A comparison of mechanical and wear properties of plasma sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composites at nano and macro scale

The macro- and nano-scale mechanical and wear properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced Al-Si composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying have been compared in this paper. The composite coatings show a two phase microstructure; one phase being the Al-Si matrix with well dispersed CNTs and the other being the CNT clusters. Nanoindentation testing on the matrix portion with dispersed CNTs indicated an increase in the elastic modulus by 19% and 39% and an increase in the yield strength by 17.5% and 27% by the addition of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% CNTs respectively. Macro-scale compression tests indicated no improvement in the elastic modulus but an increases in the compressive yield strength by 27% and 77% respectively, by addition of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% CNTs. Nanoscratch testing carried out on the Al-Si matrix with dispersed CNTs indicated a decrease in scratch volume by 34% and 71% by addition of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% CNTs respectively. Macro-scale wear tests indicated a decrease in the wear volume by 68% in case of 5 wt.% CNT coatings but an increase in the wear volume by 15% for the 10 wt.% CNT coating. The differences in mechanical and wear properties at nano and macro scales are explained in terms of the bimodal CNT dispersion (well dispersed and clusters) in Al-Si matrix, CNT cluster size and fraction and carbide formation.     

Real‐Time Activity Bioassay of Single Osteoclasts Using a Silicon Nanocrystal‐Impregnated Artificial Matrix

The lack of an in vitro real‐time osteoclast (OC) activity assay has hampered mechanistic studies of bone resorption. Such an assay is developed, employing a hydroxyapatite matrix impregnated with alkyl‐capped silicon nanocrystals, which is capable of monitoring the time‐course of resorption by single osteoclasts. Resorption of the matrix by OC releases the nanocrystals, which are internalized by the cell and detected as an increase in OC luminescence. This particular choice of nanocrystals is motivated by their bright pH‐independent luminescence, proportional to concentration, and by their rapid uptake without cytotoxicity. In this in vitro assay, OCs are inhibited by calcitonin (CT) and methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MCD), and stimulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL) in the expected manner. The kinetics of the assay exhibit a lag phase representing cell attachment and commencement of resorption processes, followed by a growth of cell luminescence intensity, and the whole time‐course is satisfactorily described by the logistic equation.     

Comparison of structural and photoluminescence properties of ZnO thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

ZnO thin films have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method, respectively. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterizations indicate that ZnO film grown by PLD exhibits better crystallinity than that grown by USP. Photoluminescence spectra show that the near-band edge ultraviolet emission of film grown by PLD is narrower and shifts to higher energy, compared with that of film grown by USP. In the visible range, ZnO film grown by PLD exhibits four local level emission centered at 470 nm, 486 nm, 544 nm, and 613 nm, respectively, while the film grown by USP only presents a weak broad band emission centered at 502 nm. Hall measurement shows higher carrier density and lower hall mobility in ZnO film grown by PLD than that in film grown by USP. The higher density of intrinsic defects as well as higher crystallintiy is considered to account for the difference of photoluminescence in ZnO film grown by PLD with that in film grown by USP.     

40000m~3/h空分设备主换热器的设计及制造

通过对进口 4 0 0 0 0m3 /h空分设备主换热器进行结构分析及对比模拟计算 ,用国产传热翅片进行设计、采用真空钎焊工艺制造的主换热器 ,经并网运行 ,设计指标优于原空分设备 ,为今后成套大型空分设备板翅式换热器国产化设计、制造创造了条件。     

股份制与非股份制组织中上下级工作冲突处理方式的差异

为了分析股份制与非股份制组织员工上下级工作冲突处理方式的各自特点,采用自编的上下级工作冲突处理方式量表,有效测试了254名员工。结果发现,两类组织中都是下属更多采用退让方式,领导更多采用对抗方式;与股份制企业相比,非股份制组织员工更倾向于采用退让方式;协调的处理方式在非股份制组织中更多为领导所采用,股份制比非股份制组织的下属更倾向于采用协调方式。结果提示两类组织中上下级工作冲突处理方式既因民族文化而有共同之处,也因组织文化而有所不同。     

