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1.
Benzoylacetone, keto-enol tautomer, was dissolved in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium
chloride, hexaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether, polyoxyethylene tert-octyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether,
respectively. The effect of surfactants on this keto-enol equilibrium was examined by measuring the intensity of two spectral
bands at ca. 250 nm and 315 nm due to ketonic and enolic form of this compound. The existence of keto-enol equilibrium of
the benzoylacetone was indicated by an isosbestic point among the two bands. The absorbances of the two bands showed hardly
any change in the range of surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) but, in the concentration
range above the cmc, the absorbance of the enolic form increased and that of the ketonic form decreased abruptly. These changes
at cmc were very noticeable in the case of ionic surfactant solution. The concentrations corresponding to abrupt change of
the spectra used for the determination of cmc were in fair agreement with data obtained by other methods. However, in the
case of nonionic surfactant solutions, the absorbance due to the enolic form increased gradually with increase of the surfactant
concentration, and the distinct break point was not observed at cmc. 相似文献
2.
On the measurement of critical micelle concentrations of pure and technical-grade nonionic surfactants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Patist S. S. Bhagwat K. W. Penfield P. Aikens D. O. Shah 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2000,3(1):53-58
The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of nine commercial nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, 22, 40, 60, and 80; Triton X-100;
Brij 35, 58, and 78) and two pure nonionics [C12(EO)5 and C12(EO)8] were determined by surface tension and dye micellization methods. Commercially available nonionic surfactants (technical
grade) usually contain impurities and have a broad molecular weight distribution owing to the degree of ethoxylation. It was
shown that the surface tension method (Wilhelmy plate) is very sensitive to the presence of impurities. Much lower CMC values
were obtained with the surface tension method than with the dye micellization method (up to 6.5 times for Tween 22). In the
presence of highly surfaceactive impurities, the air/liquid interface is already saturated at concentrations well below the
true CMC, leading to a wrong interpretation of the break in the curve of surface tension (γ) vs. concentration of nonionic
surfactant (log C). The actual onset of micellization happens at higher concentrations, as measured by the dye micellization
method. Furthermore, it was shown that when a commercial surfactant sample (Tween 20) is subjected to foam fractionation,
thereby removing species with higher surface activity, the sample yields almost the same CMC values as measured by surface
tension and dye micellization methods. It was found that for monodisperse pure nonionic surfactants, both CMC determination
methods yield the same results. Therefore, this study indicates that precaution should be taken when determining the CMC of
commercial nonionic surfactants by the surface tension method, as it indicates the surface concentration of all surface-active
species at the surface only, whereas the dye method indicates the presence of micelles in the bulk solution. 相似文献
3.
测量吖啶化合物作为发光剂在系列浓度的表面活性剂溶液的化学发光值,根据所得发光值的对数值与其对应的表面活性剂溶液中表面活性剂浓度的对数值进行线性拟合得出若干条拟合直线,相邻两条拟合直线的交点对应的表面活性剂浓度中的最小值即为该表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度.由测定结果可知,十二烷基三甲基氯化铵的临界胶束浓度是11.5 mmol... 相似文献
4.
The effect of electrolytes and other additives influencing water structure, viz., urea and formamide, has been studied on
the micelle formation of polyethoxylated nonionic detergents in their aqueous solutions. The decrease in critical micelle
concentration (c.m.c.) by electrolytes has been interpreted in terms of salting out mechanism and evidence has been obtained
in support of the contention that micelles of polyethoxylated nonionic detergents are weakly positively charged. Effect of
urea and formamide on the c.m.c. values of these nonionic detergents indicate that hydrophobic bonding is loosened in their
presence with a consequent increase in the c.m.c. of these detergents. 相似文献
5.
