Energy and water uses and their performance explanatory indicators in hotels in Hong Kong

This paper firstly presents a case study on analyzing the electrical load profiles recorded in a Hong Kong hotel over a period of 12 months to examine the potential energy saving opportunities (ESOs) in its building services installations. The case study is followed by a report of the survey results of energy and water use in 36 quality hotels in Hong Kong. Finally, a regression analysis where the surveyed energy and water use data were correlated to a number of hotel background or operational parameters to search for suitable energy and water use performance explanatory indicators is presented. The survey results depict a diversified energy and water use situation in Hong Kong’s hotels, but the regression analysis indicates that, while some of the correlations obtained are weak, there do exist a few strong energy and water explanatory indicators.     

酒店软件产品服务清洁生产效绩评估体系研究

本文依据循环经济发展模式的绿色酒店评估体系框架原理,建立起绿色酒店数学表达式,其中将酒店环境质量作为硬件产品服务质量的获得,将酒店清洁生产效绩作为软件产品服务质量的获得,将能源消耗和对环境的影响破坏作为酒店的付出,将酒店的获得与付出的比值作为收益来反映酒店的绿色化程度。而后利用层次分析法建立起酒店软件产品服务清洁生产效绩评估指标体系、指标赋权,通过对酒店经济—能源—环境系统投入产出的分析和能耗寿命周期的分析,确定评估指标标准,并对国内有代表性的8家酒店软件产品服务清洁生产效绩进行试评估,评估方法可行。评估结果显示酒店之间效绩差距很大、整体落后,急需改进。     

Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels—Case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe

This paper reports on a study of resource consumption in 184 Hilton International and Scandic hotels in Europe. An overview of the characteristics of these two brands (upscale and mid-market, respectively), as well as the collective resource consumption in these hotels is presented (2004 data). This is followed by a more detailed analysis of a number of physical and operational factors that may potentially influence the energy and water use in these hotels. A multiple variable regression analysis indicated that, in the absence of climate data, hotel standard, total hotel floor area, number of guest-nights sold and number of food covers sold all affect the energy and water use in these facilities. The survey results further document significant differences in the energy- and water-utilisation in Hilton and Scandic hotels. This indicates that establishing realistic resource consumption benchmarks or models requires classifying hotels (especially those belonging to the upscale brand) into sufficiently specialised sub-groups representing facilities with comparable properties. It is further suggested that benchmarking of facility components may be necessary. The paper concludes with some recommendations on the procedure and criteria for establishing a useful reporting system and benchmarking model.     

经济型酒店能源基准工具研究

我国经济型酒店能源目前常用 EUI（用能强度）单位面积能耗表示,但是将来用 EUI 代理成为发展趋势,在某些发达国家已被广泛采用。讨论了应用酒店能源基准工具应注意的问题。该能源基准利用多元线性回归分析,将 EUI 作为因变量,将若干能耗影响因素作为自变量,应用最小二乘拟合回归方程作为能源基准。该能源基准评价最终用能源利用率（能效比）表示,它是实际 EUI 与预测 EUI 二者之比的百分数。实际 EUI 根据现场能源计算获得,预测 EUI 根据回归方程计算获得。并给出两个能源基准的评价实例。     

天津京蓟圣光万豪酒店运营碳足迹研究

以国内首家三星级绿色建筑运行标识酒店——天津京蓟圣光万豪酒店为例构建了酒店运行阶段碳足迹模型,引入了客人碳足迹对酒店客人人均碳排放指标进行量化,并开发了碳足迹记录软件。本酒店理论碳减排19.7%,经过全年实际运营数据分析,酒店能源消耗碳排放强度为105.25 kgCO_2/(m~2·a),较普通酒店碳排放降低了35.63%,客房区域客人碳排强度为10.32~15.51 kgCO_2/(p·a),酒店客人人均碳排放强度为48.76 kgCO_2/(p·a),空调碳排放和照明碳排放是降低酒店碳排放的重点,研究内容为探索低碳酒店运行提供了参考。     

Energy conservation and retrofitting potential in Hellenic hotels

Energy consumption data from 158 Hellenic hotels and estimated energy savings that result from the use of practical retrofitting techniques, materials and new energy efficient systems are presented. The data were collected during an extensive energy audit of buildings that was carried out in Hellas, within the frame of a National Energy Programme sponsored by the CEC VALOREN Programme, for energy conservation in buildings. During this short monitoring campaign and on-site visits of a trained panel of engineers to each building, all information related to the building's construction, heating, cooling and lighting systems, and all other mechanical and electrical systems, was collected. The main results and energy characteristics of cooling, heating and lighting on energy consumption and performance are discussed. The annual average total energy consumption in hotels is 273 kWh/m², one of the highest among all categories of buildings. Several scenarios for possible interventions to the building's outer envelope, heating, cooling and lighting systems are proposed and evaluated, in order to assess the effectiveness of various energy conservation techniques. Based on the results from several simulations, it is concluded that it is possible to reach an overall 20% energy conservation.     

