转基因作物与化学农药

近十几年来转基因作物迅猛发展,一大批具有抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂的转基因作物形成规模,给化学农药带来影响.对转基因作物的发展现状及趋势以及对化学农药的影响进行了评述.     

转基因作物与农药

近几年来转基因作物的商品化种植迅猛发展,一大批具有抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂的转基因作物投入市场,对农药工业造成巨大的冲击。本文对转基因作物的发展及其对农药工业的影响进行了述评。     

世界耐除草剂转基因作物的发展及问题

介绍了耐除草剂转基因作物的发展概况及存在问题，以及它们的解决措施。     

Plant Phenolics as Dietary Antioxidants for Herbivorous Insects: A Test with Genetically Modified Tobacco

High foliar phenolics are generally assumed to increase resistance to insect herbivores, but recent studies show that tobacco lines modified to over– and underexpress phenolics do not exhibit higher constitutive resistance to caterpillars. This is contrary to the expectation that ingestion of tobacco phenolics, particularly chlorogenic acid, should cause oxidative stress in herbivores. We investigated free radical production and antioxidant capacity of fresh crushed leaves of tobacco lines exhibiting over a sixfold difference in chlorogenic acid content to test whether high phenolic concentrations are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of in planta phenolic levels on feeding behavior, growth, biochemical markers of oxidative stress, and the antioxidant capacity of midgut fluid and hemolymph were assessed in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. The experiments showed that high phenolic foliage was more prooxidant than low phenolic foliage, but the net balance in crushed tissue was antioxidant in comparison to buffer and the commercial antioxidant standard, Trolox. In H. virescens, the antioxidant capacity of midgut fluid was also powerful, and caterpillars fed high phenolic foliage did not exhibit the expected markers of oxidative stress in midgut tissues (altered ascorbate ratios, disulfides, or total hydroperoxides). Instead, hemolymph of larvae fed high phenolic foliage exhibited improved total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). These results suggest that the elevated foliar phenolics in some plants may have beneficial antioxidant properties for herbivorous insects, much as dietary phenolics do in mammals.     

转基因抗除草剂作物与除草剂开发及使用

论述了转基因抗除草剂作物的发展现况，风险及对除草剂开发与使用的影响。     

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) of CaMV-35S Promoter and nos Terminator for Rapid Detection of Genetically Modified Crops

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal DNA amplification and detection technology that enables the amplification of DNA within 30 min at a constant temperature of 37–42 °C by simulating in vivo DNA recombination. In this study, based on the regulatory sequence of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV-35S) promoter and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene (nos) terminator, which are widely incorporated in genetically modified (GM) crops, we designed two sets of RPA primers and established a real-time RPA detection method for GM crop screening and detection. This method could reliably detect as few as 100 copies of the target molecule in a sample within 15–25 min. Furthermore, the real-time RPA detection method was successfully used to amplify and detect DNA from samples of four major GM crops (maize, rice, cotton, and soybean). With this novel amplification method, the test time was significantly shortened and the reaction process was simplified; thus, this method represents an effective approach to the rapid detection of GM crops.     

基因工程与抗病虫除草剂的转基因作物研究现状

基因工程技术在现代农业中已经被广泛应用，通过转基因技术可以使农作物产生对农业害虫、病原微生物、除草剂产生抗性。论述了转基因作物、转基因作物的发展慨况、其对现代农药市场的影响，以及抗除草剂基因作物、抗害虫作物、抗真菌病害作物、抗细菌病害作物的抗性产生机理、抗性基因的来源和利用，并对转基因技术所面临的食品安全性、基因安全性等问题和我国转基因产品的管理政策进行简要论述。     

转抗虫基因作物的安全性评价

转抗虫基因作物所具有的优点显而易见,但其可能存在的生态风险、对人类健康的影响等问题也同样值得人们重视。本文就转抗虫基因作物对非靶标生物的影响、害虫抗药性的产生、食品及生态环境安全性等问题进行了评述。     