Analysis of the particle collision behavior in spiral jet milling

Collision behaviors of particles in spiral jet milling were analyzed by using a simulation. The motion of the particles was tracked by the discrete element method (DEM), and the air flow was represented by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The DEM was coupled with the CFD by a one-way coupling method. The simulated air flow was validated by comparing the fluid velocity field with the measured one in a model experiment. Furthermore, the air flow and particle behaviors in a spiral jet mill used commercially were analyzed by using the simulation. As a result, the particles with a region balancing between centrifugal and radial drag forces could be mainly ground by the high-speed collisions between the particles circulating near the top and bottom walls of the grinding chamber.     

纳米铜改性酚醛树脂及其应用性能

采用新发明的原位生成法成功地制备了摩擦材料用纳米铜改性酚醛树脂。利用XRD和TEM对所制备的树脂进行了表征。结果显示,纳米铜的粒径为10~40 nm,呈近球形。进行了TGA、冲击试验和摩擦试验。结果表明,纳米铜改性酚醛树脂的耐热性有较大提高,与纯酚醛树脂相比,其初始分解温度和半分解温度可分别提高31℃和46℃;纳米铜改性酚醛树脂基摩擦材料的韧性和摩擦学性能有明显改善,与纯酚醛树脂基摩擦材料相比,冲击强度提高44%,热衰退率和磨损率分别降低约50%和2/3。建立了酚醛树脂/纳米铜复合材料的界面模型,并探讨了纳米铜改善酚醛树脂及摩擦材料性能的机理。      

高温环境激光测振实验研究

根据激光测振原理,搭建了一套高温环境下的激光测振试验系统。利用该系统进行实验,分析了动圈连接杆对振动的传递效果,在中频下的传递误差较小,高频下传递误差较大,并为激光测振实验选取了合适的激励频率。进行了高温环境下的比较法测振和激光测振实验,通过与参考加速度计的测量结果进行对比,得到高温下的比较法测振和激光测振相对误差,并对误差影响因素进行了分析。实验表明,激光测振能够弥补压电加速度计在高温下测振的不足,且具有较好的稳定性和较高的精度。     

LDPE-AA光接枝产物的TG研究

研究了LDPE－AA光接枝产物的热特征及反应条件、氧气的影响,发现其前期降解明显比纯LDPE快而后期则变慢,推测产生该现象的原因是接枝过程中基材发生了交联反应,并且丙烯酸接枝链的存在会对其降解有一定抑制作用,光敏剂的含量和光照条件的改变、氧气的存在及活化能计算结果均能证实这一点。     

具有尺寸和电荷选择性多功能分子吸附能力的电荷可转变型金属-有机框架材料

通过研究具有两种轮桨状构筑基元和四种纳米笼子结构锌基金属-有机框架(Zn-MOF)的染料吸附特性和机理,发现其分子吸附的普适性, 以及尺寸和电荷的选择性。由于Zn-MOF孔道内漂浮着抗衡阴离子, 及框架上有可配位位点, 所以它能通过离子交换机理吸附阴性染料、框架上电荷转变机理吸附阳性染料、主客体相互作用吸附中性染料, 表现出优越的分子吸附多功能性。Zn-MOF内带电荷纳米笼的尺寸选择性和电荷选择性的共同作用为设计具有更高水平兼容性和识别性的优异多孔材料铺平了道路。     

Preparation and characterization of novel nanocomposites based on polyacrylonitrile/kaolinite

A novel intercalation nanocomposite based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/kaolinite was prepared by a simple in situ emulsion polymerization in the presence of organically modified layered silicates (kaolinite). The crude kaolinite (K₀) was firstly modified by dimethylsulfoxide-methanol and potassium acetate-aqueous systems; acrylonitrile monomer was then intercalated into kaolinite by displacing potassium acetate from KAc-kaolinite (the kaolinite modified by KAc, marked as K₂). The polymer/kaolinite composites were prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization, and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and thermal gravimetric analysis. Experimental results indicate that the clay layers of kaolinite in PAN/K₂ composites are well distributed and delaminated. The weight-average molecular weights were measured by small-angle X-ray scattering for all samples. The presence of clay results in an increase in molecular weights compared to pure PAN polymer due to the highly crosslinked structure.     