XENIOS—a methodology for assessing refurbishment scenarios and the potential of application of RES and RUE in hotels

Hotels rank in the highest levels of energy consumption in the tertiary building sector. Improved service quality mandates that hotel building, facilities and installations are maintained to the highest standards in order to remain competitive, thus renovations are becoming common. Renovation is usually financially attractive when compared to demolition and reconstruction. This offers great opportunities for promoting energy efficient measures, exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES) and rational use of energy (RUE) in the hotel sector. The XENIOS methodology and software permits the user to perform a preliminary hotel audit and make a first assessment of cost-effective energy efficient renovation practices, technologies and systems. This paper presents a brief overview of the methodology and the various features of the XENIOS software and focuses on the results from four audits and a pilot study carried out in Mediterranean hotels.     

Energy and exergy analysis of the Greek hotel sector: An application

Energy consumption in buildings vary significantly, depending on factors as the use of the building, the construction type, maintenance, existing heating, cooling and lighting systems and other types of services. Hotel buildings have high energy consumption rate, as a result of their unique operational characteristics. Energy consumption in hotels is among the highest in the non-residential building sector in absolute values. Available specific information on the energy characteristics, thermal performance, energy losses, electric loads, and comfort conditions play significant role for the sustainable development of hotel's systems. These data can also be used to identify whether there is space for improvement in new or existing hotels by comparing them against predicted or actual building energy performance. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the energy and exergy utilization in four hotels in Rethimno, Crete (Southern Greece) and in Kassandra, Halkidiki (Northern Greece).     

Energy signatures for assessing the energy performance of chillers

This paper investigates how energy signatures can be used as an alternative to an energy use intensity (describing the annual electricity consumption of chillers in kWh per unit floor area of a building in m²) to assess the energy performance of chillers with various design options and operating strategies. An energy signature is a best-fit straight line relating chiller power to a climatic index when chillers operate for a building cooling load profile. Sixteen combinations of four design options and four operating strategies for chillers serving a hypothetical hotel are studied by simulation. For each combination, an energy signature for the chillers is determined. The slope and intercept of the energy signature can be used to accurately predict the annual electricity consumption of the chillers and to evaluate the extent to which this consumption can drop when chiller efficiency is improved. It is desirable to develop reference energy signatures in relation to different characteristics of building cooling load as a yardstick for the minimum requirement of chiller performance. With this yardstick, the effectiveness of energy efficient measures in the operation of chillers could be identified.     

福建省宾馆饭店和商场超市能源限额值研究

在调查分析福建省91家宾馆饭店、42家大型商场、10家大型超市能耗数据的基础上．研究福建省宾馆饭店和商场超市建筑能耗的限额值、准入值和先进值,提倡以科学务实的方式将建筑节能工作引入正常发展的轨道。     

夏热冬暖地区星级酒店空调冷凝热回收系统

结合酒店的空调能耗状况及冷热负荷特点,对酒店空调采用冷水机组冷凝热回收系统的节能性和必要性进行了探讨。以某五星级酒店空调工程为例,介绍了其空调热回收系统的优化设计。增大了热回收系统的供回水温差,同时采取热水罐串级连接,对水温进行分层,有效地实现了热水的梯级利用及顺序利用。经分析,该优化系统更加充分地利用了冷水机组的冷凝热,更加节能,而且供水温度比较稳定。     

某公共建筑外围护结构节能潜力分析

以夏热冬冷地区某酒店为例,对建筑全年的空调动态负荷及能耗进行了计算分析。给出了采用几种不同方案时建筑及房间的负荷和能耗计算结果,分析了夏热冬冷地区宾馆类公共建筑外围护结构的节能潜力。     