An Overview of Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Applications in the Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a more popular approach for quantitative and qualitative analysis of feeds, foods and medicine in conjunction with an arsenal of chemometric tools. This was the foundation for the increased importance of NIRS in other fields, like genetics and transgenic monitoring. A considerable number of studies have utilized NIRS for the effective identification and discrimination of plants and foods, especially for the identification of genetically modified crops. Few previous reviews have elaborated on the applications of NIRS in agriculture and food, but there is no comprehensive review that compares the use of NIRS in the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This is particularly important because, in comparison to previous technologies such as PCR and ELISA, NIRS offers several advantages, such as speed (eliminating time-consuming procedures), non-destructive/non-invasive analysis, and is inexpensive in terms of cost and maintenance. More importantly, this technique has the potential to measure multiple quality components in GMOs with reliable accuracy. In this review, we brief about the fundamentals and versatile applications of NIRS for the effective identification of GMOs in the agricultural and food systems.     

抗除草剂转基因作物在美国杂草防除中的地位

以美国为例,介绍了抗除草剂转基因作物在杂草防除中的地位。     

最近15年世界转基因抗除草剂作物与除草剂品种的发展

论述了最近15年来世界转基因抗除草剂作物与除草剂品种的开发与问题以及已开发的主要品种的混合制剂。     

Nutritionally Enhanced Food Crops; Progress and Perspectives

Great progress has been made over the past decade with respect to the application of biotechnology to generate nutritionally improved food crops. Biofortified staple crops such as rice, maize and wheat harboring essential micronutrients to benefit the world’s poor are under development as well as new varieties of crops which have the ability to combat chronic disease. This review discusses the improvement of the nutritional status of crops to make a positive impact on global human health. Several examples of nutritionally enhanced crops which have been developed using biotechnological approaches will be discussed. These range from biofortified crops to crops with novel abilities to fight disease. The review concludes with a discussion of hurdles faced with respect to public perception, as well as directions of future research and development for nutritionally enhanced food crops.     

HPLC-MS在代谢组学中的应用

代谢组学是20世纪90年代中期发展起来的一门新学科,是继基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学之后,系统生物学研究不可缺少的重要基础学科之一。高效液相色谱由于适用范围广、分离性能好等原因广泛应用于代谢组学的研究。本文从高效液相色谱入手,着重讲述了HPLC在代谢组学上的应用现状。     

Recent Progress of Flower Colour Modification by Biotechnology

Genetically-modified, colour-altered varieties of the important cut-flower crop carnation have now been commercially available for nearly ten years. In this review we describe the manipulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that has lead to the development of these varieties and how similar manipulations have been successfully applied to both pot plants and another cut-flower species, the rose. From this experience it is clear that down- and up-regulation of the flavonoid and anthocyanin pathway is both possible and predictable. The major commercial benefit of the application of this technology has so far been the development of novel flower colours through the development of transgenic varieties that produce, uniquely for the target species, anthocyanins derived from delphinidin. These anthocyanins are ubiquitous in nature, and occur in both ornamental plants and common food plants. Through the extensive regulatory approval processes that must occur for the commercialization of genetically modified organisms, we have accumulated considerable experimental and trial data to show the accumulation of delphinidin based anthocyanins in the transgenic plants poses no environmental or health risk.     

