非牛顿流体中气泡群传质的研究

CO2气泡群在液相中的传质在化工过程中广泛存在.对CO2气泡群在3种不同流体(牛顿流体、非弹性剪切变稀流体和黏弹性剪切变稀流体)中的气液传质过程进行了研究.利用CO2探针测定了不同操作条件下CO2的体积传质系数,考察了液相浓度,气体流量以及流变性质对体积传质系数的影响.结果表明:在3种流体中,体积传质系数均随气体流量的...     

Bubble swarm behaviour and gas absorption in non-newtonian fluids in sparged columns

Mean relative gas hold up, slip velocity, bubble size distribution, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were measured in sparged columns of highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids (CMC solutions) as a function of the gas flow rate, and CMC concentration (fluid consistency index k, and flow behaviour index n).By comparison of the measured bubble swarm velocities with those calculated by relations for single bubbles the bubble swarm behaviour was investigated. It could be shown that small bubbles in swarm have higher rising velocities than single bubbles, expecially in highly viscous media. Large single bubbles rise with high velocity due to the change of their shape caused by the swarm of the smaller bubbles. No large bubbles with spherical cap shape could be observed. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient decreases rapidly with increasing CMC-concentration.A comparison of the volumetric mass transfer coefficients with those measured in mechanically agitated vessels indicates, that the performance of sparged columns is comparable with the one of agitated vessels. Because of their lower energy requirement sparged columns are more economical than mechanically agitated vessels. It is possible to improve the performance of sparged columns by the redispersion of large bubbles in a multistage equipment.     

Bubble/droplet formation and mass transfer during gas–liquid–liquid segmented flow with soluble gas in a microchannel

Microchannels have great potential in intensification of gas–liquid–liquid reactions involving reacting gases, such as hydrogenation. This work uses CO₂–octane–water system to model the hydrodynamics and mass transfer of such systems in a microchannel with double T‐junctions. Segmented flows are generated with three inlet sequences and the size laws of dispersed phases are obtained. Three generation mechanisms of dispersed gas bubbles/water droplets are identified: squeezing by the oil phase, cutting by the droplet/bubble, cutting by the water–oil/gas–oil interface. Based on the gas dissolution rate, the mass transfer coefficients are calculated. It is found that water droplet can significantly enhance the transfer of CO₂ into the oil phase initially. When bubble‐droplet cluster are formed downstream the microchannel, droplet will retard the mass transfer. Other characteristics such as phase hold‐up, bubble velocity and bubble dissolution rate are also discussed. The information is beneficial for microreactor design when applying three‐phase reactions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1727–1739, 2017     

搅拌槽内中高黏物系的气液分散特性研究进展

从实验和数值模拟两方面对搅拌槽内中高黏物系条件下的气含率、气泡尺寸大小和传质特性等进行综述。讨论了搅拌桨型、操作条件、黏度或非牛顿性对气液分散特性的影响。阐明了径流式搅拌桨和上翻式轴流桨的组合能减小气穴,更适合中低黏物系的搅拌;搅拌转速比通气量的影响效果更明显,转速增加使气泡的分布均匀性变好,而提高通气速度会产生大气泡,使气泡分布不均匀程度增加;黏度或非牛顿性的增加可以改变气泡的碰撞频率,气泡平均尺寸减小。最后讨论了针对中高黏物系的计算流体力学模型的修正方法,并且展望了此领域的研究发展方向。     

ILAR中醇及电解质对非牛顿流体中气-液传质的影响

在-气升式内环流反应器中试验考察了非牛顿流体羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)中的气泡聚并现象以及表面活性物质对液相体积传质系数的影响。结果表明,非牛顿流体中气-液传质效率随黏度的增加而降低,其原因是黏度增加使Taylor泡的尾流趋于稳定,降低了液相扰动,气泡间易聚并,从而气-液传质效率低。向非牛顿流体中添加醇类物质会影响气-液传质行为,对于聚合物含量低的流体,添加微量醇可以促进气-液传质,聚合物含量高的非牛顿流体,微量醇的加入反而不利于气-液间传质过程。非牛顿流体在ILAR上升管中的气含率随着黏度的增加变化不大,而下降管中的气含率有所提高。     

