中风化砂页岩中抗浮锚杆极限抗拔力和有效锚固长度的研究

为了探究辽宁西部地区抗浮锚杆的极限抗拔力和有效锚固长度的取值,以辽宁阜新玉龙时代广场抗浮锚杆为工程背景,对抗浮锚杆进行现场抗拔试验,通过6根抗浮锚杆在连续荷载作用下的破坏性抗拔试验,测试锚杆杆体的抗拔力,并进一步利用公式推算锚杆轴力和剪应力,并绘制出锚固深度与轴力、剪应力的变化曲线。分析结果表明,注浆体与锚杆杆体间的轴力、剪应力分布是不均匀的,自孔口到杆底端呈逐渐递减的分布模式;当锚杆杆体的内力(轴力和剪应力)达到某一临界值时,锚杆杆体变形由弹性变化为塑性,这一临界值接近于杆体的极限抗拔承载力,锚杆抗拔时并非全长同时受力,而是分阶段受力;经分析此项目中抗浮锚杆极限抗拔力为270～330kN,抗浮锚杆的有效锚固长度约3. 6m,可为辽宁西部地区的中风化砂页岩中抗浮锚杆的使用提供参考依据。     

BFRP砂浆锚杆锚固黏结性能试验研究

通过6组BFRP砂浆锚杆拉拔试验,研究了BFRP砂浆锚杆的锚固黏结性能,分析了锚固长度、筋材直径、筋材表面特征对其黏结-滑移关系、锚杆杆体轴力分布、锚杆界面剪切应力分布的影响。结果表明：试验条件下水泥砂浆强度为27.49 MPa时,试件的破坏形态分为拔出破坏和劈裂破坏两类;锚固长度由5cm增加至10、15 cm时,黏结强度分别降低42.5%、67.78%;筋材直径由12.6 mm减至10、8 mm时,黏结强度分别增加20.61%、42.22%;与光面BFRP筋相比,黏砂BFRP筋黏结强度增加4.42%,峰值滑移量减少24.21%;锚杆杆体轴力自加载端沿杆体呈降低趋势,极限荷载时,杆体轴力均传递至锚固末端,BFRP砂浆锚杆有效锚固长度大于15 cm;锚杆界面剪切应力分布呈先上升后下降的单峰形式,峰值位置随荷载增加逐渐向锚固末端转移,同一荷载等级下,随锚固长度的增加,峰值应力越高。     

基于强度折减法的格构锚杆边坡治理方案研究

定量分析边坡治理方案是保障高边坡治理后稳定性的重要措施。格构锚杆作为一种有效实用的边坡加固措施已广泛应用于高边坡的滑坡治理。结合实际工程,基于强度折减法理论,应用有限元软件ABAQUS定量分析了锚杆长度等关键参数对边坡稳定性、安全系数、位移场的影响规律。研究结果表明,边坡稳定安全系数随锚杆长度增加呈对数方式增长;当锚固段长度从8m增至10m时,边坡滑动位移最大值显著增加,边坡抗变形能力明显提高。研究成果为格构锚杆治理方案的参数优化提供理论依据。     

引江济淮软岩钢筋、GFRP筋锚杆承载差异试验

引江济淮试验工程采用锚杆加固河道软岩边坡。通过对钢筋、玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)筋锚杆实施现场拉拔试验以及锁定观测试验,研究钢筋和GFRP筋锚固性能差异。研究结果表明,试验软岩边坡下,GFRP筋锚杆承担的极限荷载大于钢筋锚杆,具有更高的界面黏结强度,GFRP筋锚杆为杆体拉断破坏,钢筋锚杆为杆体拔出破坏;GFRP筋锚杆的有效锚固长度小于钢筋锚杆,GFRP筋杆体轴力沿深度衰减速率大于钢筋锚杆,GFRP筋锚杆与胶结体具有更好的变形协调性;GFRP筋锚杆的预应力衰减率小于钢筋锚杆,锚杆预应力衰减缘自于界面黏结蜕化,围岩扰动对锚杆预应力衰减有直接影响;GFRP筋锚杆的锚固性能优于钢筋锚杆,界面黏结状态出现蜕化的剪应力水平高于钢筋锚杆。     

锚杆长度与边坡坡率对最优锚固角的影响

最优锚固角是锚固工程设计中的重要参数,为了探讨锚杆长度和边坡坡率对于锚杆最优锚固角的影响,采用FLAC3D 数值方法,建立边坡模型,通过数值计算发现锚杆长度和边坡坡率对最优锚固角影响较大,研究结果表明：①边坡安全系数随锚杆长度的增大呈现先增大后基本保持不变的趋势,存在有效锚固长度,锚杆倾角越大对应的有效锚固长度越小。②边坡安全系数随锚杆倾角的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在最优锚固角;并且最优锚固角随锚杆长度的增大而线性减小。③当锚杆倾角未达到最优锚固角之前,边坡坡率对安全系数影响较小,而当锚杆倾角达到或者超过最优锚固角,边坡坡率的影响逐渐显现,并且坡率越大所对应的最优锚固角也越大。     