The nonionic surfactants form donor-acceptor complexes with iodine in aqueous medium. The spectral absorption and the shift
in the λmax of l2 upon complexation have been exploited to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Tweens, Brijs, and Triton
X-100. The CMC values obtained closely agree with those determined by other methods, including measurements of static surface
tension, differential refractive index, and iodine solubilization. The spectral characteristics of the complex salt Kl3 can be utilized as well to derive similar information. The CMC and the spectral shift can be correlated with the weight fraction
of the polyoxyethylene groups and the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) in various ways, with the parameters in these relationships
depending on the series to which the surfactant belong. Because both CMC and HLB depend on temperature, the results and the
relations obtained are temperature-dependent; those presented are with reference to 298 K. 相似文献
6.
Åsa Lindgren Michael Sjöström Svante Wold 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(7):863-875
The detergency effect has been examined for a series of technical nonionic surfactants with the use of statistical experimental
designs and revealed a plateau in each of the response surfaces obtained. The surfactant concentrations and washing temperatures,
needed to reach the edge of each detergency effect plateau, were also determined. These conditions, which define the edge
of the plateau, could be well modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants with the use of partial least
squares of latent structures. It was also possible to point out the importance of the different physicochemical properties.
If an experimental design has been utilized, the detergency effect of a nonionic surfactant can be modeled from multiple linear
regression as a function of surfactant concentration, washing time, and washing temperature. We have shown how these regression
coefficients can be modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants. Partial least squares of latent structures
were used to estimate these models as well. We also demonstrated how these models can be used to predict the regression coefficients
of a surfactant not included in the model estimations. The resultant regression coefficients can then be used to predict the
detergency effects of this surfactant at different variable settings. The detergency effects thus obtained are in good agreement
with measured data acquired under corresponding conditions. 相似文献
7.
8.
By use of a specially adapted fluorometer attached to a strip chart recorder, a spectrum or cloud-o-gram can be obtained from
various types of ethylene oxide condensates (nonionic surfactants). A cloud-point reproducible to ±0.2C can be determined
from the cloud-o-gram. The cloud-o-gram is unique for each classification, and differences can be detected within classifications. 相似文献
9.
Zhong-Ni Wang Gan-Zuo Li Jian-Hai Mu Wen-Xia Zhang 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2002,5(4):391-396
The interaction and synergism of some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether (POE) nonionic surfactants (C12E2, C12E3, C10E5, C10E7, where Cx indicates number of carbon atoms in the chain and Ey indicates number of oxyethylene glycol ethers) with trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate (C12E3S) in mixed monolayer formation at the surface and in mixed micelle formation in aqueous solutions were studied at 25 and
40°C by calculating interaction parameters (βα, βM) from surface tension-concentration data by use of Rosen's equations based on the nonideal solution theory. All the systems
investigated adapt reasonably well to the nonideal model, with negative values of βσ and βM (where M means micelle and σ refers to the air-liquid interface) indicating a favorable interaction between the mixed surfactants.
Either at a monolayer or in a mixed micelle, the attractive interaction becomes stronger when the alkyl chain in the POE surfactant
is longer, i.e., when the POE becomes more hydrophobic. The interaction increases in the order C10E7<C10E5<C12E3, C12E2. For the two C10E
n
(n= 5,7)/C12E3S systems, as temperature increases from 25 to 40°C, the interaction increases in a mixed micelle, but it decreases in a mixed
monolayer. Synergism in mixed micelle formation exists for C12E3S/C10E
n
mixtures when X1
M
, the mole fraction of POE in a mixed micelle, is ≈0.4–0.8, whereas synergism does not occur in the systems of C12E3S/C12E
m
due to the large difference between CMC1 and CMC2, i.e., large |In(C
1
M
/C
2
M
)| value (where CMC=critical micelle concentration). The degree of synergism in mixed micelle formation is temperature independent
and is 0.23, 0.18, and close to zero for C10E5/C12E3S, C10E7/C12E3S, and C12E
m
(m=2,3)/C12E3S systems, respectively. Synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness occurs in C12E3S/C12E2 and C12E3S/C12E3 systems. The mole fractions of POE in the solution phase are 0.302 and 0.333 for the two mixtures at the point of maximum
synergism. 相似文献
10.
