污水生物脱氮除磷新技术

首先简单阐述了生物脱氮除磷机理,然后重点介绍了目前几种污水生物处理新技术:厌氧/缺氧/好氧MBR工艺、短程硝化反硝化工艺和倒置A2/O工艺等,最后对污水生物脱氮除磷技术的发展进行了展望,并提出了一些建议。     

生物脱氮技术的研究

废水生物脱氮已经成为水污染控制的一个重要研究方向.传统的生物脱氮采用的是硝化、反硝化工艺,但存在着很多问题.对短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等生物脱氮新技术的研究和开发进展进行了简单的综述和讨论,并指出了这些新技术的特点和研究开发应用的前景.     

硫自养反硝化技术研究现状与发展趋势

简要阐述了硫自养反硝化技术的生物化学原理,综述了国内外近年来硫自养反硝化工艺在生物脱氮、生物脱硫及同步脱硫脱氮领域的研究现状,并指出了该工艺存在的问题及其解决途径.结合该工艺的高效性、经济性及可资源化等特点,对其在污水处理行业中的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望.     

污水生物脱氮新技术研究现状与发展方向

综述了国内外生物脱氮领域最近开发出的短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等新技术,指出了这些新技术的特点以及存在的不足.重点论述了目前实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术的方法,如控制温度、溶解氧浓度和pH值,并提出应用序批式反应器(SBR)实现短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮工艺今后研究的发展方向和开发应用的前景.建议加强同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮工艺反应机理方面的研究.     

生物脱氮新技术研究现状探讨

分析了传统生物脱氮工艺存在的问题,系统介绍了短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、同时硝化反硝化等生物脱氮新工艺的机理、特点和研究现状,同时指出了新技术存在的问题和今后研究的发展趋势.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺联合形式、应用及脱氮效能评析

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺与传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有一定优势,但该联合工艺是否一定优于传统生物脱氮工艺尚需论证。本文介绍了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺的组合形式、特点和处理实际废水的研究进展,从脱氮速率、能耗及碳源的角度将部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺与传统生物脱氮工艺进行对比分析。指出部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺具有不需要额外投加有机碳源的优点;部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺虽然在曝气方面可以节省能耗,但是其中温反应需要一定的热能消耗,综合分析其处理能耗高于传统生物脱氮工艺;同时该联合工艺的整体脱氮速率与传统生物脱氮工艺相比差别不大。据此提出在选择生物脱氮工艺时需要考虑废水的碳氮比,碳氮比高时可以采用传统生物脱氮工艺,碳氮比低时可以考虑使用部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺。     

SND生物脱氮过程N_2O的产生与关键酶及其活性

废水生物脱氮是目前水处理中重要的去除含氮废水的方法。随着国内外学者的深入研究,一些新型的生物脱氮工艺被开发和应用到污水处理中,从而经济高效地去除废水中的含氮污染物,达到国家的排放标准。同步硝化反硝化(SND)是具有发展潜力的新型脱氮工艺,但在运行过程中不可避免地会产生N2O。N2O是最重要的三种温室气体之一,其温室效应约为CO2的300倍。因此,在注重SND的脱氮效率的同时,也应该关注其产生的气态物对大气环境的影响。文章阐述了SND脱氮过程中N2O产生的机理及相关酶,并分析了SND工艺过程中主要影响N2O释放量的工艺因素。     

新型生物脱氮工艺中N_2O产生及释放研究进展

N_2O是重要的温室气体之一,微生物作用是大气中N_2O的主要产生源.大量污水脱氮工艺的研究及应用表明,生物脱氮过程中N_2O主要产生于微生物的硝化和反硝化代谢过程.近年来,许多新型生物脱氮工艺已逐步应用到实际污水处理中.本文阐述了硝化、反硝化阶段N_2O的产生机理,并分析了传统生物脱氮工艺及同步硝化反硝化、 短程硝化-反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、反硝化除磷等新型工艺中N_2O的产生量及其影响因素,提出在追求高脱氮效率的同时,优化系统运行条件及种群结构,可在一定程度上降低系统N_2O的产量及危害,为新型生物脱氮工艺实际运行过程中降低N_2O的产量提供参考.     

焦化废水生物脱氮技术研究进展

焦化废水是一种氨氮和有机物浓度较高的难生化降解的有机废水,本文介绍了近年来焦化废水生物脱氮处理技术的特点及研究进展,包括传统的硝化反硝化工艺及新型的短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化以及厌氧氨氧化工艺,最后指出目前生物脱氮研究的主要方向。     

含氰废水生物脱氮技术的应用

根据含氰废水生物脱氮装置的运行实践分析了生物脱氮反应中的硝化和反硝化特点、原理,对制约脱氮反应的硝化和反硝化的条件进行改进,在相同条件下,氨-氮合格率由改进前的27 5%提高到改进后的89 5%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.