene groups’ number of surfactant, mass ratio of surfactant to co‐surfactant, chain length of co‐surfactant, and temperature on the phase behavior and phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions were investigated using pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams. The results showed that the phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions with different ionic liquids were Tf₂N^?‐based > PF₆^?‐based > BF₄^?‐based, OMIM⁺‐based > HMIM⁺‐based > BMIM⁺‐based > EMIM⁺‐based. The designed systems contained ionic liquid‐glycerol trioleate amphiphilic balance; thus, glycerol trioleate‐surfactant micelles achieved the maximum solubilization capacity for the ionic liquid when the surfactant had approximately five oxyethylene groups with a surfactant to co‐surfactant mass ratio of 4:1. Moreover, increasing the temperature and the aliphatic chain length of co‐surfactant from C2 to C6 enhanced the ability of glycerol trioleate and ionic liquids to form microemulsions.     

The HLD Study of Surfactant Partitioning for Oilfield Corrosion Inhibitors

The partitioning of corrosion inhibitor (CI) products is a measure of their potential to protect oilfield pipelines. In this paper the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) model is first used to quantify their partitioning in terms of the characteristic curvature (C _c,act) of a series of anionic (alkoxylated phosphate esters) and cationic (alkoxylated amines, aromatic amines, imidazoline acetates and quaternary amines) actives. This parameter is expressed over a range of pHs within which pipeline corrosion occurs. The HLD model is next used to predict the partitioning of each active from water into toluene at increased salinities. Linear mixing rules are lastly used to predict the characteristic curvature of Product A (C _c,mix) as a function of the C _c,act of a subset of actives.     

农药微乳液相行为及微乳结构的研究

首先绘制了LAS/TX—10/正丁醇/仲丁威/水体系的拟三元相图,讨论了m(LAS)/m(LAS+TX—10)及m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)对相区的影响。发现m(LAS)/m(LAS+TX—10)越高,液晶区越大;比例越低,乳液区越大。m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)越低,液晶区越大;比例越高,液晶区越小。通过电导率的测定研究了微乳结构及结构转变。当m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)=1,m(LAS)/m(TX—10)=1/9或6/4时,微乳液转变经历了由W/O到双连续最后到O/W型;m(LAS)/m(TX—10)=9时,微乳液转变经历了由W/O到双连续、液晶最后到O/W型。     

Effect of Ethylene Oxide Group in the Anionic–Nonionic Mixed Surfactant System on Microemulsion Phase Behavior

The phase behavior of microemulsions stabilized by a binary anionic–nonionic surfactant mixture of sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) and C12-14 alcohol ethoxylate (C_{12 − 14}E_j) that contains an ethylene oxide (E_j) group number, j, of either 1, 5, or 9 was investigated for oil remediation. The oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) and optimal salinity of the microemulsion systems with different equivalent alkane carbon numbers (EACN) were examined. The anionic–nonionic surfactant ratio was found to play a pivotal role in the phase transition, IFT, and optimal salinity. The minimum IFT of mixed SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E_j systems were about three times lower than those of neat SDHS systems. A hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) empirical model for the mixed anionic–nonionic surfactant system with the characteristic parameter was proposed, as represented in the excess free energy term . The results suggested that the mixed system of SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₁ was more lipophilic, while SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₉ was more hydrophilic than the ideal mixture (no excess free energy during the microemulsion formation), and the SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₅ system was close to the ideal mixture. The findings from this work provide an understanding of how to formulate mixed anionic–nonionic microemulsion systems using the HLD model for oils that possess a wide range of EACN.     

含有化学反应过程的闪蒸计算

本文在气液平衡计算教学实践与体会的基础上,提出了闪蒸过程讲授之后可以扩展的内容—含有化学反应的闪蒸计算。我们通过过程的物料衡算推导了含有化学反应的闪蒸方程,讨论了操作过程的几种特殊情况,并对物料状态的判别做了阐述。这可供学有余力的同学拓宽知识视野之用。     

Explicit Critical Pressure Ratio for Choked Two‐Phase Homogeneous Nozzle Flow

The throat‐to‐stagnation critical pressure ratio for a frictionless and adiabatic nozzle flow of a homogeneous, nonflashing two‐phase mixture can only be expressed as the numerical solution of a transcendental equation. A simple, physically plausible approximation is herein proposed, which fits well over the whole range of mass flow qualities.     

正丁醇 /正辛烷 /水 /十六烷基三甲基溴化铵微乳液的相态和微观结构(英文)

利用电导法和脉冲梯度场自旋回波技术研究了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 /辛烷 /1-丁醇 /水四组分微乳液体系的相态和结构。当辛烷的含量为 10 % (重量百分数 )时 ,该体系具有最大的单相微乳液相。两种研究方法均一致表明 :随水含量的增加 ,该单相区的相态是从油包水型微乳液经双连续微乳液变化到水包油微乳液。在反相微乳液区 ,由于水在油相中有较大的溶解度导致水的自扩散系数远远大于通常情况下水的自扩散系数     

Phase behavior of the perfluoropolyether microemulsion in supercritical CO2 and their use for the solubilization of ionic dyes

Phase behavior of the perfluoropolyether surfactant microemulsion in supercritical CO₂ and the solubilization of conventional ionic dyes in the same system have been investigated using Perfluoro 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid ammonium salt. We found that the surfactant prepared in this study was satisfactorily dissolved in supercritical CO₂ without the presence of entrainer. Moreover dissolved surfactant had an ability to form micellar aggregates and to incorporate a small amount of water in the interior of aggregates. We also found that conventional ionic dyes such as acid dye, reactive dye and basic dye were solubilized in the microemulsion system in supercritical CO₂.     