This report presents a fast, accurate analytical method for the determination of the degree of ethoxylation of nonionic ethoxylated
surfactants based on the indirect determination of the oxygen content of the surfactant using a C,H,N elemental analyzer.
The weight percent oxygen is then easily translated into ethylene oxide (EO) content. This method was found to be fairly accurate
in determining the EO content of surfactants containing up to 20 mol EO, which is equivalent to about 80% EO content in most
common nonionic surfactant ethoxylates. A comparison of the results obtained with this procedure versus hydroxyl value and
HI cleavage methods is also presented in this paper. 相似文献
11.
Leszek Marszall J. Wade Van Valkenburg 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1982,59(2):84-87
The empirical hydrophile-liophile balance (HLB) value of nonionic surfactants is an important parameter used to predict performance
as, e.g., emulsifiers, solubilizers and wetting agents. However, the HLB value is based on an original molecular structure
and does not take into account all the factors affecting the performance of nonionics, such as presence of additives, type
of solvent, temperature, degree of hydration, structural modifications of the surfactant molecule and decomposition of surfactants.
On a performance basis, where these factors come into play, a given nonionic surfactant may exhibit a multiplicity of apparent
HLB values. Accordingly, we recently introduced the term “effective HLB value” which is a performance value which incorporates
into the HLB the parameters listed above. The HLB value thus becomes a variable depending on the physical and chemical conditions
at the time of the measurement. In this work, we investigated the effect of adding glycols and diglycols on the HLB using
3 different methods: cloud point, phenol index and critical micelle concentration (cmc). We found that this type of additive
increases the cloud point, phenol index, cmc and the “effective HLB” of a polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactant. The effectiveness
of the glycols in causing these increases was in the following order; dipropylene glycol > 1,4-butanediol > 1,2-propanediol
> diethylene glycol > ethylene glycol. The solvent effect of glycols and diglycols on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions
of the surfactant molecule are discussed. On the hydrocarbon part of the surfactant molecule, the solvents cause a weakening
of the hydrophobic bond and an increase in the cmc. On the polyoxyethylene part of the molecule, the solvent may cause either
an increase or a decrease in the cmc. The effect on the hydro-philic portion is related to hydrogen bonding exhibited by the
additives. The results obtained again suggest that the effective HLB value, which is a measure of the HLB under operative
conditions, may be of greater practical significance than calculated HLB. 相似文献
12.
Nonionic surfactants of the polyethylene oxide type are precipitated by carboxy vinyl polymer (CVP) in its acid form. While
the reduced viscosity of the CVP solution is affected more markedly by a surfactant with a longer polyethylene oxide chain,
the binding to CVP of the nonionic surfactants with the same hydrophobic parts occurs more effectively with shortening of
the polyethylene oxide chain or with lowering of the critical micelle concentration. The structure of the complexes formed
is discussed. 相似文献
13.
14.
Hiroshi Suzuki 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1970,47(8):273-277
A method was investigated for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) by the shift of absorption maxima when
an organic compound (I) with ultraviolet absorption was added to an aqueous solution of a surfactant. When I was added to
the surfactant solution at higher concentrations (above the CMC), λmax of I approached the value inn-octane, since I was solubilized in the hydrocarbon atmosphere of the inner part of the surfactant micelle. At lower concentrations
(below the CMC), however, I was present in the water phase and λmax approached the value in water. The curve of λmax vs. surfactant concentration declined from the high concentration values as the CMC was approached and at the CMC, the curve
broke upward sharply. Then, it rose for some time and approached the value in water. N,N′-diethylaniline was used because
it exhibited larger shifts of λmax. The standard amount used was 0.002 ml/3–10 ml of aqueous solution of the surfactant. The CMC values obtained agreed with
those obtained by the electric conductivity method, dye adsorption method and light scattering method, for surfactants such
as tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyoxyethylene cetyl ether. 相似文献
15.