某五星级酒店电气节能设计

通过某五星级酒店电气设计案例,介绍了五星级酒店的电气节能设计的原则、方法和措施;从变压器的节能、供配电系统的节能、照明节能等方面,论述了五星级酒店电气设计中的节能方式及措施,以供电气设计人员参考。     

包头市星级酒店空调冷热源比较分析

对包头市三座星级酒店建筑中空调冷热源方案进行了比较和分析,并计算三座酒店冷热源单位面积能耗和单位面积造价,得出酒店所选择的电动式冷水机组＋自备蒸汽锅炉房为最佳方案。     

宾馆热泵热水系统的试验研究

探讨了适用于宾馆的热泵热水系统的加热方式及水箱布置形式。结合工程实例,对不同卫生热水温度下的热泵制热性能系数及不同水箱布置形式的热泵热水系统耗电量进行了试验研究。在宾馆使用热泵制备卫生热水可行。在选择合适的冷凝器卫生热水进出口温差以提高热泵制热性能系数时,应优化水箱布置形式,减少循环泵数量及其能耗,以提高热泵热水系统的制热性能系数。     

The Changing Location of Hotels in South Africa’s Coastal Cities, 1990–2010

Hotel developments are the most significant expression of tourism growth. In the extensive international literature on urban restructuring and spatial change, the accommodation sector in general and hotels in particular are overlooked as compared to other urban functions. Only a limited amount of debate and empirical work surrounds the location of hotels. This article contributes to the sparse scholarship on spatial patterns of hotel development and location change within the urban developing world. An analysis is undertaken of the locational distribution of hotels in three urban tourism destinations, Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth, which have benefited from the post-apartheid expansion of tourism. Spatial change in hotels is examined between 1990 and 2010 in terms of numbers of hotel establishments, the size and quality of hotel stock. Contrasts and similarities are highlighted between observed patterns of hotels in South Africa’s coastal cities as compared with other international research.     

20世纪50年代北京新建大型旅馆建筑初探

在不同时代、不同政治体制下,大型旅馆都是社交聚会的中心场所和塑造城市形象的重要建筑物。北京在1950年代曾建造了一批旅馆建筑:1956年前建成了和平宾馆、北京饭店等6大饭店以及供外国专家住用的友谊宾馆,1959年的十大工程中有3项也是旅馆建筑。旅馆建设贯穿了整个20世纪50年代,是建国头十年间历次建筑思想运动的重点讨论内容,也与社会主义国家建构密切相关:其建筑样式宣示了我国在冷战格局下的政治立场,从而取得对外的安全而独立的国际地位,其经营方式则反映出对内提升国家制度和管理能力的切实进展。本文以原始档案和图像史料为基础,辨析1950年代新建大旅馆的设计思想和建筑样式之异同、原因及其所反映出的当时建筑界思想的曲折发展,分析它们与我国近代及同时代西方和苏联的联系,讨论其运营所反映出新中国扩充机构、完善制度等方面的探索对国家建构所起的作用。     

酒店餐饮垃圾及含能损失分析

调查了我国有代表性的八家酒店垃圾种类和数量现状,重点分析了餐饮服务中间生产过程和最终服务过程垃圾重量比例分布和能耗比例分布以及垃圾含能损失问题,为优化酒店餐饮服务系统清洁生产方案和实施清洁生产效绩评估提供参考。     

The Boutique Hotel Industry in South Africa: Definition,Scope, and Organization

South Africa’s hotel industry has attracted only limited academic writings. This paper focuses on the emergence and development of boutique hotels. In common with the international tourism economy, the contemporary hotel industry of South Africa is experiencing increased differentiation of new product offerings. The boutique hotel represents a new element within the South African hotel sector. Developers of boutique hotels have sought to distinguish this new tourism product in terms of its experiential qualities with strong emphasis placed upon the production of high levels of design, ambience, and offerings of personalized service. Mainly patronized by European tourists, the spatial pattern of these small hotel properties is distinctive with Cape Town, the major focus for their development. Key issues facing boutique hotels relate to the lack of recognition by the national grading authority of their distinctive experiential qualities.     

湖北省襄樊市某酒店建筑方案设计

通过对上海浦东新区东怡大酒店,宁波万达索菲特大酒店等的调研,总结了酒店设计中应注意事项,在此基础上具体阐述了湖北襄樊某酒店建筑方案设计,为今后其他酒店项目设计积累了宝贵经验。