损失厌恶供应链应对突变风险的收益共享契约

研究一个风险中性的供应商和具有损失厌恶特性的零售商组成的二阶供应链,在供应链遭遇突变风险的情况下,收益共享契约能否协调该供应链的问题。利用损失厌恶模型对零售商的损失厌恶程度进行了刻画,分别讨论了突变风险发生后分散和集中控制的情况下供应链的整体利润。研究发现,收益共享契约能够协调该供应链,并且零售商的损失厌恶程度越强,契约参数的上下限越大。通过数值算例的方法对上述结论进行了验证,且发现当突变风险导致需求发生变动时,零售商的效用和供应商的利润呈反方向变化。     

具有风险偏好的供应链收入共享契约协调模型

针对一个由风险中性供应商和具有风险偏好的零售商构成的两级供应链系统,建立了由悲观系数和风险厌恶程度两个风险参数描述的基于均值-CVaR决策准则的供应链收入共享契约模型。推导了不同风险偏好(风险厌恶、风险中性和风险喜好)下的零售商最优订货量,分析了不同风险偏好参数下的零售商订货变化情况,给出了基于收入共享契约的最佳协调机制,并讨论了各成员运作策略和绩效随系统参数的变化情况。最后,通过数值计算验证了收入共享契约的有效性。结果表明,收入共享契约不仅能够协调风险中性条件下的供应链,对于考虑不同风险偏好态度的供应链同样能够实现完全协调。与风险中性情况不同,考虑风险偏好下的供应链成员利润将受契约参数和风险参数两方面影响。     

回购契约下应对突发事件的供应链协调策略

在基本回购契约模型基础上,分析了回购契约下实现供应链协调的条件,并针对突发事件造成零售商面临的需求分布变化时供应链协调被打破的问题,提出了具有抗突发事件性的回购契约。这个契约主要将增加的供应商成本考虑进回购价格,使得供应商新增加的成本能够在供应商和零售商之间分配,从而使新的回购契约实现对突发事件的协调应对。应用一个算例对比加以说明。     

多重行为偏好下的供应链契约及协调研究

行为供应链研究经常局限于供应链成员仅具有单一行为偏好,而更深层次的扩展研究则鲜有涉及。结合实际场景,将研究对象假设为由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链,同时考虑供应链成员的损失规避、公平关切和利他偏好三重行为偏好,并依此构建报童模型下的供应链协同优化模型,分析其实现整体协调的过程和方式。通过算例验证分析得出,在回购契约条件下,较低的公平关切度、较高的损失规避度和中等的利他偏好值,可以更好地促成供应商和零售商的合作并达到供应链协调;在收益共享契约条件下,较高的损失规避度、较低的公平偏好度和中等的利他系数可以使得供应链上供应商和零售商收益分配均衡并实现供应链协调。     

基于M-CVaR和存货质押融资的供应链回购模型

在需求随机的环境下,研究由一个供应商和一个自有资金受限的零售商组成的二级供应链的协调问题。零售商需要通过存货质押的方式从银行获得融资,供应商采用包含回购价格和回购比例的契约来协调供应链。首先在存货质押融资模式和回购契约框架下构建了零售商的决策模型,推出了零售商的最优质押和订购决策,并分析了回购等主要参数对其最优决策的影响。然后分别在考虑和不考虑供应商风险偏好的情况下研究了集中决策时供应链整体的最优订购决策,得到了供应链在不同情形下的协调条件。最后,通过算例讨论了主要参数对供应链协调及期望收益的影响。研究表明:当参数满足特定关系时,回购契约可以实现存货质押融资下的供应链的协调;存货质押融资可以有效地解决零售商的资金约束问题,提升供应链的效益。     

供应链中融资与回购决策分析

在资金约束的供应链中,分析了融资和回购同时存在的供应链决策。对于单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链,当零售商资金不足时,金融机构根据风险评估做出融资决策;零售商借助融资实现最优订购,并通过回购契约,与供应商实现风险分担。分析表明:通过对融资利率、批发价、回购价等参数的设定,可实现供应链的最优订货量,并在金融机构、零售商、供应商三者之间实现风险分担和利益共享,从而提高整个供应链绩效。     

风险厌恶下基于收入共享契约的供应链协调策略

在收入共享契约下,借助条件风险值理论研究风险规避零售商和风险中性供应商组成的二级供应链协调定价模型,推导出随机需求受价格影响的零售商最优零售价格、库存因子以及供应商最优批发价格。讨论风险规避系数、市场弹性系数和收入共享系数对分散供应链系统以及各成员运作绩效的影响。最后,进行数值算例,数值结果表明,随着零售商风险规避程度的增加,零售商和供应商运作绩效呈递减趋势,但采用收入共享契约可以有效的减少供应链系统以及各成员独立运作的绩效损失;当收入共享系数一定时,需求价格弹性系数越大,供应商和零售商运作绩效越小;然而零售商和供应商运作绩效并不受成本比例系数的影响。     

