大连市过渡季节住宅室内热湿环境研究

通过调查问卷结合实际测试,研究了大连地区过渡季节民用住宅室内热湿环境状况,分析了建筑围护结构的保温性、蓄热性、住宅形式、位置和朝向等因素对室内温湿度以及居住者热湿感觉的影响,为了解目前北方地区现有住宅过渡季节室内热湿环境状况提供了参考.     

住宅建筑夏季自然通风方式下热环境分析

文章采用模拟分析软件Dest，模拟乌鲁木齐地区某住宅建筑在采用三种不同的夜间通风模式的条件下，室温变化情况，分析了自然通风对室温的影响。同时指出白天关窗夜间开窗通风模式的室内热环境更适于人们居住，不但可以满足舒适度要求，还可以免去夏季开空调，节约能源。     

The impacts of ventilation strategies and facade on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore

The impacts of various ventilation strategies and facade designs on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore are investigated in this study based on thermal comfort index. Four ventilation strategies, nighttime-only ventilation, daytime-only ventilation, full-day ventilation and no ventilation were evaluated for hot-humid climate according to the number of thermal discomfort hours in the whole typical year on the basis of a series of TAS simulations. Parametric studies of facade designs on orientations, window to wall ratios and shading devices were performed for two typical weeks by coupled simulations between building simulation ESP-r and CFD (FLUENT). The results indicate that full-day ventilation for indoor thermal comfort is better than the other three ventilation strategies. With various facade design studies, it was found that north- and south-facing facades can provide much comfortable indoor environment than east- and west-facing facades in Singapore. It is recommended that optimum window to wall ratio 0.24 can improve indoor thermal comfort for full-day ventilation and 600 mm horizontal shading devices are needed for each orientation in order to improve thermal comfort in further.     

基于风速补偿的自然通风房间热舒适性模拟研究

为获得自然通风条件下室内的热舒适评价方法,利用Fluent软件,根据杭州市典型室外气象参数确定边界条件,模拟居住建筑室外绕流场、室内通风场和温度场的分布规律;运用基于风速补偿的热适应性评价模型分析室内热舒适状况,并将此法与PMV模型结果对比,表明前者定义舒适的阈值较小,且正向偏离较大,后者则能较好反映自然通风房间的热环境。     

Comparison of physical performances of the ventilation systems in low-energy residential houses

The paper presents experimental results of the effect of ventilation systems in modern residential low-energy houses on thermal and humid conditions, heat consumption and perception of thermal comfort and air quality by their residents. Practical projects of modern residential houses with various ventilation systems which realize thermal, humid and psycho-physical comfort were worked out. To analyze the influence of ventilation systems on human comfort, results of questionnaires and comprehensive experimental measurements were taken into account. For measurements, 22 identical residential houses in Germany were chosen where 4 various ventilation systems were installed: gravitational (natural) ventilation, air heating system, mechanical ventilation with in- and out-leading air elements and a function of heat recovery and mechanical ventilation with single ventilators. The following parameters were measured in test units: relative air humidity, concentration of CO₂ in the air, air temperature, consumption of electricity, gas and heat, working time of the window opening, working time of the mechanical ventilation and number of residents. Advantages and disadvantages of ventilation systems were outlined. Experimental results were evaluated. Relationships between ventilation systems and thermal comfort were discussed by taking into account opinions of house residents.     

通风对疆北住宅热环境的影响分析

以乌鲁木齐市某典型住宅建筑为研究对象,采用Sketch Up建立建筑模型,并用Energy Plus模拟计算在不同通风模式下典型日的室内空气温度和辐射温度。表明充分利用夜间通风,可不同程度降低房间温度。其中,顶层房间夜间通风效果最好,较无通风模式日间室内空气温度约降低3.8℃,辐射温度约降低3.8℃,改善室内热环境效果显著。     

深圳居住建筑夏季自然通风降温实验研究

以深圳市六种布局不同、楼层不同的居住建筑为对象，调查了夏季室内热环境，测试了不同通风工况下围护结构内表面以及室内外温湿度，分析了居住建筑在夏季采用自然通风降温的可行性，比较了持续自然通风与间歇自然通风的优劣以及不同遮阳方式的遮阳效果，提出了采用自然通风降温方式的条件及建筑设计中应改进之处。     

徽州民居过渡季热环境分析

为掌握徽州民居过渡季室内热舒适及室内热环境差异性,对当地典型传统民居与新民居室内外过渡季热环境参数进行实测,测试结果表明秋季室外温湿度均高于春季,春季气温更为稳定。传统民居中不同空间温湿度差异不大,地垄具有良好的保温防潮作用。民居室内湿度较为适宜,温度在18℃以下所占比例较大,新民居较传统民居保温性能更好。     

