离心式制冷机系统优化控制策略研究

提出了基于模型的离心式制冷机系统台数优化控制策略。该优化控制策略充分利用机组系统的日常调试与制冷机组自身提供的可靠数据,采用简化模型来评估单台机的最大制冷量、计算单台机的瞬时制冷量、并且预测在一定负荷下不同台数机组运行时系统的总电功率,从而寻求制冷机台数的优化组合使得制冷机组系统性能系数最大化。     

基于模型的离心式制冷机组系统优化控制策略研究

本文提出了基于模型的离心式制冷机组系统台数优化控制策略。该优化控制策略充分利用系统日常调试与机组自身提供的可靠数据,采用简化模型来评估单台机的最大制冷量、计算单台机的瞬时制冷量,并预测一定负荷下不同台数机组运行时的系统总电功率,寻求制冷机台数的优化组合,以使得制冷机组系统的性能系数最大化。     

Fusion of redundant measurements for enhancing the reliability of total cooling load based chiller sequencing control

Total cooling load based chiller sequence in multiple-chiller plants is essentially the best approach to stage a chiller on or off in order to satisfy thermal comfort requirement and achieve energy efficiency simultaneously. In practice, however, this approach cannot be reliably implemented. The reason is the measurement of the cooling load of multiple-chiller plants is not always consistent enough for staging chillers on or off appropriately. Measurement uncertainties, including noises, outliers and biases, have a significant influence on the performance of the sequencing operation. This paper develops a strategy of fusing available redundant measurements to reduce the measurement uncertainties. With a moving window, the proposed strategy can (i) remove measurement outliers according to a calibrated Moffat distance between redundant measurements; (ii) reduce the influence of measurement noises by merging redundant measurements; and (iii) calibrate the bias of the merged measurements. Simulation studies are represented to show the merits of the proposed strategy for improving the reliability of the total cooling load based chiller sequencing control.     

A data fusion scheme for building automation systems of building central chilling plants

Accurate and reliable building load measurement is essential for robust chiller sequencing control, building air-conditioning system performance monitoring and optimization. This paper presents a scheme adopting the data fusion technique to improve the quality of building cooling load measurement of building automation systems. The strategy uses two types of measurement information on the cooling load, i.e., “direct measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated directly using the differential water temperature and water flow rate measurements, and “indirect measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated using a model using the instantaneous chiller electrical power input. Capitalizing their own advantages and disadvantages, a data fusion algorithm is developed to merge these two types of data to remove outliers and system errors as well as to reduce the impacts of measurement noises. Meanwhile, a method is implemented to provide quantitative evaluation of the degree of reliability of the merged measurement. Validation of the data fusion algorithm is conducted using field data collected from a chiller plant in a high-rising building in Hong Kong.     

Part load performance of air-cooled centrifugal chillers with variable speed condenser fan control

Air-cooled centrifugal chillers are commonly used in commercial buildings but their performance analysis is lacking. This paper investigates the part load performance of the chillers via a thermodynamic model. The model was validated using a wide range of operating data from an existing chiller with specific settings of outdoor temperature and condensing pressure in controlling the condensing temperature. The validated model was developed specifically to ascertain the maximum coefficient of performance of chiller (COP) together with the strategy for optimizing the condensing temperature under various operating conditions. It is found that the highest COP occurs at a part load ratio (PLR) of 0.71–0.84, depending on the outdoor temperature and the control of condensing temperature, rather than at full load. Yet the chillers operating at such part load conditions will cause extra energy used for the early staging of chilled water pumps. To minimize the overall chiller plant energy consumption, it is still preferable to implement chiller sequencing based on the full load condition than on the aforementioned PLRs. The results of this paper present criteria for implementing low-energy strategies for operating air-cooled chillers satisfying a given building cooling load profile.     

An integrated model for the design of air-cooled chiller plants for commercial buildings

Cooling load calculation is the first step in designing the air-conditioning system of a building. The calculated cooling capacity with appropriate buffer is then used to select the number and size of chillers in the system. N + 1 is a common formula used by designers to size the chiller plants in Hong Kong buildings, where N is the actual number of chillers required and 1 is a redundant chiller provided to ensure reliability. This paper reviews the problem of excess capacity and discusses the risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers. The cooling load profiles of the chiller plants of four medium-sized commercial buildings in Hong Kong are reviewed. The risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers can be minimized by applying risk-based preventive maintenance. The just-in-demand design reduces capital cost of the building and frees up funds for continuous energy measurement and improving the energy efficiency of chiller plant systems. This paper presents a model for designing chiller plants that improves the energy efficiency of the plant in a cost effective and thoughtful manner. It is designed with consideration of the life cycle of the plant and real-time continuous commissioning, monitoring, measurement, comparison and execution for better energy management.     