Shapes of isolated domains and field induced evolution of regular and random 2D domain structures in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

The variety of the shapes of isolated domains, revealed in congruent and stoichiometric LiTaO₃ and LiNbO₃ by chemical etching and visualized by optical and scanning probe microscopy, was obtained by computer simulation. The kinetic nature of the domain shape was clearly demonstrated. The kinetics of domain structure with the dominance of the growth of the steps formed at the domain walls as a result of domain merging was investigated experimentally in slightly distorted artificial regular two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal domain structure and random natural one. The artificial structure has been realized in congruent LiNbO₃ by 2D electrode pattern produced by photolithography. The polarization reversal in congruent LiTaO₃ was investigated as an example of natural domain growth limited by merging. The switching process defined by domain merging was studied by computer simulation. The crucial dependence of the switching kinetics on the nuclei concentration has been revealed.     

微波辐射细乳液聚合制备含氟丙烯酸酯乳液

在微波辐射下,采用细乳液聚合方法,合成了稳定的含氟丙烯酸酯(FA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)及丙烯酸丁酯(BA)三元共聚乳液。利用FT-IR表征了共聚物的结构组成;采用激光光散射粒度仪(PCS)研究了聚合过程中粒径变化;用称量法测定了转化率;用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了乳胶粒的形貌。结果表明,油溶性引发剂AIBN引发FA-MMA-BA三元细乳液共聚合的主要成核场所为单体液滴;所制得的乳胶粒呈球形,平均粒径为72 nm~98 nm;微波的引用能够加快反应速率,提高单体转化率,且制得的细乳液离心稳定性更好;耐水性随氟单体含量增加而提高。     

卫星包装箱的随机隔振优化分析

用钢丝绳隔振器将卫星包装箱支承在运输车上,将卫星与车辆简化为二自由度体系,优化分析了在随机路面上行驶时使包装箱响应最小之隔振参数,对实测得到的钢丝绳减振器的非线性迟滞性能作了描述,提出了统计线性化分析的方法。     

成形极限图的测试、应用和可信度分析

成形极限图通常是通过钢模胀形试验测得，实际测量的成形极限图与ASAME自动应变测试分析系统模拟计算的成形极限曲线吻合较好；应用成形极限图分析冲压零件成形的安全裕度和进行选材预测时，对以平面应变和胀形为主的成形零件具有较高的可信度，而对以深拉延变形为主的成形零件可信度不高。     

Positron annihilation study of vacancy-type defects in high-speed deformed Ni, Cu and Fe

Vacancies and vacancy clusters in Ni, Cu, and Fe induced by high- and low-speed deformations are studied systematically by positron annihilation techniques and are compared with those induced by the conventional-rolling. To clarify the nature of the defects, the experimental results are compared with our superimposed-atomic-charge calculations of the positron lifetimes in the vacancy clusters as a function of their size. It is found that the deformation-induced defects in the fcc and bcc metals are significantly distinct. In the fcc metals of Ni and Cu, monovacancies with high number densities are induced by the high- and low-speed deformations and by heavy conventional-rolling (>10% in Ni and >40% in Cu). Vacancy clusters are observed after the high- and low-speed deformation for Ni and after the conventional-rolling for Cu. On the contrary, dislocations and vacancy clusters are introduced in bcc Fe regardless of the type or degree of deformation.     

