Calculation of the parameters of Hidden Markov models used in the navigation systems of surface transportation for map matching: A review

This article provides an overview of the mathematical methods for calculating the parameters of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) used in conjunction with the map coordinates measured by the global positioning systems (GPSs) of mobile navigation systems. These methods are analyzed and compared. There is considered an example of calculating of emission probability of observations emissions and transition probabilities for the Hidden Markov Model of a road network. The example is accompanied by the construction of a states diagram of the HMM and a trellis diagram of the Viterbi algorithm. Using the example, there is estimated the influence of the choice of the value of the standard deviation for the probability density distribution of the minimum distances and the angles difference between the direction of the road element and the direction of the velocity of the vehicle on the probability of the path on the Viterbi trellis. It is proposed to use the functional dependence of the optimal path on the standard deviations and the orthogonal distances for the correction in the process of testing and the practical application of the algorithm of map matching based on the HMM.     

Parametric Optimization of Systems with Distributed Parameters in Problems with Mixed Constraints on the Final States of the Object of Control

A constructive technology of the solution of the parametrized problems of the programmed optimal control of systems with the distributed parameters under the conditions of different requirements for the permissible deviation of the resulting spatial distribution of the controlled value from the set magnitude in the uniform metric is proposed. The developed technique uses a special procedure of the one-criterion convolution of the considered constraints and the subsequent reduction to the typical form of the problems of mathematical programming on the extremum of a function of a finite number of variables with an infinite number of constraints (semi-infinite optimization problem), which is solved by the scheme of the previously developed alternance method. An example of optimization by the criteria of the speed and energy consumption of unsteady heat conduction processes with two different restrictions on the accuracy of approximation to the given temperature conditions, which is of independent interest, is given.     

人工免疫在未知木马检测中的应用研究*

针对传统木马检测技术比较被动这一缺陷,提出一种基于人工免疫原理的木马检测方法。利用人工免疫具有自适应以及免疫学习能力的特点,将人工免疫原理应用到木马检测中。分析了数据来源特征,给出了计算抗体与抗原或抗体与抗体之间相似度以及抗体的适应度公式,建立了一个木马检测系统模型;实验测试了利用人工免疫的方式检测木马能有效提高木马检测的检测率,减少误报率。     

A model of the functional state of participants of laboratory markets

The dynamics of psycho-physiological characteristics of participants of laboratory markets in the process of making economical decisions in the decentralized control system is analyzed. For this purpose, the method based on the comparison of stabilographic data with the history of market actions recorded in the course of the experiment is used. The key tool for data analysis is the new segmentation algorithm, which provides efficient partitioning of the stabilographic time series into homogeneous fragments. The segmentation algorithm is obtained as the solution of the problem of estimation of the parameters of the hidden Markov model. The application of this algorithm on the level of individual decision making proves the hypothesis of connection of the stabilogram segmentation time instants of the participant with the time instants of signal actions on the laboratory market. On the level of group decisions, the effect of synchronization of stabilographic time series of participants at the time instant of auction culmination connected with revelation of private information is supported. The degree of synchronization is estimated using a proximity factor calculated based on the specially aggregated canonical correlation.     

基于Ansys的带侧向支撑桩的稳定性

为分析既有建筑物增设地下空间托换桩的稳定性,利用Ansys建立增设侧向支撑的钢筋混凝土桩的三维有限元模型,通过改变桩周土水平抗力系数的比例系数、桩周土开挖深度、桩身截面边长、桩身配筋率和载荷偏心距等参数,分析桩的受压极限承载力和相应支撑轴力的变化规律.结果 表明:桩受压极限承载力和相应支撑轴力随载荷偏心距和桩周土开挖深...     

基于数据集稀疏度的频繁项集挖掘算法性能分析

频繁项集挖掘（FIM）是最基础的数据挖掘任务之一,被挖掘数据集的特征对FIM算法的性能有着显著影响。数据集稀疏度是体现数据集本质特征的属性之一,不同类型的FIM算法对数据集稀疏度的可扩展性有着很大的不同。针对如何量化度量数据集稀疏度及稀疏度对不同类型FIM算法性能影响等问题,首先回顾并讨论了已有的度量方法,然后提出两种新的量化度量数据集稀疏度的方法（基于事务差异度的度量方法和基于FP-Tree的度量方法）。这两种度量方法均考虑了FIM任务背景下最小支持度对数据集稀疏度的影响,反映的是事务频繁项集之间的差异度。最后通过实验验证了不同类型FIM算法对数据集稀疏度的可扩展性。实验结果表明,数据集稀疏度与最小支持度成反比,基于垂直格式的FIM算法在三类典型FIM算法中具有最佳的稀疏度可扩展性。     