Optimum load sharing strategy for multiple-chiller systems serving air-conditioned buildings

Many central cooling systems in air-conditioned buildings have multiple chillers to meet various cooling load requirements. This paper further develops optimum load sharing strategies for the chillers in order to maximize their aggregate coefficient of performance (COP). Based on the part load performance curves of air-cooled screw chillers, it is ascertained that for two equally sized chillers operating, one should carry a full load and the other should be partially loaded to meet the system load. When two chillers of different sizes are running, the larger chiller should be fully loaded and the smaller chiller should operate at part load in order that their combined capacity satisfies the system load. Such an uneven load sharing strategy for achieving maximum COP is independent of ambient conditions and the control of condensing temperature. The variable primary flow of chilled water should be applied to chillers in order to implement the strategy. The results of this paper are useful in developing low-energy chiller plants.     

基于建筑全年动态冷负荷的冷水机组优化配置方案

提出一种在设计阶段对冷水机组方案进行优化配置的方法.首先,冷水机组的能耗计算简化为制冷机的实际制冷量和冷却水进口温度两个独立变量的函数.进一步,通过建筑动态负荷计算获得全年冷负荷频率特性以及相应的室外湿球温度分布,其中湿球温度决定了冷却水最低进口温度.最终,计算出各种冷水机组配置方案的全年以及不同冷负荷需求工况下的运行电耗,并得出最优化的节能方案.     

冷水机组变流量综合节能分析与研究

为了更好地了解变流量对冷水机组节能的效果和性能的影响,将冷水机组在变流量工况下与正常工况下的热工性能进行了对比,通过建立冷水机组模型,对正常工况、变冷冻水流量工况、变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况和同时变冷冻水、冷却水、冷却风机流量工况等四种优化工况进行了对比分析与仿真计算,得出了在变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况下,在满足冷却塔正常运行前提下,系统最为节能,且在50%部分负荷率时,比正常工况节能45.54%,同时详细的分析了在变工况下,系统各参数的变化,为完善冷水机组部分负荷下变流量调节控制策略提供了依据和参考。     

Low-energy design for air-cooled chiller plants in air-conditioned buildings

Chillers are widely used for cooling buildings in the subtropical regions at the expense of considerable energy. This paper discusses how the number and size of air-cooled chillers in a chiller plant should be designed to improve their energy performance. Using an experimentally verified chiller model, four design options were studied for a chiller plant handling the cooling load profile of an office building. Using chillers of different sizes is desirable to increase the number of steps of total cooling capacity. This enables the chillers to operate frequently at or near full load to save chiller power. Pumping energy can also be saved because of the improved control of chilled water flow whereby the chilled water supplied by the staged chillers can match with that required by air side equipment for most of the operating time. It is estimated that the annual electricity consumption of chiller plants could drop by 9.4% with the use of unequally sized chillers. The findings of this research will offer guidance on how to select chillers of different sizes for a low-energy chiller plant.     

商业综合体冷站用能分析与优化

商业综合体由于在内部空间结构、功能及人员行为方面的复杂性,其负荷特征、空调运行及室内环境等状况复杂,冷站设计及节能优化需要结合自身特点。首先,针对商业综合体分析其空调使用需求特征,通过室内热湿环境实测分析,发现室内环境较传统商业建筑波动较大,不同业态室内环境有显著差异。其次,通过冷站实际运行工况分析其能耗特征、供冷系统运行模式及问题,发现商业综合体冷负荷稳定、冷站运行时间长、冷机设计容量普遍存在过大的问题。最后,利用DeST软件对两类典型空间分布(环绕型、中庭型)的商业综合体建立模型,分析不同区域、不同时间段的负荷特征,并根据业态负荷或时间负荷特征对冷源设计方案进行优化设计和对比,发现按照业态负荷特征对体量大、业态布局分散且各业态负荷差异大的商业综合体进行冷源设计对冷站节能有利。     

Methodology for optimizing the operation of heating/cooling plants with multi-heat-source equipments

A methodology for optimizing the operation of heating/cooling plants with multi-heat-source equipments is proposed. The methodology decides the optimal combination of the running machines to minimize the energy consumption of a heating/cooling plant. The energy consumption, energy cost and carbon dioxide emission are simulated using a tool developed in the MATLAB^® Simulink^® environment, embedded with a module developed using MATLAB^® Stateflow^® that can automatically decide the on/off states of heat source machines corresponding to cooling and heating loads and an operational priority order of heat source machines. A case study is introduced to demonstrate the methodology, which is an actual heating/cooling plant located in Osaka, Japan. The plant consists of two absorption chiller/heaters, one centrifugal chiller, one ice chiller, and two air-source heat pumps. The proposed methodology is used to simulate the plant performance at six different operational priority orders of heat source machines. The best operational combination can reduce primary energy consumption by 19.7%, energy cost by 12.8%, and carbon dioxide emission by 29.6%, compared to present operation.     