基于均值-CVaR的回购契约供应链创新协调机制

为了研究制造商创新情形下回购契约供应链的订货及协调机制,构建了回购契约Stackelberg博弈模型,运用均值-CVaR的方法探讨了回购契约供应链创新协调问题。研究表明,均值-CVaR方法比CVaR度量准则更能提高零售商的订货量,指出零售商的风险规避程度影响供应链的创新和需求。当零售商喜好风险,将使制造商的创新投入度增大,供应链渠道的总需求增加。考虑到零售商过度订购的潜在风险,通过对回购商品数量的限制,改进制造商创新投入回购契约供应链,结果表明,改进的制造商创新投入回购契约能够降低零售商的订货量,同时,在一定条件下能够使供应链协调。最后通过数值算例分析了β和λ对最优订货量和创新投入度的影响。     

突发事件且非对称信息下的供应链回购契约模型

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,在随机市场需求下,分析了回购契约对供应链的协调作用;探讨了突发事件导致市场需求和零售商边际成本同时变化且变化后的零售商边际成本是不对称信息时回购契约对供应链的协调作用,研究表明：基准的回购契约对突发事件下的供应链不再发挥协调作用,为此,给出了供应链应对突发事件的最优应对策略,并调整了原来的回购契约使其具有抗突发事件性。用一个算例对比加以说明。      

考虑零售商过度自信的供应链决策与协调

将过度自信引入到供应链中,通过构建由一个供应商和一个过度自信的零售商组成的二级供应链模型,分析了过度自信的零售商与供应商的决策。结果表明,零售商过度自信能够实现供应链协调,但供应商的回购契约会破坏这种协调;当零售商接收到市场不利信息时供应商的回购契约失效,当零售商接收到市场有利信息时供应商利润随过度自信程度增加而减少。进一步在模型中引入收益共享契约,使得订购量和供应商的利润均增加,并实现了供应链协调。最后,通过数值算例验证并阐明了相关结论。     

Risk intermediation in supply chains

This paper demonstrates that an important role of intermediaries in supply chains is to reduce the financial risk faced by retailers. It is well known that risk averse retailers when faced by the classical single-period inventory (newsvendor) problem will order less than the expected value maximizing (newsboy) quantity. We show that in such situations a risk neutral distributor can offer a menu of mutually beneficial contracts to the retailers. We show that a menu can be designed to simultaneously: (i) induce every risk averse retailer to select a unique contract from it; (ii) maximize the distributor's expected profit; and (iii) raise the order quantity of the retailers to the expected value maximizing quantity. Thus inefficiency created due to risk aversion on part of the retailers can be avoided. We also investigate the influence of product/market characteristics on the offered menu of contracts.     

The value of buyback contract under price competition

We investigate the value of buyback contract by analysing a supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing retailers. Three scenarios, depending on whether buyback contracts are offered to neither, one, or both of the retailers, are considered. We first study the case when the manufacturer can only determine his buyback price. We show how the demand uncertainty, the competition level and the handling cost of buyback contract influence the profits of the manufacturer, the two retailers and the whole supply chain. Interestingly, contrary to the conventional wisdom that the buyback contract may intensify competition between the retailers, we show that offering the buyback contract to two competing retailers can benefit every channel member even if the competition level is high. Next, we study the return contract, a special type of buyback contract, and show the effect of competition level and industry outlook on supply chain parties' choices on return contract. We extend Padmanabhan and Png [1997. “Manufacturer's Returns Policies And Retail Competition.” Marketing Science 16 (1): 81–94] to the case with an asymmetric contract structure, i.e. one return contract and one whole-sale contract. We show that an asymmetric contract structure may better off both the retailers and the whole supply chain.     

Supply chain management using put option contracts with information asymmetry

We study the problem of hedging demand uncertainty in a supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral supplier and a risk-averse retailer under a buyback contract. We use semi-variance of the possible profit values as a measure of the retailer’s risk attitude. We first study the setting where the supplier can observe the risk type of the retailer and find that in this case the supplier can design a buyback contract that extracts the maximum profit for the supplier. When the retailer’s type is unobservable, a new contract needs to be designed (the ‘option buyback contract’) and we show that in this case the retailers will self-select and chose an order quantity that maximises the total supply chain profit. Through numerical computations, we analyse the dynamics between the benefits of hedging risk, information rent and the retailer’s type, and outline cases when, depending on the shape of the reservation utilities of the retailers, it is too costly for the supplier to manage risk. In conclusion, our results show that whereas semi-variance has appealing properties as a measure of risk, its use introduces analytical challenges that can only be overcome through numerical computation.     