Effects of Surfactant Hydrophilicity on the Oil Solubilization and Rheological Behavior of a Nonionic Hexagonal Phase

The effects of surfactant hydrophilicity on the phase behavior and rheology of a hexagonal phase (H₁) and related O/H₁ emulsions in a water/C₁₂EO _n /isohexadecane system (n = 7, 9) have been investigated. In this phase behavior study, a variety of surfactant aggregates (micellar, W_m; hexagonal, H₁; bicontinuous cubic, V₁; lamellar, L_α; inverse micellar, O_m) have been observed in water-C₁₂EO _n binary systems. The oil solubility of different surfactant aggregates was strongly affected by the surfactant hydrophilicity, i.e., surfactant aggregates in the C₁₂EO₇ system could solubilize a larger amount of oil than those in the C₁₂EO₉ system. It can be inferred that the surfactant with long hydrophilic head groups could be closely packed in the interface, leading to a reduction in the oil solubility in the micellar core due to the strong head group interaction. Interestingly, the rheology of the H₁ phase also exhibits behavior that is dependent on the surfactant hydrophilicity, i.e., high values of the elastic modulus G′ and complex viscosity |η*| have been observed in the C₁₂EO₉ system, possibly due to the strong neighboring head group interaction. Hexagon structure of the H₁ phase was calculated by using the Bohlin model. The viscosity of the O/H₁ emulsions decreases with increasing oil concentration, possibly due to the low volume fraction of the continuous phase (the H₁ phase).     

二氧化碳气田气常温闪蒸的实验测定和模拟计算

在含N_2、CH_4、CO_2体系常温汽液平衡(VLE)文献数据的基础上,用扩展的PR方程(MPR)建立了该体系VLE计算模型,计算精度达到压力平均相对偏差0.76％、汽相组成平均绝对偏差0.0018(摩尔分率);用静态法高压VLE测定装置对CO_2气田气在292至299 K温度下作了闪蒸实验测定。并用MPR方程进行模拟计算,计算结果与实验值符合良好。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Surfactants based on 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)Butanoic Acid Part 3: Microemulsions from Nonionic Sulfoxide Ester Surfactants

In this work, ester sulfoxide (ESO) surfactants based on 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butyric acid are shown to have temperature-sensitive microemulsion phase behaviors. Both C10 (C₁₀ESO) and C12 (C₁₂ESO) surfactants studied contained one sulfoxide unit in the structure. Phase inversion temperatures (PIT) and interfacial tensions (IFT) between water-rich and oil-rich phases have been measured for ternary systems of water, oil, and sulfoxide surfactants. Hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) parameters of these surfactants were obtained by fitting the experimental data to a semiempirical HLD equation. The characteristic surfactant parameter and temperature sensitivity of C₁₀ESO and C₁₂ESO surfactants were obtained and compared with similar ethoxylated alcohol surfactants. By comparing the characteristic parameters of these surfactants with those of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, it was shown that one sulfoxide ester moiety is equally hydrophilic as approximately 5 ethylene oxide groups. The temperature sensitivity of the ESO was roughly a factor of four less than ethoxylated surfactants based on the temperature coefficient of the HLD equation.     

Physicochemical Properties and Phase Behavior of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride/Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant Mixtures

Mixed surfactant systems, used in many formulations, have aroused great attention and interest from researchers and industry due to the possibility of synergism. Alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) mixtures combine the excellent properties of pure surfactants and play an important role in the development of multi‐functional washing products. To study the synergism between APG and DDAC, the physicochemical properties of different mixed systems have been investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is about 180 mg·L^?1 and the surface tension at the CMC is about 26.0 mN·m^?1 at a mass fraction of 40 % DDAC (ω_DDAC40 %). The values are significantly lower than pure surfactants. The foaming property shows the best performance at ω_DDAC20 %. When the mass fraction of DDAC is 80 %, the mixture exhibits better wetting and emulsifying properties. Synergism was observed in surface tension, foaming and emulsifying properties, while the wetting ability and detergency exhibited no such effects. Phase behavior of the APG/DDAC/water ternary system has also been carried out by polarized optical microscope. The phase diagram is characterized by a micellar phase, a region where lamellar and micellar phases coexist and a lamellar phase.     

聚丙烯装置闪蒸过程的数学模型

闪蒸是聚丙烯生产中的一个重要单元操作,本文首先对该过程进行了数学描述,建立了闪蒸过程的数学模型。然后将工业实测值与该数学模型进行了比较,分别对生产负荷、聚丙烯粉料颗粒直径、闪蒸压力、闪蒸温度、物料平均停留时间等项影响闪蒸气化率的因素进行了分析。结果表明,该数学模型与工业实测值吻合良好,可用于指导生产。     

Phase Distribution Measurements during Transient Bubbly Two‐Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe

An experimental procedure for investigating transient bubble flow for an adiabatic air/water system with vertical upward flow in a pipe is presented. The results of the measured local transient two‐phase flow parameters are shown along a pipe length of approx. four meters. From the measured radial phase distributions under steady and under transient conditions one can draw conclusions about the interfacial forces. Here, the effects indicate the action of forces such as a transverse lift force and a time dependent force like the virtual mass force during the transient. For modelling the transverse lift force which seems to play a dominant role for that flow regime the formulation of Zun was chosen and it was implemented into the commercial CFD‐Code Fluent Release 4.4.4 via user‐defined subroutines. Finally, results from the simulation of the steady states of start and end conditions of an experimental measured transient are shown.