Distribution of the free and oil‐trapped air bubbles in simulated broths containing fungal biomass

The location of air bubbles (i.e. inside oil drops or free in the aqueous phase) was studied by image analysis as a function of the oil and biomass concentrations in a 2 L stirred tank using a simulated fermentation medium (aqueoussalt solution, castor oil, air and fungal biomass) agitated by a Rushton turbine. The solid (fungal) phase plays an important role in defining the location of bubbles, as the percentage (in bubble volume) of bubbles trapped in oil increases threefold when biomass is added to the medium. The bubbles located inside oil drops were found to occupy 60% of the total bubble volume and to be 40% smaller than those which were non‐oil associated. This phenomenon has important implications for oxygen mass transfer in multiphase fermentations.     

Effects of interfacial surfactant contamination on bubble gas transfer

Surface active agents depress gas transfer at gas-liquid interfaces. They are present as measurable trace contaminants at all environmental and at most industrial interfaces. An experimental apparatus to concurrently measure dynamic surface tension and mass transfer was constructed and tested for single-bubble and multi-bubble experiments. In this work, the parameters describing time-dependent bubble surface contamination were characterized. The application of a Ward-Tordai transient model and of a Langmuir saturation model showed that for fine-bubbles in low molecular weight surfactant solutions the interfacial surfactant accumulation equilibrates before bubble detachment. This is reflected in the bubbles behaving as solid-spheres, which is shown in our dimensionless results.For a given contamination, interfaces with higher renewal rates have higher mass transfer. At higher renewal rates, the variation due to different contamination is smaller than the variation at lower renewal rates, concluding that higher interfacial flow regimes can offset contamination. Our experimental evidence shows a gas transfer reduction of 30-70% of pure water values in surfactant solutions, which confirms full-scale field measurements. Results are consistent with expectations and correct previous Frössling-like dimensionless correlations for pure water systems. Our results offer a tool for mass transfer prediction from flow regime and surfactant properties.     

The effect of different types of micro‐bubbles on the performance of the coagulation flotation process for coke waste‐water

BACKGROUND: Comparison experiments were carried out with three kinds of micro‐bubbles on the coagulation flotation process treatment of coke waste‐water under optimum coagulation conditions obtained from zeta potential measurement. RESULTS: Micro‐bubble flotation with ozone showed the best performance. The ozone micro‐bubbles exhibited high absolute zeta potential values, creating repulsion forces thus avoiding the coalescence of bubbles as well as creating attractive interaction between bubbles and particles in the waste‐water. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of three micro‐bubble samples showed that the ozone micro‐bubble system produced the most hydroxyl radicals, which contributed to the degradation of organic material in the coke waste‐water. Compared with either air micro‐bubble flotation and oxygen micro‐bubble flotation processes, pyridine removal efficiency of the ozone micro‐bubble flotation process was, respectively, 4.5 and 1.7 times higher, and benzene removal efficiency 3.6 and 1.5 times higher. Finally, drainage models and oxygen diffusion models of the three kinds of micro‐bubble water samples verified the long persistence of the three kinds of micro‐bubbles in the water. CONCLUSION: The application of ozone micro‐bubble technology in coagulation processes may provide an efficient and cost‐effective approach to the treatment of waste‐water containing refractory organic compounds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation of a salt-responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant for application to solids-free drilling fluids