A simple method is described for measuring the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants using a computer-driven
mixing system and a variable wavelength spectrophotometer. Analyses using this method were typically done in 15 min. Detergents
that were analyzed included sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate, Lubrol-PX and Triton X-100. Lubrol PX showed two
phase transitions; other detergents appeared to have only one near their CMC. For sodium cholate, the CMC was more difficult
to analyze than the others. This may have been due to its low aggregation number (≤ 4). Since this method successfully identified
the CMC of these four detergents, it is likely that most, if not all, surfactants can be analyzed in the same manner. 相似文献
16.
The methods currently reported in the literature for the characterization of nonionic surfactants are usually applied to one
portion of the molecule and require a knowledge of the other portion for complete identification. This indirect approach leaves
much to be desired. A simple, rapid, and more direct method of characterization is to measure the proton signal intensity
in high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This method determines the hydrophile to hydrophobe ratio without
requiring standard samples for calibration or a prior knowledge of the hydrophobe. In addition, this method will frequently
give much valuable information about the identity of the hydrophobe, such as the average chain length, the degree of branching,
and the type of aromatic substitution, if any. This method has been applied to the characterization of the common types of
commercial polyethylene oxide condensates. The application of NMR to the analysis of formulated detergent products is also
discussed.
Presented at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, La., 1962. 相似文献
17.
18.
Biodegradation of nonionic surfactants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. R. Birch 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(2):340-343
This paper discusses the biodegradability of alcohol-based nonionics measured by the recommended legislative test procedures
and how the results obtained are affected by the chemical structure of the surfactant, and thus provides guidance on the selection
of materials. More detailed studies on the biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates during the activated sludge sewage treatment
process are also reported. Examination of a wide range of alcohol ethoxylates in the legislative tests shows that the majority
of those nonionics of practical importance will be extensively biodegraded. Although the mathematical model used to design
the treatability test is very simple and has frequently come under criticism, the predictions seem to be upheld and the results
obtained appear to provide a reliable guide to what is likely to happen in practice. The sludge residence time, which has
long been regarded as of particular importance by those involved in the field of sewage treatment, is clearly demonstrated
to be a highly significant factor whose influence should be taken into account in any detailed laboratory study of treatability.
The study of alcohol ethoxylates indicates that extensive primary biodegradation will occur even in overloaded treatment plants
where sludge retention times (SRT) are likely to be short. The effect of temperature on the biodegradation is small and suggests
that effective treatment will be achieved in such plants even at the lower temperatures experienced during winter. Ultimate
biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates was shown to be extensive under practical conditions and levels of “polyethylene glycol”
intermediates discharged to surface waters will be low. Although alcohol ethoxylates are rapidly and extensively absorbed
on activated sludge, this does not play a significant role in the removal process which is essentially one of biodegradation. 相似文献
19.
A technique for determining low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) by means of a hydrophobic fluorescence probe has been
developed. The amount of the fluorescent probe at the CMC is so small that the effect of the probe on micelle formation is
negligible. The fluorescence intensity was measured at fixed dye/surfactant ratios, and it decreased with concentration. A
quantity proportional to fluorescent quantum yield was calculated and found to be high for concentrations of surfactant above
the CMC and almost zero below the CMC, giving a distinct break in the quantum yield vs. the concentration curve. 相似文献
20.
The critical micelle concentrations of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyl pyridinium bromide have been calculated by a spectral-dye method. Alizarin red S at pH 9.12 was found to be suitable for these two cationics. Two shifts in the dye maximum, one due to complex formation (500 mॖ or 525 mॖ) and the other due to the dye-surfactant complex solubilized in the micelles of the cationics were realized. The critical micelle concentration was represented by the point of intersection of two curves at wavelength 500 mॖ and 550 mॖ for cetyl pyridinium bromide and 525 mॖ and 550 mॖ for cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. 相似文献