框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡地震响应数值分析

依托实际工程,基于Geostudio岩土分析软件,建立了框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡的动力分析模型。通过设置边界条件,输入水平地震作用,分析了边坡在地震作用下的位移响应、速度响应、加速度响应和锚杆轴力响应。结果表明:水平地震作用下,边坡内的位移、速度、加速度和锚杆的轴力等均随地震持时呈波动性变化。水平位移随时间变化显著且具有累积效应,边坡水平位移远大于竖直位移。坡体临空面水平加速度幅值明显增大,临空面对地震加速度具有放大效应。边坡总应力从坡底沿坡高递减,在坡底总应力最大。预应力锚杆的自由段与锚固段轴力均随地震持时波动性变化,自由段轴力较大,锚固段轴力沿远离自由段方向递减。分析结果可为框架预应力锚杆加固多级高边坡的地震响应提供一定的依据。     

预应力锚杆内力传递分布规律与时空效应

为了得到预应力锚杆在基坑开挖过程中受力分布特性,结合西宁火车站综合改造项目,对桩锚支护结构在不同阶段锚杆的受力特征进行现场内力测试试验,试验测得了锚杆轴力和摩阻力随时间及空间分布规律,分析了锚杆支护过程边坡潜在滑移面的动态演化规律,探讨了预应力锚杆自由段与锚固段相互关系,结果表明:未锁定时,受力增加了预应力锚杆的初始应力,对其受力不利,应严格予以控制,锁定后,锚杆摩阻力沿锚固段渐进式减小,摩阻力不断向后传递,但摩阻力峰值并未出现改变;锚杆锚固作用使得边坡潜在滑移面向深部转移,同时,滑移面剪出口沿坡脚向上转移,剪出口位于距基坑底部约H/3处;预应力锚杆自由段长度越长受力越好,但应以超出预估可能出现最终滑移面一定深度最为经济合理,在满足锚固力要求的情况下,锚固段长度存在一临界值,超过临界值则浪费。     

压力型锚杆锚固段长度确定方法研究

通过对压力型锚杆锚固段的受力分析,推导出了压力型锚杆锚固段的轴力分布和剪应力分布,以及锚固段长度的计算公式。并在此基础上进一步分析了压力型锚杆锚固段长度与岩土体弹性模量、泊松比、粘聚力以及内摩擦角等参数的关系。结果表明：锚固段长度随岩土体弹性模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角的增大而减小;随岩土体泊松比的增大几乎呈线性增加,但增幅极为有限;随拉拔荷载的增加而增加。     

拉力分散型锚杆应力分布特性对比试验研究

针对自由段及锚固段长度相同的普通拉力型锚杆及拉力分散型锚杆,设计并进行了对比张拉试验。采用在各锚杆锚固段粘贴电阻应变片的方式,获得锚杆锚固段轴力及摩阻应力在整个张拉受力过程中的分布状态及变化趋势。试验结果表明,相比普通拉力型锚杆,拉力分散型锚杆可以显著改善锚固段受力状态。砂性土中锚固段长度为16m的普通拉力型锚杆,随着张拉荷载的不断增加,杆体轴力能够逐步传递至锚固段末端,但锚固段末端利用效率相对较低,而拉力分散型锚杆锚固段轴力分布状态较普通拉力型锚杆有较大改善,直接传递至锚固段后端的轴力更大,且分布更加均匀。但由于拉力分散型锚杆长锚索单元自由段的自由度未能完全达到设计要求,其传递至锚固段的轴力存在一定损耗。     

顺层岩质边坡锚杆支护机制研究

 全长黏结型锚杆作为一种有效且经济的加固手段,在边坡工程中得到广泛的应用,但其锚固机制尤其是考虑岩体结构特征的锚固理论需要进一步的研究和完善。基于顺层边坡的地质结构特征,考虑边坡岩体与锚杆的相互作用,运用弹性力学和结构力学对全长黏结型锚杆加固顺层边坡的机制进行研究,提出新的锚杆加固顺层边坡的力学模型。分析结果表明,顺层岩质边坡的锚固抗力由锚杆轴力与抗剪力共同提供,锚杆抗剪作用提供的抗滑力与锚杆轴力提供的抗滑力可以用线性关系来描述。运用有限元软件ABAQUS对这一力学模型进行建模,分析这一力学模型的正确性。     