In order to solve the problem of poor rheological properties of solid-free drilling fluids in salt-bearing formations and prevent drilling accidents such as lost circulation, formation collapse, and wellbore instability, it is crucial to develop a new type of viscosifier. In this study, a salt-responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant (NT-1) was synthesized by using erucamide as a hydrophobic chain and introducing a benzene ring and a carboxyl group into the linker. In addition, it is used as a viscosifier for solid-free drilling fluids. The structure of the surfactant was characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ¹³C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and its physicochemical properties were determined by surface tensiometer, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic lighting scattering and rheometer. Its performance in solid-free drilling fluids was evaluated according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The results show that the surfactant has a low critical micelle concentration (31.74 μmol/L), excellent thermal stability and water solubility. In particular, NT-1 can self-assemble into worm-like micelles under the action of salt, and the spatial network structure formed by the interweaving of these micelles can endow the drilling fluid with good rheology and viscoelasticity. NT-1 is compatible with conventional drilling fluid polymer additives, which can effectively improve solid-free drilling fluids' rheological properties and fluid loss properties in salt layers. The temperature resistance in drilling fluid systems can reach 120°C. This work verifies the feasibility of using viscoelastic surfactants as viscosifiers in solid-free drilling fluids and provides new ideas for developing salt-responsive smart drilling fluids.     

Preparation and Performance of a Novel Water‐Soluble Cationic Polymer Containing β‐Cyclodextrin

Allyl‐β‐cyclodextrin is utilized to react with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide to synthesize a novel water‐soluble cationic polymer by redox free‐radical polymerization. The optimum polymerization conditions are determined by the single‐variable method, while the structure is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. In rheological experiments the polymer demonstrates superior properties compared to polyacrylamide. Interfacial tension and adsorption experiments prove the excellent performance of the polymer which can effectively decrease the interfacial tension and reduce the surfactant loss caused by stratum absorption in the process of polymer/surfactant flooding, thus indicating the potential application of the polymer for enhancing oil recovery.     

Impact of Cellulose and Surfactants on Mass Transfer of Bubble Columns

The effects of cellulose, surfactants, and their combination on the hydrodynamic behavior and the liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient of a bubble column were evaluated. For that purpose, different aqueous solutions containing surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and cellulose (microcrystalline cellulose, MCC) were investigated. The interfacial areas were calculated from the bubble diameters, the bubble frequencies, and the terminal bubble rising velocities. The liquid‐side mass transfer coefficients were determined from the volumetric mass transfer coefficients measured by the dynamic method. In the concentration range under test, the experimental results proved that the addition of MCC to the studied liquid phases did not affect the mass transfer coefficient.     

Novel fluorinated surfactants for enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs

Novel surfactant‐polymer (SP) formulations containing fluorinated amphoteric surfactant (surfactant‐A) and fluorinated anionic surfactant (surfactant‐B) with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) were evaluated for enhanced oil recovery applications in carbonate reservoirs. Thermal stability, rheological properties, interfacial tension, and adsorption on the mineral surface were measured. The effects of the surfactant type, surfactant concentration, temperature, and salinity on the rheological properties of the SP systems were examined. Both surfactants were found to be thermally stable at a high temperature (90 °C). Surfactant‐B decreased the viscosity and the storage modulus of the HPAM. Surfactant‐A had no influence on the rheological properties of the HPAM. Surfactant‐A showed complete solubility and thermal stability in seawater at 90 °C. Only surfactant‐A was used in adsorption, interfacial tension, and core flooding experiments, since surfactant‐B was not completely soluble in seawater and therefore was limited to deionized water. A decrease in oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) of almost one order of magnitude was observed when adding surfactant‐A. However, betaine‐based co‐surfactant reduced the IFT to 10^?3 mN/m. An adsorption isotherm showed that the maximum adsorption of surfactant‐A was 1 mg per g of rock. Core flooding experiments showed 42 % additional oil recovery using 2.5 g/L (2500 ppm) HPAM and 0.001 g/g (0.1 mass%) amphoteric surfactant at 90 °C.     

