KDP晶体切入角度对切削力和表面粗糙度影响试验

KDP晶体具有各向异性,使得沿不同晶向切入时切削力的大小和作用效果发生改变,进而可能影响表面质量。利用高精度三向测力仪搭建了KDP切削力测试平台,对其沿不同晶向的切削力进行了测试。结果表明:切削力沿特定的角度呈一定的规律分布,与理论计算有一定的吻合,同时表面粗糙度值在不同的晶向也呈典型的周期分布。在切削力测试基础上,开展了表面粗糙度优化试验,在50 mm×50 mm工件上实现了S_q1.8 nm的超光滑表面加工。     

Influence of machining cycle of horizontal milling on the quality of cutting force measurement for the cutting tool wear monitoring

The cutting tools are today used a lot by industry and they are expensive, so it was interesting to optimize their use, by developing a predictive method of their wear, particularly, the flank wear V _b . For this task, the flank tool wear was measured in off-line using a binocular microscope, whereas, the cutting forces are recorded by means of a dynamometer (Kistler 9255B). The acquired signatures are analyzed during the milling operation throughout the tool life. In this paper, we are interested in the extraction of the appropriate indicators which characterize the tool wear by temporal and frequential analyses of the cutting force signals; and highlighting the influence of the clamp holes and the machining cycle to the quality of the measurements.     

Experimental investigation of effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness in the WEDM process

The experimental study presented in this paper aims to select the most suitable cutting and offset parameter combination for the wire electrical discharge machining process in order to get the desired surface roughness value for the machined workpieces. A series of experiments have been performed on 1040 steel material of thicknesses 30, 60 and 80 mm, and on 2379 and 2738 steel materials of thicknesses 30 and 60 mm. The test specimens have been cut by using different cutting and offset parameter combinations of the “Sodick Mark XI A500 EDW” wire electrical discharge machine in the Middle East Technical University CAD/CAM/Robotics Center. The surface roughness of the testpieces has been measured by using a surface roughness measuring device. The related tables and charts have been prepared for 1040, 2379, 2738 steel materials. The tables and charts can be practically used for WEDM parameter selection for the desired workpiece surface roughness.     

The statistical modeling of surface roughness in high-speed flat end milling

Surface roughness is one of the most important requirements in machining process. The surface roughness value is a result of the tool wear. When tool wear increase, the surface roughness also increases. The determination of the sufficient cutting parameters is a very important process obtained by means of both minimum surface roughness values and long tool life. The statistical models were developed to predict the surface roughness.This paper presents the development of a statistical model for surface roughness estimation in a high-speed flat end milling process under wet cutting conditions, using machining variables such as spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and step over. First- and second-order models were developed using experimental results of a rotatable central composite design, and assessed by means of various statistical tests. The highest coefficient of correlation (R_adj²) (88%) was obtained with a 10-parameter second-order model. Meanwhile, a time trend was observed in residual values between model predictions and experimental data, reflecting the probable effect of the tool wear on surface roughness. Thus, in order to enhance the estimation capability of the model, another independent variable was included into the model to account for the effect of the tool wear, and the total operating time of the tool was selected as the most suitable variable for this purpose. By inserting this new variable as a linear term into the model, R_adj² was increased to 94% and a good fit was observed between the model predictions and supplementary experimental data.In this study, it was observed that, the order of significance of the main variables is as X₅>X₃>X₄>X₁>X₂ (total machining time, depth of cut, step over, spindle speed and feed rate, respectively).     

Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of MoS2/CNT nanofluid for minimal quantity lubrication in Ni-based alloy grinding

A nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication with addition of one kind of nanoparticle has several limitations, such as grinding of difficult-to-cutting materials. Hybrid nanoparticles integrate the properties of two or more kinds of nanoparticles, thus having better lubrication and heat transfer performances than single nanoparticle additives. However, the use of hybrid nanoparticles in nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication grinding has not been reported. This study aims to determine whether hybrid nanoparticles have better lubrication performance than pure nanoparticle. A hybrid nanofluid consisting of MoS₂ nanoparticles with good lubrication effect and CNTs with high heat conductivity coefficient is investigated. The effects of the hybrid nanofluid on grinding force, coefficient of friction, and workpiece surface quality for Ni-based alloy grinding are analyzed. Results show that the MoS₂/CNT hybrid nanoparticles achieve better lubrication effect than single nanoparticles. The optimal MoS₂/CNT mixing ratio and nanofluid concentration are 2:1 and 6 wt%, respectively.     