Soot and other Products Formation from the Submerged Carbon Arc in Halogenated Solvents

A series of selected halomethanes were treated with the submerged carbon arc using graphite electrodes at 10A. CCl₄ and CHCl₃ produce abundant soot which is double in comparison to the soot produced by arcing CH₂Cl₂ and is one order of magnitude higher than the amount of soot produced by arcing hydrocarbons such as n-hexane or decalin and two orders of magnitudes higher in comparison to the amounts of soot produced by arcing alcohols. It was found a anticorrelation between the amount of polyynes present in the solution of the arced solvent and the amount of soot produced by arcing. In the case of CCl₄ and CHCl₃ no polyynes were detected by liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD), while polyynes were detected in CH₂Cl₂ and are present in higher concentration in arced hydrocarbon solutions. The soot produced from halomethanes was analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy in comparison to the soot produced by arcing hydrocarbons and alcohols. Furthermore, the soot from halomethanes was analyzed by HPLC-DAD after extraction with acetonitrile and found to contain a mixture of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Also CHClBr and CH₂I₂ were arced between graphite electrodes. The former compound produces free bromine and soot; bromine causes halogenation of the polyynes. In the case of the latter compound, free iodine is released from the arc and the amount of soot produced is comparable to that obtained by arcing CH₂Cl₂.     

Improving fatigue life for aluminium cruciform joints by weld toe grinding

The increase of fatigue life in aluminium cruciform joints by weld toe grinding was the focus of the current study. The test data are presented by both a nominal stress range approach and by the more refined structural and notch stress range approaches. The influence of the weld toe angle, weld leg length and weld toe radius on the structural and notch stress concentration factor (SCF) was systematically studied by means of finite element analysis. Experimental data based on 18 pieces of as-welded and 13 pieces of weld toe-ground specimens made of 12 mm thick plates showed a significant improvement in fatigue life in aluminium by grinding the weld toe and confirmed the permitted improvement in fatigue life by design codes.     

激光冲击处理后Ni基高温合金的性能

对Ni基高温合金进行了激光冲击强化处理,测量了处理后Ni基高温合金的残余应力、表面粗糙度分布规律和疲劳强度．结果表明,激光冲击处理后凹坑内残余压应力值为200—400MPa,其分布服从泊松正态分布规律;承载能力比未冲击试样提高大约150MPa;激光冲击区的粗糙度降低一个等级,凹坑内粗糙度数值分布也服从正态分布规律．激光冲击处理后表面出现了组织细化的硬化层,强化效果明显,残余压应力有极大的提高,有效地提高了抗疲劳寿命．     

小角X射线散射研究制备炭气凝胶过程中凝胶的微结构演化

酚醛树脂和羟甲基化蜜胺在碱性水溶液中在80℃水浴中反应5d经溶胶－凝胶过程形成了水凝胶。水凝胶经丙酮置换产生酮凝胶，而后经超临界二氧化碳干燥生成有机气凝胶。有机气凝胶在氮气氛中800℃下裂解3h形成了炭气凝胶。采用小角X－射线散射技术和散射理论对上述四种凝胶的微结构进行了分析。结果发现：水凝胶粒子是单分散的，被水溶胀并在0．15nm处有强的散射峰，表明具有纳米尺度的空间周期结构，这种结构是通过不稳态纳米尺度相变－旋节微相分离产生的。由丙酮置换产生的酮凝胶也是单分解的，被丙酮稍微溶胀并在0．15nm具有肩峰，表明水凝胶在溶剂置换过程中发生轻微团聚产生的大粒子在较小角处发生强烈的散射致使强峰演化成肩峰。有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶都是多分散的，在小角处没有散射峰，表明在超临界干燥过程中粒子的团聚继续发生惜驳分散性并掩盖了纳米尺度的空间周期结构致使散射峰消失。有机气凝胶中存在的扩散界面层在其裂解过程中消失，这可能是由于在裂解过程中扩散界面层向粒子迁移以降低界面能所致。从小角X－射线散射数据用Shull-Roess法得到的有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶的回转半径分布比较可知，在裂解过程中，粒子的团聚长大、质量损失和致密化共同作用的结果使得炭气凝胶的回转半径分布比较可知，在裂解过程中，粒子的团聚长大、质量损失和致密化共同作用的结果使得炭气凝胶的回转半径分布比有机气凝胶稍宽，最可几回转半径稍微减少。