The modifications of a plane mixing layer by condensed bubbles

Injecting superheated water vapour bubbles into a sub-cooled shear flow will induce heat and mass transfer in the form of condensation. Of particular interest is finding the characteristic role that the large-scale vortex structures play on bubble condensation. Because the heat transfer and condensation take place mainly due to convection, the bubble is expected to collapse at an earlier stage because of the trapping by large-scale vortices. The aim of this paper is to investigate two-way thermal and momentum interaction between bubbles and the large-scale coherent structures in a plane turbulent shear layer, focusing on the effect of bubble condensation on large-scale vortex structures embedded in plane, free shear layers. The parameters such as initial bubble temperature, bubble injection location, and carrier fluid temperature have been chosen to examine their effects on the condensation and dispersion of bubbles. Because superheated vapour bubbles immersed within a sub-cooled shear flow field experience heat transfer, the gas phase will certainly condense into liquid if these bubbles remain surrounded long enough by this same sub-cooled liquid. Accordingly, bubble condensation is evident within the shear layer and bubble dispersion is influenced by the large-scale vortex structures. The main driving force behind complete bubble condensation was the difference in temperature between the bubble vapour and the carrier fluid. It was revealed that the effect of the large-scale vortex structures is that the condensed bubbles acquire a larger dispersion than bubbles that were not subject to thermal coupling.     

Breakup dynamics of slender bubbles in non‐newtonian fluids in microfluidic flow‐focusing devices

This study aims to investigate the breakup of slender bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids in microfluidic flow‐focusing devices using a high‐speed camera and a microparticle image velocimetry (micro‐PIV) system. Experiments were conducted in 400‐ and 600‐μm square microchannels. The variation of the minimum width of gaseous thread with the remaining time before pinch‐off could be scaled as a power‐law relationship with an exponent less than 1/3, obtained for the pinch‐off of bubbles in Newtonian fluids. The velocity field and spatial viscosity distribution in the liquid phase around the gaseous thread were determined by micro‐PIV to understand the bubble breakup mechanism. A scaling law was proposed to describe the size of bubbles generated in these non‐Newtonian fluids at microscale. The results revealed that the rheological properties of the continuous phase affect significantly the bubble breakup in such microdevices. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J,, 2012     

鼓泡破泡一体化高效精馏塔盘流动特性与CFD模拟

就痕量精馏中塔板传质效率低、需强化气液传质的问题,研究者提出了新型鼓泡破泡一体化高效精馏塔盘,通过在筛板上泡沫层高度范围内设置一层破泡装置,打破大气泡,减小气泡体积,强制界面进行更新,从而提高传质效率。采用双欧拉模型分别对鼓泡破泡一体化塔盘和筛板进行了气液流场的数值模拟,并对模型进行了验证。对比两种塔板的计算结果可以看出：在相同操作条件下,破泡装置将大气泡破裂成无数小气泡,使高气含率区域面积较普通筛板进一步增大,且气含率梯度变化更均匀;增加破泡装置后,在相同气速条件下气泡上升速度下降,气体在液层中的滞留时间延长,使鼓泡层高度增加,可显著提高传质效率,且降低了气体雾沫夹带量;破泡装置还明显改善了气相的纵向分布,气含率由塔板底部向上逐渐增大且存在明显分界;破泡装置附近湍动较剧烈,气泡破碎喷出的气体会进一步撕裂液膜,气体破碎作用会抑制气泡聚并,促进界面的快速更新更有利于传质过程的进行。研究结果可对工业塔板设计和优化提供指导。     

Neue Aspekte zum Einfluß des Blasenwakes auf die Hydrodynamik und den Stoffaustausch in einer Blasensäule

New aspects of the influence of the wake of bubbles on fluid dynamics and mass transfer in bubble columns. Wake-phenomena behind solid and fluid particles moving in a continuous liquid are an important fluid-dynamic effect which has a pronounced influence on heat- and mass transfer in two-phase dispersions. In this paper results reported in the literature are used to analyse the influence of wakes behind bubbles on the hydrodynamics of bubble columns. A new class of model is introduced to describe the flow and mixing of the liquid phase, taking into account major hydrodynamic effects.     