低数据量环境下物联网密钥管理算法与方案设计

为了提高低数据量环境下物联网密钥的安全性与可靠性,需要对低数据量环境下物联网密钥管理算法以及密钥管理方案进行设计研究;使用当前管理算法对低数据量环境下物联网密钥进行管理时,在物联网网络节点增加到一定数量的情况下,无法保证低数据环境下物联网的安全性与可靠性;为此,提出一种基于LHKE的低数据量环境物联网密钥管理算法与方案设计方法;该算法是由当前算法为基础结合Qoskm算法优点形成的一种新的低数据量环境下物联网密钥算法,此算法将设立两个相同的低数据量密钥树,通过计算组播成员在物联网上的信任度与安全度,将信任度与安全度较高的组播成员放在一棵低数据量密钥树上,其他的组播成员放在另一棵低数据量密钥树上,再通过LHKE算法的初始化、子密钥生成和网络密钥生成3个阶段,对低数据量环境下物联网密钥进行管理;实验仿真证明,所提算法提高了低数据量环境下物联网密钥的安全性与可靠性。     

基于泡沫大小动态分布的浮选生产过程加药量健康状态分析

针对矿物浮选过程泡沫大小分布随着药剂量的改变而动态变化的特点,提出一种基于泡沫大小动态分布特征的具有自学习功能的浮选生产过程加药量健康状态统计模式识别方法.首先,通过泡沫图像分割、气泡尺寸分布核密度估计获得浮选气泡大小的概率密度分布函数,采用无监督的最远邻聚类方法获得典型药剂量添加状态下的气泡尺寸统计分布特征集;然后,采用简单的贝叶斯推理方法获得测试时间段对应的药剂添加健康状态分析识别结果,并根据浮选生产工况状态的动态变化对各典型药剂状态下的气泡大小统计分布特征集进行在线学习修正.实验结果表明,所提出方法能实时获取泡沫尺寸分布的动态变化,实现浮选药剂操作健康状态的自动识别与评价,为进一步实现浮选生产过程的加药量优化控制奠定了基础.     

基于时空网络的无人车运行计划制定*

针对载客无人车运行计划的制定,提出了一个基于时空路网的无人车载客系统模型。通过使用时空网络技术细致的刻画了路网中乘客以及无人车的运行轨迹,将动态的原始路网转化为静态的时空路网,降低了模型的复杂度。通过将模型线性化,不仅使得模型的最优解更易获得,而且增加了模型的求解效率。通过对一系列的算例进行求解,验证了模型的有效性和可行性。通过对算例的分析得出提升乘客所能接受的合乘乘客数、增加投入的无人车数量以及分散布置无人车能够提高无人车载客系统的运行效率,使得乘客能够更快捷的到达其目的地。     

电子商务环境下的密码法律困境

随着电子商务的发展,电子商务应用对密码的需求日益增长,而我国密码法律制度所确定的密码专控管理模式下所能提供的密码产品种类、数量都非常有限,难以满足这种庞大的市场需求,造成了电子商务中密码应用的“民主化”,这种“民主化”一方面说明现有的密码法律制度脱离经济发展的客观实际,已经不能发挥其规范作用和社会作用;另一方面“民主化”的负面效应对个人、社会和国家信息安全造成的威胁在现有密码法律制度框架中已经无法解决。我们要尊重电子商务用户保障隐私权的要求,就要实现密码的自由化与市场化;我们要降低密码“民主化”的风险,就要在密码自由化的同时,通过一定的标准加以约束。密码发展标准化和专利化的趋势,正是对上述问题的回应。     

Construction and evaluation of the new heuristic malware detection mechanism based on executable files static analysis

The paper presents the application justification of a new set of features collected at the stage of the static analysis of the executable files to address the problem of malicious code detection. In the course of study the following problems were solved: the development of the executable files classifier in the absence of a priori data concerning their functionality; designing the class models of uninfected files and malware during the learning process; the development of malicious code detection procedure using the neural networks mathematical apparatus and decision tree composition relating to the set of features specified on the basis of the executable files static analysis. The paper contains the results of experimental evaluation of the developed detection mechanism efficiency on the basis of neural networks (accuracy was 0.99125) and decision tree composition (accuracy was 0.99240). The obtained data confirmed the hypothesis about the possibility of constructing the heuristic malware analyzer on the basis of features selected during the static analysis of the executable files.     

