The non-hydrostatic response of polymer melts as a pressure medium in sheet metal forming

The polymer injection forming process is a recent invention for producing plastic?Cmetal hybrids. It is a combination of injection molding and sheet metal hydroforming process in which polymer melt serves as a pressure medium. This paper presents the experimental investigations on the non-Newtonian nature of thermoplastic melt as pressure medium. The objective of this work is to identify the presence of non-hydrostatic pressure distribution within the cavity and its influence on the final shape of the formed sheet metal component. Experiments are conducted with center-gated injection mold under varying processing conditions. The development of localized cavity pressure during the process is recorded and evaluated against the final shape of formed sheet metal. It has been observed that higher injection rate, higher injection temperature, and higher melt flow index of the processed polymer is necessary for the uniform pressure distribution and subsequently uniform forming of the sheet metal.     

铝板/塑料混合成型中铝板大塑性变形区的有限元分析

采用弹塑性大变形更新的Lagrange有限元方法研究了铝板 /塑料混合成型过程中铝板的成形过程和变形特点。结果表明 ,当塑料熔体压力从 30MPa增大到 5 0MPa时 ,铝板凸缘区已基本不再参与变形 ,铝板上两个板厚减薄较严重的大塑性变形区在此阶段形成。模底接触区与自由变形区交界处的大塑性变形区依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形和平面应变状态 ;模腔入口圆角区与自由变形区交界处的大塑性变形区由两部分构成 ,其中与模壁接触部分依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形、拉伸变形和平面应变状态 ,另一部分依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形和平面应变状态。     

Influence of process parameters on hybrid forming of aluminum sheet

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金属板料数控增量成形的覆层技术实验研究

金属板料数控增量成形技术可以在不使用模具的条件下,快速、低成本地成形出金属板料零件,但工具头与金属板料表面间的直接摩擦降低了成形零件的表面质量,限制了该工艺的推广与应用.本文在实验的基础上,提出了金属板料数控覆层成形工艺,对塑料薄膜、不同厚度的铝板的覆层进行了实验研究,探讨了覆层材料及润滑对成形件表面质量的影响.试验证明,采用具有较好的塑性成形性能的金属覆层并在覆层与工件之间采用润滑,可以有效地解决摩擦问题,得到表面无划伤的较高表面质量的板料零件.     

马鞍形板件冲压成形新工艺

曲面板件在冲压成形时常常发生起皱现象。从曲面板件的几种冲压成形方法出发,讨论了各自的特点,提出了一种新型的曲面板件冲压成形技术,其为多点压板成形冲压工艺与杆系柔性成形模具。杆系柔性成形模具由可重构的杆系组成,若干个可更换的冲压头构成模具冲压型面;冲压过程中模具对板料实施压边、压板与成形,板面压板力提升了板料的抗失稳能力,保证复杂曲面板件的顺利成形。     

Sheet metal forming limit prediction based on plastic deformation energy

For sheet metals, the endurance to fracture under different strain paths may be different. Based on plastic deformation energy, the sheet metal forming limit is calculated, and the relationship model between maximum allowable integral value of the general plastic work criterion and the strain path is built. In addition, the strain-hardening exponent, anisotropy coefficient and the initial thickness of the material are also taken into account to consider their effects on forming limit. In order to simplify the process of parameter determination, only uniaxial tension test is used to calculate the material property parameters and necessary limit strain, and the expression of the criterion is determined finally. Then the limit strains under other strain paths between uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension are predicted by the criterion combined with numerical simulation of the forming process. The criterion is also applied to limit strain prediction under bilinear strain path.     

双辊夹持板料旋压成形过程塑性变形行为的研究

双辊夹持式板料旋压成形是用来加工薄壁回转体法兰零件的新工艺。为了研究其旋压成形过程中的塑性变形行为,利用ABAQUS软件建立了双辊夹持旋压成形过程的三维有限元模型,并进行了薄壁回转体法兰零件的旋压成形过程的数值模拟,获得了成形过程中等效应力、应变及壁厚的分布。研究了翻边长度对成形件应力应变及壁厚减薄率的影响规律。结果表明等效应力、应变及最大壁厚减薄率均随着翻边长度的增大而增大,由此根据不同的毛坯材料可以确定相应的最大翻边长度。     

PHYSICAL MODELLING OF ISOTHERMAL DIE FORGING PROCESS OF Ti-ALLOY STRUCTURAL AIR-FRAME PART WITH E TYPE CROSS-SECTION AND VARYING THICKNESS RIB

