葡萄籽提油前后发酵产沼气潜力研究

在恒温25℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了葡萄籽提油前后产沼气潜力。结果表明:葡萄籽TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为473.65 mL/g和484.55 mL/g,能源转换效率为37.25%;葡萄籽油枯TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为450.03 mL/g和460.44 mL/g,能源转换效率为36.43%。     

荷叶发酵产沼气的研究

以荷叶为原料对其发酵产沼气进行了研究。以稻草秸秆为对照,活性污泥为接种物,对荷叶厌氧发酵产沼气的能力进行了评估,并研究了荷叶对稻草秸秆发酵产沼气的影响。荷叶在37℃条件下发酵35 d,沼气产气量为167.0 mL/g,沼气中甲烷含量为65.72%,分别高出稻草秸秆15.57%,12.25%。荷叶与稻草秸秆按1∶1进行混合发酵时沼气产气率为184.5 mL/g,沼气中甲烷含量为70.68%,分别高出稻草秸秆27.68%,20.72%。荷叶发酵前后TS,VS含量变化分别为3.77%,15.17%,发酵前后pH维持在7左右。结果表明,荷叶在沼气生产上有很大潜力。     

室温下菠萝皮渣厌氧发酵产氢潜力研究

在室温（15～23℃）条件下,采用批量发酵工艺进行菠萝皮渣厌氧发酵制氢的试验研究。试验结果表明：菠萝皮渣的TS,VS发酵产氢潜力分别为156．9,164．19ml／g;发酵料液中原料的TS,VS利用率分别为35．59％,48.37％。     

辣椒厌氧发酵产H2和CH4的试验研究

以辣椒为原料,以实验室长期驯化的猪粪发酵残留物为底物的混合厌氧消化污泥作为接种物,在常温下进行批量发酵,发酵料液体积400 ml,RHT=86 d.TS质量分数为6.36%时,进行厌氧发酵产H2,产H2结束后使用NaOH溶液调节pH值为7.42,继续发酵产CH4.结果表明:辣椒产氢潜力(TS)为103.0L/kg,VS产氢潜力145.7 L/kg;TS产甲烷潜力为254.6 L/kg,VS产甲烷潜力为276.9 L/kg,其TS能量利用潜力达2 222.4 kJ/kg.     

牛粪、鸡粪发酵产氢潜力的研究

采用恒温厌氧发酵工艺,用乳酸调控发酵pH值,进行了牛粪和鸡粪发酵产氢的实验研究。实验结果表明,pH为4.7～5.5时,牛粪的产氢潜力为32.33ml/g(TS)和41.39ml/g(VS);鸡粪的产氢潜力为33.58ml/g(TS)和50.88ml/g(VS)。     

滇池蓝藻发酵产沼气的研究

进行了滇池新鲜蓝藻批量发酵产沼气的研究。研究结果表明,将直接从滇池打捞的蓝藻液静置分层除去60％（V／V）清水后,蓝藻TS为3．39％,VS为93．72％;在平均温度为20．2℃的发酵环境中,发酵66d,蓝藻TS产气潜力为487．3ml/g,VS产气潜力为491．0ml/g,甲烷的平均含量可达64．91％,蓝藻TS利用率为54．02％．VS利用率为57．33％。     

猪粪发酵产氢潜力的研究

采用批量发酵工艺，以解猪粪为原料，进行了厌氧发酵产氢的研究，发酵料液pH值控制在5．0左右，实验结果表明，鲜猪粪的产氢潜力为127ml/g(TS)和158ml/g(VS).     

硝化细菌脱氨氮预处理对鸡粪和玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵的影响

在发酵温度为40℃,发酵底物TS含量分别为12%,16%和20%的条件下,将经过硝化细菌脱氨氮预处理的鸡粪以及未经预处理的鸡粪分别与玉米秸秆进行混合厌氧发酵,并研究发酵过程中沼气日产量、沼气累计产量、氨氮浓度、TS和VS降解率等参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:在发酵过程的前15 d,当发酵底物的TS含量分别为12%,16%,20%时,经过预处理的试验组的沼气日产量平均值分别为593.1,550.9,355.1 mL/d,未经预处理的试验组的沼气日产量平均值分别为420.8,379.2,433.4 mL/d;与未经预处理的试验组相比,经过预处理的试验组的累积沼气产量更高;在整个发酵过程中,各试验组的氨氮浓度均呈现出逐渐上升的变化趋势;脱氨氮预处理能够提高发酵前物料的挥发性脂肪酸浓度;当发酵底物的TS含量分别为12%,16%和20%时,相比于未经预处理的试验组,经过预处理的试验组的TS降解率分别提高了1.9%,7.9%和17.4%,VS降解率分别提高了2.2%,3.3%和28.4%,纤维素降解率分别提高了1.1%,4.6%和26.0%,半纤维素降解率分别提高了0.1%,1.3%和25.5%。     

羊粪沼气发酵产气潜力的试验研究

在平均室温22．9℃的条件下，以羊粪为原料，进行批量发酵产沼气的试验研究。结果表明，在料液TS浓度为8．65％时，羊粪发酵产沼气潜力为214．47ml／g。     

牛粪、鸡粪发醇产氢潜力的研究

采用恒温厌氧发酵工艺，用乳酸调控发酵pH值，进行了牛粪和鸡粪发酵产氢的实验研究。实验结果表明，pH为4．7～5．5时，牛粪的产氢潜力为32.33ml／g(TS)和41.39ml／g(VS)；鸡粪的产氢潜力为33．58ml／g(TS)和50．88ml／g(VS)。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996