考虑零售商风险态度的绿色供应链契约协调模型

以风险中性制造商和风险规避零售商组成的绿色供应链为研究对象,考虑风险规避度和产品绿色度等因素,建立了集中决策博弈模型和制造商领导Stackelberg博弈模型。比较了两博弈模型中,产品绿色度、转移价格、产品价格与风险规避度的相互影响,以及风险规避度对制造商利润和零售商效用的影响。研究表明：(1)在集中决策模型中,零售商的单位产品利润和总利润均为零;(2)在制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型中,随着零售商风险规避度的提高,产品价格会逐渐降低;制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型中的转移价格大于集中决策模型中的转移价格;(3)收益共享契约能够协调绿色供应链。     

资金约束下基于零售商竞争的融资模式对比研究

以单供应商与多个零售商的供应链为研究背景,供应商是供应链上的核心企业,而零售商面临着资金约束,与供应商签订收益共享契约。供应商为中小企业提供两种融资方式：保兑仓融资和延迟支付融资。本文研究两种融资对供应链绩效以及供应链各方的影响,构建单供应商和多零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型,发现保兑仓融资模式能增加零售商的订货量,这两种融资模式在分散型供应链下,供应商都可以设置合适的收益分配系数和批发价格实现在集中型供应链下的协调,并能够保证供应商利润最大化。     

两个零售商环境下数量柔性契约研究

在综合国内外研究成果的基础上,借鉴以单个供应商和单个零售商组成的两级供应链的研究,形成以单个供应商与两个零售商的两阶段供应链为基本研究对象,通过数字解析方法和量本利分析方法对供应链契约中常用的数量柔性契约进行分析。证明了这种灵活订货模型可以协调供应商和零售商之间的决策行为,使得供应链的整体利润达到最优,为多零售商的复杂供应链的研究提供参考。     

考虑搭便车和风险规避的零售商定价、渠道选择策略

针对一个风险规避型零售商和一个风险中性制造商组成的供应链,考虑消费者服务“搭便车”行为,构建单渠道和零售商双渠道下零售商主导的均值-方差模型。通过逆向求解,得到并对比供应链成员的最优决策。最后通过算例分析验证表明,零售商双渠道价格与零售商的风险态度和市场需求波动呈反比,制造商批发价格变化则相反;零售商风险规避程度在一定范围内时,集中决策下的期望效用比分散决策下的高;零售商在“搭便车”下开通网络渠道不一定总是有利的,且存在搭便车比例、促销努力系数和风险规避度的取值区间使得零售商开通网络渠道有利可图;相反,在最优区间之外时,则会对利润造成负增长,因此企业应合理地控制自身风险规避程度和成本系数才能更好地在双渠道模式下获得超额利润。     

风险规避与信用担保比例对供应链融资选择的影响

研究资金充足制造商和资金约束零售商构成的供应链的融资选择问题。运用CVaR方法,构建风险规避的制造商和零售商在贸易信用融资和核心企业部分信用担保融资下的风险收益模型,分析制造商和零售商的风险规避程度和制造商提供的信用担保比例对双方收益以及供应链融资选择的影响。结果表明,制造商与零售商的风险规避程度对收益起反向影响,且双方的收益对制造商的风险规避程度更敏感;制造商提供的担保比例或者银行利率越高,零售商收益越高,但是制造商收益越低;制造商风险规避度和提供的担保比例满足一定条件情况下,零售商和制造商都会选择内部融资方式。     

Pricing and ordering decisions of two competing supply chains with different composite policies: a Stackelberg game-theoretic approach

In today’s global highly competitive markets, competition happens among supply chains instead of companies, as the members of supply chains. So, the partners of the chains seek to apply efficient coordinating strategies like discount, return, refund, buyback, or the other coordinating policies to abate the operation costs of the chains and subsequently increase market shares. Hence, because of the importance and application of these strategies in the current non-exclusive markets, in this study, we introduce different composite coordinating strategies to enhance the coordination of the supply chains. Here, we consider two competing supply chains where both chains launch the same product under different brands to the market by applying different composite coordinating strategies. Each supply chain comprises one manufacturer and a group of non-competing retailers where the manufacturer receives raw materials from an outside supplier and transforms them into a finished product; then, the products are sold to the retailers to satisfy the demands of market. In the first chain, a composite (QFF) policy, which is the combination of quantity and freight discount, as well as free shipping quantity policies, are considered between upstream and downstream members while in the second one, different composite polices are considered between upstream and downstream members such that the supplier offers a composite policy, as the first chain, to the manufacturer and the manufacturer proposes a composite (QPR) policy, which is the combination of quantity discount and partial-refund customer return policies, to the retailers. The main objective of the paper is to determine the optimal selling prices and the order quantities of the manufacturer and the retailers in each chain in presence of different composite coordinating strategies. A Stackelberg game-theoretic approach is employed between the members of each chain where the manufacturer is a follower and the retailers are leaders. The concavity of profit functions is proved. Finally, the applicability of the models is justified by presented numerical examples. Moreover, the effects of these strategies on the decisions of the chains’ partners are examined.