1.IntroductionItisadifficulttasktoforgethestmcturalair--framepartswithvaryingthicknessrib,becauseshapeoftheforgingsiscomplicated.Heightandthicknessofrib,distancebetweenhoribsandthicknessofweballhaveinfluenceonmetalflow.Thedefectssuchaslaps,eddyflow,flowashandextrussiondefectoftenresultsfromPOordiedesignandimproperchoiceofthestartingshapeofthebellet.TherejectrateOfconventionaldieforgingOfstructuralair--framepartishigh,becausethetemperatUreofworkpiecedecreasesfasteranddistributingoftemperature…     

An Approach to Modelling the Forming Process of Sheet Metal-Polymer Composites

Polymer Injection Forming (PIF) and Polymer Injection-Compression Forming (PICF) are new manufacturing technologies for sheet metal-polymer macro-composites, which result from the combination of injection moulding and sheet metal forming. In these processes, a metal blank is formed inside an injection mould by using the pressure of the molten polymer that, after cooling, permanently bonds to the metal sheet creating a fully finished product in only one production step. This paper presents a calibrated multi-physics numerical model of the processes that proves to be suitable to investigate the mutual metal-polymer interactions and to provide a reliable tool in designing the process as well as its control.     

Melt metal sheet breaking mechanism of close-coupled gas atomization

The gas atomization is the process that a liquid mass is disintegrated into a collection of liquid melt droplets by the impact of high velocity gas stream and solidified into metal particles. However, the liquid melt sheet breaking mechanism has not been fully understood. So the experimental research was carried out under the condition of lower melt superheat. The results reveal that there are three approaches about melt metal sheet＇s breakage： from the edges of sheets, from inner surface of sheets, and disrupted by other droplets and sheets. The approach of melt sheet breakage is dependent on its thickness. The thicker sheets （above 25μm） are disintegrated mainly by the way of droplet＇s departing from edges, and the thinner sheets （below 10 μm） are chiefly breaking from the inner surface.     

Temperature-dependent anisotropic material modeling of the sheet metal component within the polymer injection forming process

In the course of this work, an extended material model for a carbon steel sheet metal has been developed based on Hill’48 yield criterion, considering temperature-dependent plastic anisotropy coefficients. This material model is applied on a polymer injection forming process in which the sheet metal heats up to a critical forming temperature through the contact with the plastic melt. At this temperature range blue brittleness occurs. The elastic properties, the yield stress as well as the plastic anisotropy coefficients of the sheet material become significantly different compared to those at room temperature. It should be emphasized that especially temperature-dependent anisotropy coefficients are not yet considered in most common material models. With the help of the presented modelling approach a more precise modelling of the temperature-dependent carbon steel material behavior can be realised.     

Simulation of sheet metal extrusion processes with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method

An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian（ALE） method was employed to simulate the sheet metal extrusion process, aiming at avoiding mesh distortion and improving the computational accuracy. The method was implemented based on MSC/MARC by using a fractional step method, i.e. a Lagrangian step followed by an Euler step. The Lagrangian step was a pure updated Lagrangian calculation and the Euler step was performed using mesh smoothing and remapping scheme. Due to the extreme distortion of deformation domain, it was almost impossible to complete the whole simulation with only one mesh topology. Therefore, global remeshing combilaed with the ALE method was used in the simulation work. Based on the numerical model of the process, some deformation features of the sheet metal extrusion process, such as distribution of localized equivalent plastic strain, and shrinkage cavity, were revealed. Furthermore, the differences between conventional extrusion and sheet metal extrusion process were also analyzed.     

板料成形过程模具圆角摩擦测试实验装置的研究

板料成形研究中的一个难点是如何采用实验方法定量测定板料成形过程中板料与模具之间的摩擦系数.通过对板料成形时的变形特点进行分析,提出一种新的板料成形过程模具圆角摩擦测试实验方法,并研制出相应的摩擦测试实验装置.该实验装置考虑了板料成形时周向收缩、厚向增厚的变形特点,能够在线测试出室温和加热状态下板料成形过程模具圆角处的摩擦系数.摩擦测试结果表明,所研制的摩擦测试装置具有灵敏度高、可重复性好、使用方便的特点,为深入研究板料成形过程中摩擦系数随工艺参数的变化规律提供了实验手段.     