One-step-ahead prediction of flank wear using cutting force

Tool wear prediction plays an important role in the tip geometry compensation during precision machining. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable method to predict flank wear during a turning process. The force ratio and increment values are applied to predict one-step-ahead flank wear. The results of this paper show that using force ratios, flank wear can be predicted to within 8 and 11.9%, and also using force increment, flank wear can be predicted to within 10.3% of the actual wear for various turning conditions.     

Machinability of bronze–alumina composite with tungsten carbide cutting tool insert

Bronze–alumina metal matrix composites have been attracting the interest of researchers in recent years, as they have many advantageous characteristics. The mechanical properties of the bronze–alumina composite are improved by the addition of alumina in the matrix. In this present work, bronze was reinforced with 10 wt% alumina particles. The bronze–alumina composite was prepared by stir-casting method. Preheated alumina particles were introduced into the vortex of the molten alloy created by a rotating impeller. Machining studies were conducted on bronze and bronze–alumina composite using tungsten carbide cutting tool insert. The flank wear of the carbide tools on machining bronze–alumina composite is higher than on machining bronze because of the abrasive characteristics of alumina. The cutting force during machining of bronze is lower when compared to that on machining bronze–alumina composite. The bronze exhibited slightly better surface finish than bronze–alumina composite.     

An improved cutting force and surface topography prediction model in end milling

During the milling operation, the cutting forces will induce vibration on the cutting tool, the workpiece, and the fixtures, which will affect the surface integrity of the final part and consequently the product's quality. In this paper, a generic and improved model is introduced to simultaneously predict the conventional cutting forces along with 3D surface topography during side milling operation. The model incorporates the effects of tool runout, tool deflection, system dynamics, flank face wear, and the tool tilting on the surface roughness. An improved technique to calculate the instantaneous chip thickness is also presented. The model predictions on cutting forces and surface roughness and topography agreed well with experimental results.     

Application of the analytic hierarchy process for estimating the state of tool wear

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), being a simple, but powerful decision-making tool, is being applied to solve different manufacturing problems. In this work, the AHP is applied to estimate the state of the cutting tool during the machining of a medium carbon steel workpiece with coated carbide inserts. Three components of cutting forces are used to judge whether the tool is sharp, workable, or worn out. It is observed during the classification of the tool condition that the AHP assesses the state of the turning tool with reasonably good accuracy.     

铣削铝合金表面粗糙度试验研究

由于表面粗糙度对零件的使用性能,如零件的相互配合的稳定性、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和使用寿命等都有着很大影响,所以它是表面加工质量的一个非常重要评价指标。表面粗糙度的形成机制可以归结为刀具结构以及形状参数等变量、切削参数变量、加工零件的形状或者要求的特殊性和切削过程中惯性等变量因数,然而这些因素的影响又不是单独作用在表面粗糙度上的,彼此存在一定的交互影响,因此,研究在铣削铝合金的过程中刀具几何参数及切削参数变化对表面粗糙度的影响,为铝合金的铣削加工提供理论参考。     

碳纤维增强复合材料成型槽铣削的试验研究

碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）属于典型的难加工材料。通过改变加工工艺参数,使用硬质合金成型铣刀,研究了碳纤维复合材料成型槽铣削时铣削力随铣削速度和进给速度的变化关系,并分析了铣削出口表面的加工缺陷及其与铣削力的变化关系。试验结果表明：铣削力随铣削速度的升高而降低,随进给量的增大而减小;铣削出口处表面主要缺陷为撕裂、毛刺和材料未切断等,其中撕裂为主要缺陷且撕裂面积随铣削力的变大而增大。     

