琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHIs)杀菌剂及其抗性研究进展

琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(SDHIs)是一类作用于病原菌琥珀酸脱氢酶而抑制其呼吸作用的杀菌剂,目前已成功开发的这类杀菌剂至少有15个品种,主要从杀菌作用机制、主要品种、作用特性、抗性发生情况、抗性机制及抗性治理措施等方面对这类杀菌剂进行介绍。     

碘类杀菌剂的研究进展

综述了碘类杀菌剂的制备、杀菌机理、杀菌作用和实际应用等。目前的研究结果表明,高聚碘杀菌剂较常规碘有更强的杀菌消毒能力,杀菌效果受环境影响较小,增加了它的应用潜能。     

丙烷脒杀菌剂的研究进展

丙烷脒是一种新型杀菌剂。主要阐述了丙烷脒的合成方法、杀菌作用、应用优势、现状和发展前景。     

丙烷脒杀菌剂的研究进展

丙烷脒是一种新型杀菌剂。本文主要阐述了丙烷脒的合成方法、杀菌作用、应用优势、现状和发展前景。     

固定化高分子抗菌杀生材料及其应用研究

以强酸型阳离子树脂为载体,固定化高分子季铵盐抗菌剂制备高分子季铵盐水不溶性抗菌杀菌剂,杀菌性能测定结果显示,制备的高分子季铵盐水不溶性抗菌杀菌剂对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌和藻类均具有较明显的抗菌杀菌作用,对石化公司工业循环冷却水杀菌处理表明,该固定化高分子抗菌杀菌剂具有明显的杀菌效果,有望应用于工业循环冷却水处理.     

丙烷脒杀菌剂的研究进展

丙烷脒是一种新型杀菌剂。主要阐述了丙烷脒的合成方法、杀菌作用、应用优势、现状和发展前景及研究发展方向。     

新型杀菌剂HNPC-A3107杀菌机制初步研究

为探究新型杀菌剂HNPC-A3107的杀菌作用机制,选择黄瓜灰霉病原菌为对象,研究了HNPCA3107对灰霉病菌的抑制作用以及对灰霉病菌丝体内含物渗漏的影响。试验结果表明HNPC-A3107对黄瓜灰霉病原菌具有较强抑制作用,其EC_(50)=1.75 mg·L~(-1); HNPC-A3107对黄瓜灰霉病原菌丝体内含物渗漏有显著影响。破坏细胞膜通透性可能是HNPC-A3107发挥杀菌作用的机制之一。     

杀菌灭藻剂复配工艺研究

将不同作用机理的氧化型和非氧化型杀菌剂单体进行复配和筛选,测试其杀菌性能,并进行腐蚀实验测试及杀菌剂对水稳剂阻垢性能的影响测试,得到具有杀菌效果明显、稳定、持久的空调冷却水杀菌剂配方.实验结果显示:当NaClO和异噻唑啉酮按合适比例复配时,具有优于单一杀菌剂的杀菌效果,并且投加量小,杀菌作用时间持久,不影响其他水处理药剂的水处理性能.     

槐叶提取物在油田水处理中的应用研究

研究了槐叶提取物在油田采出水处理中的应用。分别采用水和乙醇对槐叶进行提取,考察了提取物分别作为缓蚀剂和杀菌剂的作用效能。结果显示槐叶的水提物和醇提物有一定的缓蚀作用,水提物缓蚀作用强于醇提物。此外,槐叶水提物对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)和铁细菌(FB)有一定的杀菌作用,而醇提物对3种细菌杀菌作用弱。     

国外动态

二氧化氯替代氯气势在必行 氯气由于具有杀菌力强、价格低等优点一度成为当今世界上使用最多、应用最广泛的一种杀菌剂。但是,氯气作为一直长期使用的杀菌剂,其负面作用愈来愈突出,主要表现在:一是氯气与水中的有机物作用会产生有致癌作用的有机氯衍生物。二是当水的pH值大于9时,氯气的杀菌作用明显降低。三是由于长期使用该杀菌剂,细菌产生了抗药性,使氯气的使用量逐渐增加。所有这些都表明淘汰氯气作为饮用水的杀菌剂,开发新型的杀菌剂已成必然。     

Partitioning of organic biocides between wood and supercritical carbon dioxide

The degree of interaction between selected organic biocides (tebuconazole, propiconazole, and IPBC) and wood under supercritical conditions was investigated using a supercritical fluid chromatograph. The biocides were carried through a sawdust column by CO₂ at various conditions. Retention times differed markedly both between the examined biocides and between physical conditions. Tebuconazole showed a higher affinity for wood than the other biocides. For all biocides, wood affinity was highest and, thus, fluid affinity lowest, at lowest pressures.     

水性涂料罐内防腐杀菌剂稳定性研究

水性涂料贮存过程中防腐杀菌剂的损耗将影响其防腐性能。防腐杀菌剂的稳定性受涂料体系中多种因素的影响,本文研究了温度、pH等因素对几种常见涂料防腐杀菌剂杀菌性能的影响,结果表明:温度、pH是影响杀菌剂防腐性能的重要因素,不同杀菌剂对温度、pH的敏感性存在很大差异。     

Advances in quaternary ammonium biocides

Several generations of structurally variable quaternary ammonium biocides were developed from approximately 1935 until the present. Demand for products with improved microbiological performance guided each successive step of development. Commercial availability of dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides in 1965 set the stage for significant advances in quaternary biocide practices in the USA and Europe. This trend is continuing today with development of new, fourth-generation quaternary biocides. Regulatory requirements by the US Environmental Protection Agency (organic soil tolerance) and specific consumer/marketing demands (hard water tolerance) provided a renewed challenge for quaternaries meeting those requirements. Development and properties of new, fourth-generation quaternary biocides meeting those challenges are discussed. Some of the functional advantages of quaternaries are outlined. Development of the fourth-generation quaternary biocides has led to products demonstrating significantly superior broad spectrum biocidal activity, specifically designed to meet the new challenges of organic soil and hard water contamination. Strong market gains, made by quaternary biocides over the recent past, have been primarily as a result of the type of work described herein, but some of the gains in quaternary usage can be ascribed to concern over adverse toxicological and environmental impact of other traditional biocides such as phenolics and aldehydes. The outlook for a continued increase in the use of modern-day quaternary biocides is encouraging.     