Application of a global model to the study of Arctic basin pollution: radionuclides,heavy metals and oil hydrocarbons

The status of pollution of the Arctic basin is studied in ecological terms, and the interactions of the Arctic ecosystem with the global system are estimated. A spatial simulation model for the kinetics of pollutants in the Arctic basin is proposed in which the ecological and spatial distribution of the hydrological parameters is taken into account. The model includes blocks describing the flows of pollutants in the trophic chains, the exchange between the water–ice system and the atmosphere and the interaction of the water ecosystem with the global biosphere–climate system. A global model controls the inputs of the simulation model and makes it possible to compute the dynamics of the distribution of pollutants between the Arctic aquatories, which include the Central basin and the peripheral seas. The model uses both published data and the data of the US/Russian expedition to Siberia accomplished in the summer of 1995. Climatic and anthropogenic processes are described in the form of scenarios. The results of computer experiments are given demonstrating the advantages of the simulation model to forecast and to estimate the dynamics of radionuclides, heavy metals and oil hydrocarbons in the Arctic Seas. The total and local pictures of the spatial distribution of pollutants in the Arctic basin are given as functions of various environmental and anthropogenic parameters. It is concluded that the use of the global biospheric model enables the consideration of the interactions between the Arctic basin environment and adjoining territories. This allows estimates to be made of the consequences of the anthropogenic impact on the Arctic ecosystem.     

Relocated Citizens' Perceptions and Attitudes Regarding Indoor Application of Toxic Agricultural Pesticides

This study investigates the viewpoints of relocated citizens regarding the effects of relocation, perceptions of the potential hazards of indoor application of a toxic agricultural pesticide – methyl parathion – and the efficacy of the risk information emphasizing the adverse health effects of this inappropriate use of the pesticide. The surveyed citizens were those relocated because the levels of the pesticide contaminant in their homes were high. Despite the extensive information – through the mass media and face‐to‐face warnings and activities such as assessment of contamination levels, decontamination of homes and relocation – the respondents, regardless of race, consistently perceived relatively low levels of risks from the indoor application of methyl parathion. The disruption of family life, loss of peace of mind and the loss of contaminated property were the most mentioned problems caused by the relocation. In contrast to past research, the disruption of social ties or networks was hardly mentioned. The results of this study suggest that the perceived personal benefits of home‐use of methyl parathion, and the voluntariness and controllability of exposure may have been the overriding factors of the respondents' risk perception, more than the clarity, content, consistency, and credibility of the risk information. The fact that the relocation was temporary must have contributed to the low level of importance attached by the respondents to the disruption of social ties as one of the adverse effects of the relocation.     

基于运动轨迹分析的头部行为识别

提出一种基于人脸运动轨迹分析的头部行为识别方法。对人脸进行检测和全自动跟踪,通过计算人脸运动轨迹参数并进行参数数据统计和分析,实现人体头部行为识别。针对抬头、低头时出现的跟踪框长短轴交换问题,通过引入基于跟踪框长短轴比值的约束条件,对椭圆跟踪盒主轴与纵轴夹角的计算方法进行改进。实验结果证明,该方法的正确识别率较高。     

Analytic Controlling Reorientation of a Spacecraft Using a Combined Criterion of Optimality

We consider the problem of optimally controlling the reorientation of a spacecraft (SC) from an arbitrary initial angular state into a given final angular position. We study the case when the minimized functional joins, in the given proportion, the time spent and the integral of the squared modulus of the angular momentum on the reorientation of a SC. The problem is solved in a kinematic setting. We consider two versions of the problem of the optimal rotation of a SC, with bounded and unbounded control. Using the necessary optimality conditions in the form of the Pontryagin maximum principle and the quaternion method for solving control problems on the motion of spacecrafts, we obtain an analytical solution of the posed problem. The solution of the problem is based on the quaternionic differential equation relating the angular momentum vector of a SC with the orientation quaternion of the related coordinate system. We present formalized equations and give computational expressions for constructing the optimal control program. We state the control law as an explicit dependence of the control variables on the phase coordinates. Using the transversality condition as a necessary optimality condition, we determine the maximal value of the modulus of the angular momentum for the optimal motion. For a dynamically symmetric SC, the problem of reorientation in space is solved completely: we obtain the dependences for the optimal law of the change of the angular momentum vector as explicit time functions. We give the results of the mathematical modeling of the motion for optimal control which demonstrate the practical realizability of designed algorithm for controlling the spatial orientation of a SC.     