自然通风状态下围护结构性能对福州住宅室内热舒适性影响的研究

本文采用建筑热工模拟软件DeST-h和ePMV热舒适模型研究了自然通风下福州市住宅围护结构性能对室内热舒适性的影响。选择一栋11层高层住宅作为研究对象,计算分析了该建筑标准层7个不同朝向典型房间在自然通风环境下的逐月、全年热舒适状况,全面系统地研究了外墙、外窗、外遮阳、房间朝向等因素对改善自然通风下室内热舒适的效果和相关规律,并提出室内热舒适性改善的措施建议。     

水幕空调的应用分析

某五星级酒店利用人造瀑布形成的水池来改善室内热环境,分析比较了在热压通风、夜间风机运行、空调运行三种工况下水池中采用10～16℃不同温度的冷水改善室内热环境的效果。结果显示,利用风机和水池的低温冷水可以使酒店部分区域在不开启空调的情况下满足人体热舒适要求。建议设置水池温度为10℃,白天运行空调,夜间部分区域运行风机,部分区域运行空调,可以达到一定的节能效果。     

Increasing the indoor humidity levels in buildings with ventilation systems: Simulation aided design in case of passive houses

In modern societies, people spend about 90 percent of their time inside buildings. The challenge of building physics is to ensure that buildings are planned, constructed and built to provide a comfortable and healthy working and living environment. As construction style has changed during recent years, the planning phase has to be much more precise and the need of simulation programs that respond to every little change arises. An increasing problem in Austria is the indoor humidity. In the field of renovated buildings with airtight new building envelopes, mould growth due to high indoor relative humidity (RH) is a persistent problem. On the other hand, in recently realized Austrian passive houses with an air treatment system, the low humidity level of the indoor air is a problem with which scientists have been struggling for some time. It has been observed in numerous measurements and it is also easily computationally detectable that in winter period the indoor relative humidity level often drops below 30% RH. Low and high relative humidity levels have negative effects on the comfort feeling and health of the occupants of the dwelling and should therefore be avoided. However, it is expensive to increase or decrease the humidity in houses mechanically. Therefore, the existing room moisture should be used sensibly in buildings with a ventilation system. In buildings with a high indoor humidity it is necessary to adjust the ventilation depended on moisture production. This paper focuses on low indoor humidity and presents some different methods by which the indoor relative humidity can be regulated. The effects of adapting parameters such as ventilation rate and buffering material in the dwelling were clearly reflected in the measured temperature and relative humidity. “BuildOpt_VIE” software developed at the Vienna University of Technology was used for the dynamic building simulation in this study.     

夜间通风技术应用与研究进展

文章根据国内外大量的文献资料对作为自然冷源的夜间风的降温节能潜力、通风效果影响因素及应用领域等进行了深入分析。基于已取得的夜间通风技术研究成果,指出应改善国内自然通风的研究方法,开展对过渡季节夜间通风的应用研究,同时应分析不同地区夜间通风适用性和夜间通风情况下室内热舒适性,以拓展夜间通风应用的领域。     

Improving thermal comfort in mosques of hot-humid climates through passive and low-energy design strategies

Mosques have intermittent operational schedules with short-term occupancy during the five daily prayers. The occupancy level of the daily prayers is a fraction compared to the mandatory Friday prayers with full occupancy. Usually, the same thermal control mechanism is operated within the same large prayer hall to maintain the thermal comfort of the occupants. Yet, the comfort requirements are often not met due to the short span of operation during prayer times. Nevertheless, mosques have a very high energy usage as the same energy-intensive system is operated even during minimal occupancy profiles. The current research aims at using a passive approach towards design to achieve the comfort conditions during the low occupancy daily prayer times without employing mechanical intervention. Numerical simulations are carried out on a validated model of the case study building to investigate the impact of the west-facing Qiblah wall as the congregation stands in proximity to this wall. The design alternatives are tested in conjunction with ventilation strategies to holistically assess the thermal comfort of the occupants. Results show that as much as 4–6°C reduction in indoor wall surface temperature can be achieved with a suitable Qiblah wall design, which reduces the mean radiant temperature of the occupants by 2–4°C. Combined with ventilation strategies, thermal comfort can be significantly improved by at least 40% for the prayers during the hottest times of the day, and as much as 80% for night-time prayers. Results suggest that suitable comfort conditions can be achieved without the need for air-conditioning for at least two or three of the five daily prayers.     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

Study of thermal environment inside rural houses of Navapalos (Spain): The advantages of reuse buildings of high thermal inertia