Advances in Plant Metabolomics and Its Applications in Stress and Single-Cell Biology

In the past two decades, the post-genomic era envisaged high-throughput technologies, resulting in more species with available genome sequences. In-depth multi-omics approaches have evolved to integrate cellular processes at various levels into a systems biology knowledge base. Metabolomics plays a crucial role in molecular networking to bridge the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes. However, the greater complexity of metabolites with diverse chemical and physical properties has limited the advances in plant metabolomics. For several years, applications of liquid/gas chromatography (LC/GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been constantly developed. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS has shown utility in resolving isomeric and isobaric metabolites. Both MS and NMR combined metabolomics significantly increased the identification and quantification of metabolites in an untargeted and targeted manner. Thus, hyphenated metabolomics tools will narrow the gap between the number of metabolite features and the identified metabolites. Metabolites change in response to environmental conditions, including biotic and abiotic stress factors. The spatial distribution of metabolites across different organs, tissues, cells and cellular compartments is a trending research area in metabolomics. Herein, we review recent technological advancements in metabolomics and their applications in understanding plant stress biology and different levels of spatial organization. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in multiple stress interactions, multi-omics, and single-cell metabolomics.     

Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins in Solanaceae Food Crops

The benefits of increased safety and cost-effectiveness make vegetable crops appropriate systems for the production and delivery of pharmaceutical proteins. In particular, Solanaceae edible crops could be inexpensive biofactories for oral vaccines and other pharmaceutical proteins that can be ingested as minimally processed extracts or as partially purified products. The field of crop plant biotechnology is advancing rapidly due to novel developments in genetic and genomic tools being made available today for the scientific community. In this review, we briefly summarize data now available regarding genomic resources for the Solanaceae family. In addition, we describe novel strategies developed for the expression of foreign proteins in vegetable crops and the utilization of these techniques to manufacture pharmaceutical proteins.     

Endpoint Visual Detection of Three Genetically Modified Rice Events by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Genetically modified (GM) rice KMD1, TT51-1, and KF6 are three of the most well known transgenic Bt rice lines in China. A rapid and sensitive molecular assay for risk assessment of GM rice is needed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), currently the most common method for detecting genetically modified organisms, requires temperature cycling and relatively complex procedures. Here we developed a visual and rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to amplify three GM rice event-specific junction sequences. Target DNA was amplified and visualized by two indicators (SYBR green or hydroxy naphthol blue [HNB]) within 60 min at an isothermal temperature of 63 °C. Different kinds of plants were selected to ensure the specificity of detection and the results of the non-target samples were negative, indicating that the primer sets for the three GM rice varieties had good levels of specificity. The sensitivity of LAMP, with detection limits at low concentration levels (0.01%–0.005% GM), was 10- to 100-fold greater than that of conventional PCR. Additionally, the LAMP assay coupled with an indicator (SYBR green or HNB) facilitated analysis. These findings revealed that the rapid detection method was suitable as a simple field-based test to determine the status of GM crops.     

新耐除草剂作物与草甘膦市场

转基因作物中发展最快的是耐除草剂作物,但长期进行单一模式的生产和使用同一作用机理的除草剂必然加快抗性杂草出现的频率.草甘膦抗性杂草生物型出现的频率逐渐加快给其应用带来了新的挑战.新型耐除草剂转基因作物的市场开发,可以部分解决这一问题,并将对草甘膦市场造成冲击,为2,4-滴、麦草畏等除草剂的发展带来新的机会.     

代谢物组学信息挖掘的WT-HCA方法

针对现有的代谢物组学信息挖掘方法存在的问题,尝试将小波分析(wavelet analysis)与无导式模式识别手段等级聚类分析（hierarchical clustering analysis, HCA）相结合,整合小波分析在频域去噪及信息提取的能力和等级聚类分析客观性强的特点,建立了小波变换-等级聚类分析（wavelet transform-hierarchical clustering analysis, WT-HCA）方法。以文献拟南芥代谢物组数据为例,考察了所建立方法提取代谢物组信息的能力。结果表明,WT-HCA方法可以有效地提取代谢物组信息。在系统默认距离定义方案下,WT-HCA方法能将亲本两类样品完全分开,而HCA方法基本不能将样品区分开;在另一种距离定义方案（样品间距离为欧氏距离,类间距离为离差平方和距离）下,WT-HCA方法将4类样品中的3类完全正确归类,总的分类正确率达到了93.75%,显著高于HCA所得到的84.375%的总体分类正确率。