Development and evaluation of a biocide release system for prolonged antifungal activity in finishing materials

This paper focuses on the use of modified nano-clay particles as a controlled release system for biocides from building materials. Different (model) biocides were incorporated in a biocide/nano-clay composite and subsequently the release of the biocides was monitored under different environmental conditions. In addition, the biocide/clay material was formulated into a model finishing material (gypsum) to evaluate the antifungal activity. Intercalation of biocides in modified nano-clays was found to significantly prolong the release of the biocide and prevent premature leaching of the biocide from the building material. Release rate of the biocide could be tuned by selection of the type of modification used for the nano-clay platelets. Even after prolonged leaching up to 45 days in artificial rain tests, gypsum samples containing biocide/clay composites did not show any fungal growth, whereas gypsum samples containing pure biocide had lost their antifungal activity after exposure to artificial rain for 7 days or more, demonstrating the potential of this technology for practical applications. The presented approach is very versatile, and may be used for a large variety of biocides and is envisioned to be applicable to different construction and finishing materials, including waterborne paints. To optimize the performance in a specific application area, the leaching or release process of the nano-clays should be known in the different application materials, and consequently requires alternative testing methods, e.g. methods which characterize the fungal growth as a function of release in more detail. Although correlation with practice requires further investigation, the presented method gives a good first indication for prolonged protection of building materials.     

Risks of using antifouling biocides in aquaculture

Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211^®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.     

直流式海水冷却水处理杀生剂的选用思考

在对冷却水处理杀生剂作了总体介绍的基础上,对直流式海水冷却水的特性进行分析,并对氧化性杀生剂及非氧化型杀生剂的各种特点和经济性进行比较,得出在直流式海水冷却水处理中非氧化型杀生剂强于加氯方式的结论。     

Electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers incorporated with 2‐substituted N‐alkylimidazoles and their silver(I) complexes for antibacterial applications

The article presents the incorporation of biocides [2‐substituted N‐alkylimidazoles and their silver(I) complexes] into electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers for application as antimicrobial materials. The electrospun nylon 6/biocides nanofiber composites were characterized by IR spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM‐EDX). The antimicrobial activity of the electrospun nylon 6/biocides nanofiber composites was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii using the disk diffusion method, the American Association for Textile Chemists and Colorists test method 100‐2004 and the dynamic shake flask method (American Society for Testing and Materials E2149‐10). The electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers incorporated with 2‐substituted N‐alkylimidazoles displayed moderate to excellent levels of growth reduction against S. aureus (73.2–99.8%). For the electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers incorporated with silver(I) complexes, the levels of growth reduction were >99.99%, for both E. coli and S. aureus, after the antimicrobial activity evaluation using the shake flask method. The study demonstrated that the electrospun nanofibers, fabricated using the incorporation strategy, have the potential to be used as attractive antimicrobial materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39783.     

eDNA Inactivation and Biofilm Inhibition by the PolymericBiocide Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl)

The choice of effective biocides used for routine hospital practice should consider the role of disinfectants in the maintenance and development of local resistome and how they might affect antibiotic resistance gene transfer within the hospital microbial population. Currently, there is little understanding of how different biocides contribute to eDNA release that may contribute to gene transfer and subsequent environmental retention. Here, we investigated how different biocides affect the release of eDNA from mature biofilms of two opportunistic model strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (SA) and contribute to the hospital resistome in the form of surface and water contaminants and dust particles. The effect of four groups of biocides, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl), was evaluated using PA and SA biofilms. Most biocides, except for PHMG-Cl and 70% ethanol, caused substantial eDNA release, and PHMG-Cl was found to block biofilm development when used at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.1%. This might be associated with the formation of DNA–PHMG-Cl complexes as PHMG-Cl is predicted to bind to AT base pairs by molecular docking assays. PHMG-Cl was found to bind high-molecular DNA and plasmid DNA and continued to inactivate DNA on surfaces even after 4 weeks. PHMG-Cl also effectively inactivated biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance gene eDNA released by a pan-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain, which demonstrates the potential of a polymeric biocide as a new surface-active agent to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance in hospital settings.     

冷却水处理中杀生剂研制与使用的新进展

以多年研究经验和翔实的资料,对国内外却水处理中杀生剂的研制与使用方面的发展情况作了介绍和评述。文章涉及杀生剂包括氧化剂和非氧化的品种、质量、价格／性能比、环境影响及使用方法。讨论了冷却水处理中在研制、生产和应用中所面临的若干问题。     

防污剂对海洋环境的影响探讨

防污涂料中防污剂的使用对海洋环境造成的影响越来越引起人们的关注,各种法律法规相继建立来限制防污剂的使用。探讨了几种比较常用的海洋防污剂的渗出行为、降解行为以及对海洋环境的影响,为实现防污涂料的环保化提供借鉴。