软弱地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙数值模拟

 基于软弱地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙离心模型试验,建立原型挡墙三维精细化有限差分数值模型,探讨挡墙在上覆荷载作用下的性状及受力机制。研究结果表明,数值模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果吻合较好,显示该型挡墙具有很好的承载性能,能适应软弱地基的大变形;挡墙在上覆荷载下产生的变形增量和结构受力与填土内部潜在滑移面位置密切相关,当潜在滑移面位置超过连接件埋深范围时,连接件作用降低,使得挡墙变形和筋材拉力增量明显增大,不均匀沉降显著,而刚性墙面墙背水平土压力和连接件拉力减小;由于“张力膜效应”,下面布置有连接件的筋材较下面无连接件的筋材,其拉力要大一些;上覆荷载引起的作用在组合墙面上的水平荷载可采用朗肯主动土压力计算,设计上,宜按连接件多承担水平荷载考虑。     

风化岩地基GFRP抗浮锚杆力学与变形特性现场试验

利用光纤光栅传感技术,对10根GFRP抗浮锚杆进行现场拉拔破坏性试验,研究了风化岩地基中GFRP抗浮锚杆的承载性能与变形特性。试验结果表明:发生滑移破坏的锚杆杆体、锚固体荷载-位移差曲线高于同型号发生断裂破坏的锚杆;锚固长度接近临界锚固长度的试验锚杆荷载-位移差曲线上升较平稳;增加杆体直径有助于提高锚杆承载能力、限制杆体位移并且降低杆体、锚固体的位移差。此外,杆体横截面轴应力沿锚固深度呈"反S型"分布,由孔口沿锚固深度方向递减;锚杆轴向界面剪应力沿锚固深度呈先增大后减小的趋势,且剪应力在锚固体内按斜向上方向由第一界面传递至第二界面。最后,利用剪应力分布简化模型求得杆体、锚固体位移差与发生滑移破坏的锚杆试验结果较为一致,可为GFRP锚杆的推广应用提供理论基础。     

Experimental and numerical study on reinforcement effect of plate anchors or flip anchors on model slopes

Flip anchors are a kind of ground anchor that rotate and open in the ground to attain pull-out resistance without the use of grout. Compared to ordinary grouted ground anchors, flip anchors can be driven into the existing ground quickly and are suitable for the emergency reinforcement of slopes. However, little research has been done on the slope reinforcement effect of flip anchors. In this paper, experiments on a model slope reinforced by plate anchors or flip anchors were conducted. During the experiments, vertical loading with a rigid loading plate was applied to the shoulder of the model slope to investigate its stability. Experiments were firstly conducted with and without model plate anchors under a plane strain condition. Then, experiments were conducted using actual flip anchors under a three-dimensional condition. In these experiments, the depth of the anchor plates, h, and the installation state of the anchor heads of the flip anchors (open or closed anchor head condition) were varied. After the experiments, corresponding numerical simulations (FEM) were conducted, and a subloading t_ij model was applied to describe the soil behaviour. The numerical method used in this research successfully reproduced the reinforcing effect of the flip anchors. According to the test and calculated results, compared with the cases without reinforcement and with plate anchors, the effectiveness of the flip anchors for slope stability was verified. Moreover, the flip anchors installed under the closed anchor head condition required a larger displacement to produce a reinforcing effect than the anchors installed under the open anchor head condition.     

Finite element limit analysis of load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes using a non-associated flow rule

This paper presents a numerical study on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes under footing load using a finite element limit analysis (FELA) method where a non-associated flow rule is assumed in the analysis. The method was validated against results from full-scale model tests and a limit equilibrium (LE) analytical method. A series of parametric analyses was subsequently carried out to examine the influences that the soil dilation angle, footing location, and reinforcement design (i.e. length, tensile strength, and vertical spacing) could have on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes. Results indicate that dilation angle has a significant influence on the predicted magnitudes of bearing capacity, slope deformation, and mobilized reinforcement load. The predicted values of bearing capacity using the FELA are smaller than those from the Meyerhof's analytical method for unreinforced semi-infinite foundation, especially for larger friction angle values. Additionally, the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope and its corresponding horizontal deformation increase with the reinforcement tensile strength. Finally, the slip planes under the applied footing load are found to be y-shaped and primarily occur in the upper half of the slope.     