The main purpose of a residential building is to provide a comfortable environment for human activities. Nowadays this objective is the responsible for the consumption of more than 40% of total energy demand in European Union. The construction sector in Spain has been in rapid growth in the last decades, yet there exists many abandoned buildings in rural areas. In this article we try to analyze the environmental advantages of reuse abandoned rural buildings. Due to their thick exterior walls of high thermal inertia, the indoor environment inside them can be comfortable with less energy consumption than new buildings. Here we show the monitoring results of three different houses, two traditional and one modern building, constructed of different building materials. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the thermal behaviour of existing constructive solutions in a Spanish district, not to improve them. The field test results show better indoor conditions inside the traditional houses. In summer, thermal comfort is achieved with no energy supply inside traditional houses but not inside the modern one. In winter, the indoor environment is more stable inside the traditional houses, however none of them were able to provide thermal comfort naturally. In the case studied, the only inhabitant of a small village lives in a prefabricated wooden house, and it is demonstrated that the indoor conditions of traditional houses in the same location are of higher quality.     

日较差对居住建筑夜间通风室内热环境的影响

为了研究不同日较差情况下,夜间通风对室内热环境的影响,采用Energyplus软件对西安地区某公寓室内空气温度、平均辐射温度进行了模拟研究。结果表明,与无夜间通风相比,夜间通风时室内最高气温、最高平均辐射温度分别降低了0.32℃、0.34℃。室内空气温度、平均辐射温度随日较差的增大而降低,且机械通风时段比渗透通风时段降低显著。当日较差为4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃时,室内处于热舒适时段的比例分别为0,16.11%,28.06%,32.01%和34.86%。     

殿堂式客家民居自然通风实测

殿堂式民居是客家传统建筑的主要形式之一,本文对广东梅州典型殿堂式传统民居通风情况进行实测研究。主要研究对象为民居庭院、厅堂、天井及周围空间、横屋等,用风速仪对上述各空间进行每小时的风速监测,取得民居内通风流线和风速范围,测量表明殿堂式民居可以利用庭院、厅堂、天井等空间转换来引导自然通风,但是,建筑群普遍存在近门厅堂通风优越,后堂及横屋通风强度小的弊端。     

严寒地区住宅建筑冬季通风研究

针对严寒地区节能住宅建筑冬季卫生通风不足的问题，本文应用Fluent软件对安装通风装置的示范住宅建筑的室外风场、室内气流组织及温度分布进行模拟研究并实测室内空气温度场。在严寒地区，为保证适当的卫生通风和气流组织，应加强热压的作用，而尽量避免风压的不利影响。对严寒地区典型的建筑住区不同尺度的外部风环境模拟分析结果表明：除建筑住区的迎风面建筑外，整个建筑住区及建筑子区内风场分布较为均匀，符合严寒地区冬季避免冷风侵入耗热量的建筑节能设计。为避免迎风面建筑较高层住宅的背风向房间出现进风口变为排风口的现象，需加强屋顶排风风口处的引风作用；示范性通风建筑室内的进风角度及安装位置、建筑构件、家具的材料以及家具摆放位置等是影响室内热舒适性和室内气流组织的主要原因。     

Simulation of wind-driven ventilative cooling systems for an apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai

This paper presents a performance evaluation of two passive cooling strategies, daytime ventilation and night cooling, for a generic, six-story suburban apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai. The investigation uses a coupled, transient simulation approach to model heat transfer and airflow in the apartments. Wind-driven ventilation is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Occupant thermal comfort is accessed using Fanger’s comfort model. The results show that night cooling is superior to daytime ventilation. Night cooling may replace air-conditioning systems for a significant part of the cooling season in Beijing, but with a high condensation risk. For Shanghai, neither of the two passive cooling strategies can be considered successful.     

Improvement of thermal environment and reduction of energy consumption for cooling and heating by retrofitting windows

Various techniques for creating a comfortable thermal environment and saving energy have been proposed and employed in residential buildings in many countries, including Japan. For these techniques to be introduced, existing houses should be renovated. Among the techniques available, installation of additional inner windows is effective in creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment. In the present research, the effect of additional inner windows on the thermal environment and energy saving was investigated by measuring indoor windows on the thermal environment and energy saving was investigated by measuring indoor concrete building. Air temperatures, the humidity, the global solar radiation on horizontal and vertical surfaces, radiant temperatures, and the electricity consumption of air-conditioners were measured. A comparison of these values before and after the installation of inner windows showed that the thermal environment and energy saving had improved. Results obtained from a thermal model agreed well with measured results by changing the value of solar transmittance and heat transmission coefficient of the glazing following renovation. Furthermore, in a questionnaire survey conducted in summer, more than half of the occupants answered ‘‘comfortable’’ to a question on the overall thermal comfort.