An approach to the synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems with a priori unknown model of an object

A method of synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems for a broad class of dynamic objects under the assumption that the mathematical model of the object is not known a priori is proposed. The control is formulated in the form of a proportional law of adjustment as a function of a macro-variable; the square of the Euclidean norm of the phase variables is adopted as the macro-variable. An analogous variable characterizes the distance of the object from the equilibrium position. Despite the simplicity of the control law, its sign remains constant due to the fact that the macro-variable is positive-definite over the entire phase space. The switching times of the signals are determined by fuzzy identification of the system’s dynamic modes on the basis of measurement of the derivatives of the macro-variable.     

不确定环境下码头堆场设备集成调度优化

集装箱码头堆场设备调度优化中,对确定条件下的内集卡和场桥的联合调度研究较多,且没有考虑外集卡的随机到达情况。考虑内集卡和场桥作业过程中的不确定性因素,包括：内集卡行驶速度,场桥行走速度和作业时间,并考虑外集卡随机到达堆场对于内集卡调度作业的影响,构建了不确定因素条件下的堆场设备集成调度优化模型,其优化目标是在考虑外集卡随机到达的情况下,最优化堆场设备的作业时间。设计了求解模型的粒子群算法,并比较了一般确定性模型和考虑不确定因素优化模型的结果。算例结果表明,所建立的模型和算法能有效真实地反映不确定因素对集装箱码头堆场设备作业的影响。     

Design of characteristics of air-pressure-controlled hydraulic shock absorbers in an intercity bus

The air-pressure-controlled shock absorber is capable of changing its damping force depending on the air pressure in the air springs. Due to the possibility of improving dynamic properties of all vehicles that use the axles’ air suspensions, BRANO Inc. (the Czech producer of shock absorbers) started to develop semi-active air-pressure-controlled hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers. The SOR C 12 intercity bus is the reference vehicle for which the research and development of controlled shock absorbers is done and on which the shock absorbers are verified. Force–velocity characteristics of the controlled shock absorbers of the axles’ air suspension were designed on the basis of results of computer simulations with the bus multibody models created in the alaska simulation tool. Multibody models of an empty vehicle, a fully loaded vehicle and three variants of a partly loaded vehicle were created. For each weight of the bus two multibody models of various levels of complexity were created. Since the bus multibody models should be used especially for designing force–velocity characteristics of air-pressure-controlled shock absorbers, great attention (in the framework of the possibilities of multibody dynamics) was paid to the correct interpretation of the real behaviour of hydraulic shock absorbers and air springs of the axles’ suspension. As a criterion for the design of the optimum force–velocity characteristics of the controlled shock absorbers, the maximum similarity of the dynamic responses of multibody models of the bus of all the considered weights to dynamic response of the reference multibody model of the bus with the same load as during the experimental measurements on the real vehicle (approx. 71.5% of the maximum loaded vehicle weight) was chosen. In the course of the measurements the non-controlled shock absorbers’ characteristics were optimally tuned for that vehicle weight. Time histories of relative deflections of the axles’ air springs determined during the simulations of the vehicle running over the vertical artificial obstacle were compared. The approach based on the evaluation of the correlation coefficient of two time series was used for the evaluation of the dynamic responses accordance.     

一种新型的粒子群算法

针对原始PSO算法存在的各种缺点,论文提出了一种新型的PSO算法。该算法在搜索的中期进行变异,并依据搜索开始后的收敛情况来决定首次变异的时机、依据每次变异后的收敛情况来决定下次变异的时机,以便最大限度地增加变异次数,并充分利用每次变异带来的避免局部最优、求得全局最优的机会,从而提高搜索成功的概率;在后期则在一定的循环次数内不变异,以确保搜索精度。每次变异只选择那些收敛程度相对比较大的维来进行,这样可以在不破坏粒子群的结构的情况下扩大搜索空间、提高收敛速度。通过对四个多峰的测试函数和一个问题空间为非凸集的实例所做的对比实验,表明改进的PSO算法增强了全局搜索能力,搜索成功率大为提高,克服了原始的PSO算法易于收敛到局部最优点的缺点。     

Application of modified geometry of face gear drive

An enhanced approach for the application of longitudinal plunging in the manufacturing of a double crowned pinion of a face gear drive has been investigated, with the purpose of reducing the sensitivity of the gear drive to misalignments. The process of manufacturing is based on a modification of the movements applied to the grinding disk during the generation of the surfaces of the pinion, consisting in the introduction of a tilt of the plane that contains the planar trajectory performed by the center of the disk. Tooth contact analysis and stress analysis have been considered to simulate the contact and meshing of the gear tooth surfaces and to calculate the evolution of contact and bending stresses of the gear drive along the cycle of meshing. The performed research proves that an appropriate choice of the machine tool settings permits the avoidance of edge contact, in presence of misalignment as well, without a high reduction of the contact ratio. The results are illustrated with numerical examples.