离心式冷水机组加装VSD后的节能效果分析

阐述了离心式冷水机组加装VSD后的节能量计算方法和对节能量的测量与验证方法,并对平均电流法与平均温差法两种计算负荷率的方法进行了对比分析,证明了平均电流法求出的结果比实际情况偏高,但可以代表负荷率的变化趋势;指出了离心式制冷机加装VSD技术适合用于有一定制冷余量且热源负荷变化大的环境,在负荷率与冷却水温都较低时,制冷机的效率提升空间最大;论证了离心式冷水机组加装VSD后能起到很好的节能效果。     

微型离心式冷水机组性能分析

以桌公司开发的微型离心式冷水机组为研究对象,阐述了离心式压缩机微型化和冷水机组性能高效化的主要技术途径.根据机组在不同运行工况下的性能测试数据建立了能耗模型,分析了微型离心式冷水机组用于参考建筑供冷时的SEER特性.与名义制冷量、COP相近的单螺杆机组的计算结果进行比较表明,其全供冷季运行性能已达到或优于同等容量常规单螺杆机组的性能.     

Energy-efficient HVAC systems: Simulation–empirical modelling and gradient optimization

This paper addresses the energy saving problem of air-cooled central cooling plant systems using the model-based gradient projection optimization method. Theoretical–empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed for operating variables of the system. Experimental data are collected to model an actual air-cooled mini chiller equipped with a ducted fan-coil unit of an office building located in hot and dry climate conditions. Both inputs and outputs are known and measured from field monitoring in one summer month. The development and algorithm resulting from the gradient projection, implemented on a transient simulation software package, are incorporated to solve the minimization problem of energy consumption and predict the system's optimal set-points under transient conditions. The chilled water temperature, supply air temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate are calculated based on the cooling load and ambient dry-bulb temperature profiles by using the proposed approach. The integrated simulation tool is validated by using a wide range of experimentally collected data from the chiller in operation. Simulation results are provided to show possibility of significant energy savings and comfort enhancement using the proposed strategy.     

基于分项计量数据对两种冷水机组序列启停策略的识别算法

冷水机组的序列控制方式对建筑能耗和室内热舒适有着显著的影响,如能对其进行自动识别和优化,对公共建筑节能具有重要的意义。从2008年开始,我国在全国范围内推行大型公共建筑的分项计量系统,冷热源系统的电耗是该系统的必要监测内容,该系统为自动识别冷水机组的启停策略提供了数据基础。因而,基于冷水机组的电耗数据,利用数据挖掘的算法来识别冷水机组序列启停方式的方法。该方法利用One R分类算法来实现对以建筑即时冷负荷为指标的冷水机组序列控制方式(Q-based)和以压缩机功率为指标的控制方式(P-based)这两者的区分。最后,通过对位于上海市的一栋建筑进行模拟实验来验证该算法的可行性。     

冷水机利用变流量冷冻水的若干设计问题

目前变水量冷冻水系统的设计一般都采用一、二次双环路方式。但这种双环路配置方式会产生：使用两个水泵增加设备投资；冷冻水送水及回水的混合影响冷水机在部分负荷时的效率；实际的高负荷空调需求条件与最大设计工况条件不吻合时不能充分利用冷水机的全负荷容量等不良后果。设计单环路空调冷冻水系统可以避免上述问题。讨论了单环路变流量系统的长处以及可能产生的问题，并提供在整个运行范围内，能够实现安全、稳定和可靠的冷水机控制策略。     

基于全年动态负荷分析的冷热源方案设计

以北京某酒店为例,对该建筑进行全年逐时动态负荷计算分析。根据计算分析结果,确定制冷季梯级利用离心式冷水机组、螺杆机组和空气源热泵机组作为空调系统冷源,供热季利用板式换热器和空气源热泵机组作为空调系统热源,以达到系统节能的目的。     

离心式制冷机系统传感器故障诊断的试验研究

传感器的可靠性及准确性对制冷机系统的可靠控制和系统的最优运行起着至关重要的作用。同时,传感器的读数也是进行部件故障诊断的基础。本文提出了基于主元分析法的制冷机传感器故障诊断方法,该方法的主元分析模型由离心式制冷机系统中的相关测量变量在正常条件下的观测样本构成。这一方法利用这些变量在正常条件下的相关性来对传感器的测量观测值进行故障检测与诊断及测量重构,并分别用Q-统计及Q-分布图来对传感器故障进行检测及诊断。本文利用实验室离心式制冷机的试验数据对这一基于主元分析法的传感器故障诊断方法进行了验证。     

变冷冻水流量对冷水机组性能影响及其节能优化控制研究

本文对变冷冻水流量对冷水机组性能的影响规律进行了深入研究,首先建立了冷水机组数学模型,并进行变冷冻水流量对机组性能影响仿真,而后得出了其对机组性能影响的变化规律,同时研制出试验样机并进行试验验证。结果表明:采取变冷冻水流量具有很好的节能效果,与定冷冻水流量相比,机组制冷量最大减小不超过4.1%,COP不超过4.2%,而冷冻水泵功耗可减少81%以上。最后针对试验结果与仿真结果存在的差距,分析了产生的原因并提出了节能优化控制策略。