From Phase Behavior to Understand the Dominant Mechanism of Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding in Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery

The primary objective of this work was to understand the dominant mechanism(s) of alkali‐surfactant‐polymer (ASP) flooding in enhancing heavy oil recovery. Chemical formulations were first optimized based on phase behavior studies. The data indicated that alkali and surfactant created a synergistic effect at the oil/water interface, which further decreased the interfacial tension (IFT) and improved the emulsification. However, it was also found that the addition of alkali was detrimental to the viscous properties of the chemical systems and caused the ultimate oil recovery to decrease. In other words, the macroscopic sweep efficiency as a result of viscosity was the primary factor determining the overall recovery of heavy oil followed by emulsification, which was verified by the phase behavior of the effluent. Based on the experimental results, we found that for this targeted heavy oil reservoir, surfactant‐polymer (SP) flooding was more appropriate than ASP flooding and it was not necessary to decrease the IFT to the ultralow level (10^?3 mN/m) using alkali. Through chemical flooding, the incremental oil recovery was increased up to 27% of original oil in place, indicating the potential of this technique in heavy oil reservoirs.     

On motion of bubbles and drops

Dynamically interacting effects of surfactant impurities and neighbor particles on the transfer mechanism of momentum and terminal velocities of spherical bubbles, drops, or solid particle assemblages at low Reynolds numbers are analysed and formulated. The steady-state equations of viscous fluid motion and continuity (one set for each phase) have been solved simultaneously with a conservation equation for diffusing surfactant impurities. By employing a cell model with zero vorticity at its outer boundary, and modified interfacial conditions the terminal relative velocity of an ensemble of fluid particles is evaluated and compared with some available experimental data. The analysis of solid-fluid mixture is shown to become a special case of the analysis of fluid-fluid mixtures where adventitious surfactant impurities stop internal circulation thereby causing drop and bubble assemblages to behave as suspension of solid particles.     

Experimental investigation of interfacial mass transfer mechanisms for a confined high‐reynolds‐number bubble rising in a thin gap

Interfacial mass transfer is known to be enhanced for confined bubbles due to the efficiency of the transfer in the thin liquid films between them and the wall. In the present experimental investigation, the mechanisms of gas–liquid mass transfer are studied for isolated bubbles rising at high Reynolds number in a thin gap. A planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is applied with a dye the fluorescence of which is quenched by dissolved oxygen. The aim is to measure the interfacial mass fluxes for pure oxygen bubbles of various shapes and paths rising in water at rest. In the wakes of the bubbles, patterns due to the presence of dissolved oxygen are observed on PLIF images. They reveal the contrasted contributions to mass transfer of two different regions of the interface. The flow around a bubble consists of both two thin liquid films between the bubble and the walls of the cell and an external high‐Reynolds‐number in‐plane flow surrounding the bubble. Mass transfer mechanisms associated to both regions are discussed. Measurement of the concentration of dissolved oxygen is a difficult task due to the nonlinear relation between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration in the gap. It is however possible to accurately measure the global mass flux transferred through the bubble interface. It is determined from the fluorescence intensity recorded in the wakes when the oxygen distribution has been made homogeneous through the gap by diffusion. Assuming a reasonable distribution of oxygen concentration through the gap at short time also allows a measurement of the mass fluxes due to the liquid films. A discussion of the results points out the specific physics of mass transfer for bubbles confined between two plates as compared to bubbles free to move in unconfined flows. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2394–2408, 2017     

Impact of Surfactant Addition on Oxygen Mass Transfer in a Bubble Column

The impact of sparger design and surfactant addition on the oxygen transfer rate in a bubble column was examined. Additionally, measurements were also made of the holdup and bubble size distribution, allowing both the interfacial area for mass transfer and the liquid film mass transfer coefficient to be determined for a range of industrially relevant superficial velocities. It was found that for the velocity range examined changes in the superficial velocity had a minimal impact on the observed value of liquid film mass transfer coefficient. In contrast, addition of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface‐active compounds led to an approximately threefold reduction in liquid film mass transfer coefficient.