Laser digitizer-based sheet metal strain and surface analysis

This paper presents a new approach to sheet metal strain and surface analysis using data collected with a high-accuracy coordinate measuring machine mounted laser digitizer. First, the flat sheet metal blank is electrochemically etched with a hollow centre circular grid pattern. As the blank is pressed into the desired shape, the resulting strain deforms the circles into approximately elliptical shapes. The sheet metal is then laser digitized every 0.1 mm and the (X,Y,Z) surface coordinates plus reflected light intensity (grey level) are simultaneously recorded. Parallel computer-based image processing separates the darker ellipse grid points from the lighter background, and orthogonal least-squares data fitting estimates the major and minor surfaces strains. Results can be presented as a forming limit diagram, or as a derived thickness strain plot. Surface analysis is achieved by computing and plotting a maximum curvature map and then quantifying feature depth as the normal direction amplitude between the locally highest and lowest points. Implementation of the research for a representative industrial part is included.     

薄板多点成形中的拉裂现象研究

拉裂现象在薄板成形过程中很容易发生。文章采用有限元数值模拟手段,研究了薄板多点成形过程中的拉裂现象,分析了有压边多点成形时鞍形件的拉裂情况,提出了能够避免拉裂的柔性压边成形方式,分析了刚性压边与柔性压边成形时的成形极限与成形效果等,证明了柔性压边成形能够很好地解决板料起皱与拉裂的矛盾关系。当采用刚性压边多点成形时,加大压边力板料可能拉裂,减小压边力板料可能起皱;而采用柔性压边多点成形方式可以有效避免起皱和拉裂的发生,并且大大提高变形量,得到更好的成形结果。     

浅拉伸小曲率汽车覆盖件成形特点及质量控制

浅拉伸小曲率汽车覆盖件的冲压成形与深拉伸覆盖件相比 ,具有不同的变形特点 ,它的主要问题是塑性变形小 ,导致冲压成形后稳定性差 ,刚性不足 ,曲面形状不良等 ,对此 ,进行了变形特点分析 ,采取多方面的措施 ,增加其塑性变形量 ,得到了高质量的冲压件。     

注吹一次成型全自动吹瓶机回转模设计

介绍了用注塑机改装的注吹一次成型全自动吹瓶机回转模部件结构设计。在通用注塑机动、定板之间加装一个回转模部件 ,定板做成注射凹模部件 ,动板上安装开边模部件 ,合模时 ,熔融塑料注射到凹模与回转模芯棒之间的空腔形成吹瓶用的管坯 ,而在动板侧(开边模部件)将回转模芯棒上的管坯吹制成开边模合模型腔形成的瓶形。整个工作过程用微电脑或可编程序控制器(PC)控制。     

Fundamental investigations on the material flow at combined sheet and bulk metal forming processes

The class of combined sheet and bulk metal forming (SBMF) processes denotes the forming of sheet metals with typical bulk forming operations. As a consequence, simultaneous 2D and 3D stress and strain states are present. Furthermore the local shape elements formed out of the sheet plane are in the magnitude of the sheet thickness. This paper deals with process combinations upsetting/lateral extrusion and deep drawing/upsetting. It has been shown that an insufficient mould filling is nearly inevitable using conventional tooling systems. Hence, the prospect of newly developed forming approaches will be discussed.     

Study on the continuous roll forming process of swept surface sheet metal part

Continuous roll forming (CRF) is an effective process to manufacture swept surface parts of sheet metal. The forming tool in CRF is a pair of small-diameter bendable forming rolls, a swept surface is formed continuously after the rotating rolls sweep out the whole sheet metal blank. The two bent rolls and the non-uniformly distributed roll gap along the rolls’ length make the sheet metal bent in longitudinal and transverse directions simultaneously, the cross-section curve of the formed swept surface is controlled by the curved profile of the forming rolls and the spine curve is controlled by the differential elongations of sheet metal generated by roll gap. In this paper, a necessary condition for the formation of a swept surface is proposed and analyzed, the parametric equations of the formed surface in CRF are derived and the method to determine the roll gap for forming a given swept surface is presented. The numerical simulations and analyses on the CRF processes demonstrate the validity of the presented theoretical models. The experimental and measured results show that the formed surfaces are in good agreement with the desired surfaces, and swept surface parts with good forming precision can be obtained by CRF process.     

筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形数值模拟

针对磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程,提出了基于ANSYS平台的有限元分析程式,通过编制用户子程序,采用重启动分析法,建立了冲压预成形过程显式求解和瞬态磁脉冲成形"松散"耦合分析之间的动态连接,并用于5052-O铝合金圆筒形拉深件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程的有限元仿真研究。结果表明,所建立的有限元分析方案,能实现圆筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形连续变形过程的模拟,板坯变形信息体现了准静态冲压变形和高速率磁脉冲成形之间的耦合。有限元模拟结果与实验吻合较好。