锚固边坡稳定性分析有限元模型及锚固效应的探讨

锚固边坡具有锚固结构与土体变形协调的特点,而用条分法分析边坡稳定性时因土体刚体假设无法考虑结构与土体共同作用的本质,存在低估锚固效应的问题。提出了一种有限元法分析锚固边坡的方法,考虑在有限元模型中采用点锚式和全长粘结式杆单元模拟实际锚固结构的自由段和锚固段,注浆加固体采用接触单元,在土体和结构共同作用和接触变形协调的应力计算的基础上,结合条分法稳定性系数概念,对锚固结构考虑粘结强度或抗拉强度,对土体考虑剪切破坏强度,可得出工程分析所需的锚固边坡稳定性系数。研究结果表明:有限元法所得滑动面深度较条分法更深,稳定性系数更大,其有效锚固长度也存在一定的差异。     

分离式拼缝混凝土叠合板受力性能研究

为研究采用马镫钢筋作为抗剪拉结钢筋的分离式拼缝混凝土叠合板的受力性能,通过3块简支板的静力加载试验,对其在不同马镫钢筋布置下的荷载-挠度曲线、承载能力、变形性能进行了研究,并分析了其裂缝成因、拼缝处受力机理,推导了其开裂荷载的计算式。结果表明:规范分离式拼缝叠合板的荷载-挠度曲线发展趋势为三折线形,其开裂荷载计算与普通叠合板计算有所区别; 试件拼缝处易产生沿着叠合面的撕裂破坏,其附加钢筋容易发生局部滑移或者锚固失效; 试件屈服荷载受附加钢筋的黏结滑移影响有一定的降低,其极限承载力取决于拼缝处现浇混凝土与预制板的拉结强度; 试件拼缝处裂缝数目与宽度和马镫钢筋有关,合理改变马镫钢筋布置能够有效减少裂缝数目及宽度; 试件屈服前变形呈现整体弯曲,屈服后变形主要集中在拼缝处,最终试件均出现了混凝土压碎现象,其破坏形态呈现二折线形; 根据相关规范,针对附加钢筋滑移问题可通过锚固弯钩、加长钢筋长度、抬高钢筋位置等措施进行改进。     

高土石坝坝坡地震稳定分析研究

采用有限元动力时程稳定和变形分析方法,对不同高度大坝坝坡稳定进行分析,开展了最危险滑弧确定方法 、地震动持时对稳定和变形的影响、滑弧位置和深度以及坝坡加固范围的研究 。结果表明：拟静力法采用规范建议的加速度分布系数不能反映高土石坝实际地震反应规律,计算得到的最危险滑弧较深且滑动范围偏大,不利于确定坝坡的加固范围;坝坡在地震过程中,最小安全系数与最大滑动量对应的滑弧并不一致且是不断变化的,有限元动力法计算坝坡稳定时,应在每一时刻任意搜索最危险滑弧;地震持时对坝坡安全系数影响不大,但对滑动量有较大影响;不同滑弧深度对坝坡安全系数有较大影响,存在一个临界深度,当滑弧超过临界深度时,坝坡安全系数大于 1.0 ;坝坡稳定安全性评价需要综合考虑安全系数与变形的计算结果。根据计算结果,建议了坝坡加固的范围。     

Centrifuge modeling of the geotextile reinforced slope subject to drawdown

Geotextile is an effective reinforcement approach of slopes that experiences various loads such as drawdown. The geotextile reinforcement mechanism is essential to effectively evaluate the safety of geotextile-reinforced slopes under drawdown conditions. A series of drawdown centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of slopes reinforced with different geotextile layouts. The deformation and failure of unreinforced and reinforced slopes were compared and the geotextile reinforcement was indicated to significantly increase the safety limit and the ductility, reduce the displacement, and change the failure feature of slopes under drawdown conditions. The slopes exhibited remarkable progressive failure, downward from the slope top, under drawdown conditions. The progressive failure was induced by coupling of deformation localization and local failure based on full-field measurements of displacement of slopes subjected to drawdown. The geotextile reinforced the slope by decreasing and uniformizing the slope deformation by the soil-geotextile interaction. Through geotextile displacement analysis, the geotextile-reinforced slope was divided into the anchoring zone and the restricting zone by a boundary that was independent of the decrease of water level. The geotextile restrained the soil in the anchoring zone and the soil restrained the geotextile in the restricting zone. The reinforcement effect was distinct only when the geotextile was long enough to cross the slip surface of the unreinforced slope under drawdown conditions.     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

Static stability analysis of geocell-reinforced slopes

This paper presents an analytical approach to investigate the stability of geocell-reinforced slopes using the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The so-called Horizontal Slice Method (HSM) is employed to simulate horizontal geocell layers. Each geocell layer acts as a beam providing bending and shear resistance in addition to axial strength. A formula is devised by picking relevant governing equilibrium equations, fitted to the new concept employed exclusively for analysis of geocell-reinforced slopes. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing the geocell height and replacing geogrids by geocells with various heights for slopes with different characteristics. The results showed that such actions would reasonably reduce the required tension and length of the reinforcement layers, meaning that the stability condition is improved and the less lengthy reinforcement system is formed. Output values also showed dependency on the slope angle and its material properties.