基于高质量和低振动的铣削参数优化方法研究

针对数控铣床在切削过程中产生的振动对工件表面质量的影响,提出以低振动和高表面质量为优化目标,对切削参数进行优化。以VDF-850A铣床为研究对象对45号钢进行铣削正交试验,通过建立振动采集系统,采集振动信号提取振动特征值并测量工件表面粗糙度值,应用最小二乘法拟合数据建立了振动和粗糙度数学模型。利用层次分析法确定两目标函数权重,使用平方和加权法对两目标函数加权拟合成综合目标评价函数,运用粒子群算法优化切削参数。试验结果表明:应用粒子群算法优化后的切削参数进行加工可有效的降低振动和提高表面质量。     

微沟槽织构对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响

为研究微织构对切削过程中产生的切削力和已加工表面粗糙度的影响,在聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀片前刀面制备与主切削刃平行的宽度为32.6μm的微沟槽织构.分别用微沟槽刀具和无织构刀具在主轴转速为450、500、600 r/min的条件下切削淬硬钢GCr15,分析切削力和已加工表面粗糙度.试验结果表明:微沟槽改善了刀具的切...     

Topography of the flank wear surface

In many applications, topography represents the main external features of a surface. This paper describes the topography of the flank wear surface and also presents the relationship between the maximum flank wear and the topography parameters (roughness parameters) of the flank wear surface during the turning operation. A modern CNC lathe machine (Okuma LH35-N) was used for the machine turning operation. Three-dimensional surface roughness parameters of the flank wear surface were measured by a surface texture instrument (from Talysurf series) using surface topography software (Talymap). Based on the resulting experimental data, it is found that as the flank wear increases, the roughness parameters (sR_a, sR_q, and sR_t) on the flank surface increase significantly. The greater the roughness value of the flank wear surface, the higher the friction of the tool on the workpiece and the greater the heat generation that will occur, thus ultimately causing tool failure. On the other hand, positive skewness (sR_sk) indicates the presence of a small number of spikes on the flank surface of the cutting tool, which could quickly wear off during the machining process.     

Experimental studies of cutting force variation in face milling

The purpose of this paper is to present a developed cutting force model for multi-toothed cutting processes, including a complete set of parameters influencing the cutting force variation that has been shown to occur in face milling, and to analyse to what extent these parameters influence the total cutting force variation for a selected tool geometry. The scope is to model and analyse the cutting forces for each individual tooth on the tool, to be able to draw conclusions about how the cutting action for an individual tooth is affected by its neighbours.A previously developed cutting force model for multi-toothed cutting processes is supplemented with three new parameters; eccentricity of the spindle, continuous cutting edge deterioration and load inflicted tool deflection influencing the cutting force variation. A previously developed milling force sensor is used to experimentally analyse the cutting force variation, and to give input to the cutting force simulation performed with the developed cutting force model.The experimental results from the case studied in this paper show that there are mainly three factors influencing the cutting force variation for a tool with new inserts. Radial and axial cutting edge position causes approximately 50% of the force variation for the case studied in this paper. Approximately 40% arises from eccentricity and the remaining 10% is the result of spindle deflection during machining. The experimental results presented in this paper show a new type of cutting force diagrams where the force variation for each individual tooth when two cutting edges are engaged in the workpiece at the same time. The wear studies performed shows a redistribution of the individual main cutting forces dependent on the wear propagation for each tooth.     

轴向超声振动车削316L不锈钢试验研究

对316L不锈钢进行轴向超声振动车削和普通车削单因素对比试验,研究超声振幅和加工工艺参数（切削速度、进给量）对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律。试验结果表明：轴向超声振动车削能够有效降低切削力、表面粗糙度和表面轮廓高度;与普通车削相比,采用轴向超声振动车削加工方式,超声振幅越小,表面粗糙度的改善效果越明显;当进给量由5 μm/r增加到25 μm/r,轴向超声振动车削的主切削力降低了17%~21%,表面粗糙度降低了21%~28%;随着切削速度的增大,轴向超声振动车削的表面粗糙度和切削力先下降后上升,存在最佳切削速度范围,表面粗糙度最多可降低29.9%,切削力最多可降低30.1%。     

Experimental study of surface roughness in slot end milling AL2014-T6

The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of cutting condition and tool geometry on surface roughness when slot end milling AL2014-T6. The parameters considered were the cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, concavity and axial relief angles of the end cutting edge of the end mill. Surface roughness models for both dry cutting and coolant conditions were built using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the experimental results. The results showed that the dry-cut roughness was reduced by applying cutting fluid. The significant factors affecting the dry-cut model were the cutting speed, feed, concavity and axial relief angles; while for the coolant model, they were the feed and concavity angle. Surface roughness generally increases with the increase of feed, concavity and axial relief angles, while concavity angle is more than 2.5°.     

Tool wear and machining performance of cBN–TiN coated carbide inserts and PCBN compact inserts in turning AISI 4340 hardened steel

PCBN is the dominant tool material for hard turning applications due to its high hardness, high wear resistance, and high thermal stability. However, the inflexibility of fabricating PCBN inserts with complex tool geometries and the prohibitive cost of PCBN inserts are some of the concerns in furthering the implementation of CBN based materials for hard turning. In this paper, we present the results of a thorough investigation of cBN plus TiN (cBN–TiN) composite-coated, commercial grade, carbide inserts (CNMA 432, WC–Co (6% Co)) for hard turning applications in an effort to address these concerns. The effect of cutting speed and feed rate on tool wear (tool life), surface roughness, and cutting forces of the cBN–TiN coated carbide inserts was experimented and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique, and the cutting conditions for their maximum tool life were evaluated. The tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting forces of the cBN–TiN coated and commercially available PCBN tipped inserts were compared under similar cutting conditions. Both flank wear and crater wear were observed. The flank wear is mainly due to abrasive actions of the martensite present in the hardened AISI 4340 alloy. The crater wear of the cBN–TiN coated inserts is less than that of the PCBN inserts because of the lubricity of TiN capping layer on the cBN–TiN coating. The coated CNMA 432 inserts produce a good surface finish (<1.6 μm) and yield a tool life of about 18 min per cutting edge. In addition, cost analysis based on total machining cost per part was performed for the comparison of the economic viability between the cBN–TiN coated and PCBN inserts.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of nano-surface generation in ultra-precision raster milling

The fabrication of high-quality freeform surfaces is based on ultra-precision raster milling, which allows direct machining of the freeform surfaces with sub-micrometric form accuracy and nanometric surface finish. Ultra-precision raster milling is an emerging manufacturing technology for the fabrication of high-precision and high-quality components with a surface roughness of less than 10 nm and a form error of less than 0.2 μm without the need for any additional post-processing. Moreover, the quality of a raster milled surface is based on a proper selection of cutting conditions and cutting strategies.Due to different cutting mechanics, the process factors affecting the surface quality are more complicated, as compared with ultra-precision diamond turning and conventional milling, such as swing distance and step distance. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of nano-surface generation in ultra-precision raster milling. Theoretical models for the prediction of surface roughness are built. An optimization system is established based on the theoretical models for the optimization of cutting conditions and cutting strategy in ultra-precision raster milling. A series of experiments have conducted and the results show that the theoretical models predict well the trend of the variation of surface roughness under different cutting conditions and cutting strategies.     

Chip formation, cutting forces, and tool wear in turning of Zr-based bulk metallic glass

The chip light emission and morphology, cutting forces, surface roughness, and tool wear in turning of Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) material are investigated. Machining results are compared with those of aluminum 6061-T6 and AISI 304 stainless steel under the same cutting conditions. This study demonstrates that the high cutting speeds and tools with low thermal conductivity and rake angle activate the light emission and chip oxidation in BMG machining. For the BMG chip without light emission, serrated chip formation with adiabatic shear band and void formation is observed. The cutting force analysis further correlates the chip oxidation and specific cutting energy and shows the significant reduction of cutting forces for machining BMG at high cutting speeds. The machined surface of BMG has better surface roughness than that of the other two work materials. Some tool wear features, including the welding of chip to the tool tip and chipping of the polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tool edge, are reported for turning of BMG. This study concludes that BMG can be machined with good surface roughness using conventional cutting tools.