快速抽锭电渣重熔M2高速钢160 mm×160 mm铸坯工艺及质量

为控制高速钢钢锭组织的不均匀性和碳化物偏析问题,常采用电渣重熔生产小规格钢锭,但其生产效率低、成材率低。采用快速抽锭电渣重熔小规格长电渣坯可提高生产效率和成材率,利用T型导电结晶器快速抽锭电渣炉以不同熔速重熔M2高速钢160 mm×160 mm方长坯并锻轧成材,通过对电渣坯成分、低倍、铸态组织及轧材碳化物不均度、大颗粒碳化物尺寸检测分析,并与常规电渣重熔Φ220 mm锭轧材进行对比,分析表明快速抽锭电渣炉以400 kg/h熔速重熔的电渣坯成分稳定、低倍组织良好,生产的轧材碳化物不均度、大颗粒碳化物尺寸与常规电渣重熔Φ220 mm锭轧材相当,而生产效率、成材率有明显提高。     

快速抽锭电渣重熔M2高速钢160 mm x160 mm铸坯工艺及质量

为控制高速钢钢锭组织的不均匀性和碳化物偏析问题,常采用电渣重熔生产小规格钢锭,但其生产效率低、成材率低。采用快速抽锭电渣重熔小规格长电渣坯可提高生产效率和成材率,利用T型导电结晶器快速抽锭电渣炉以不同熔速重熔M2高速钢160 mm×160 mm方长坯并锻轧成材,通过对电渣坯成分、低倍、铸态组织及轧材碳化物不均度、大颗粒碳化物尺寸检测分析,并与常规电渣重熔Φ220 mm锭轧材进行对比,分析表明快速抽锭电渣炉以400 kg/h熔速重熔的电渣坯成分稳定、低倍组织良好,生产的轧材碳化物不均度、大颗粒碳化物尺寸与常规电渣重熔Φ220 mm锭轧材相当,而生产效率、成材率有明显提高。     

填充比对无缝钢管用电渣锭质量的影响

通过填充比的大小在无缝管用电渣锭冶炼过程对比,比较分析填充比对无缝管用电渣锭产生的氧含量、化学成分、表面质量的影响,确定生产过程中适合的填充比大小,达到改进无缝管用电渣锭质量的目的。     

刀剪材料9Cr14Mo电渣锭尾夹杂物的分析

研究了刀剪材料9Cr14Mo电渣锭尾夹杂物类型、尺寸及含量.结果表明:电渣前及电渣后锭尾的夹杂物主要是含钛的复合夹杂物,电渣后锭尾有内生夹杂物的形成,导致复合夹杂物中Si、Mn、Cr含量升高,电渣后锭尾夹杂物含量升高,且夹杂物尺寸变大.电渣前钢中夹杂物含量为0.633 mg/kg,电渣后锭尾夹杂物含量为4.38 mg/kg.显微夹杂物的数量,电渣前为11.82个/mm2,电渣后锭尾为15.08个/mm2;提出了控制电渣后锭尾夹杂物含量的措施.     

舞钢板坯电渣钢锭表面渣沟现象浅析

结合舞钢板坯电渣锭的生产实际,针对生产中出现的表面渣沟现象,从熔速、渣系、锭体冷却等方面进行了简单的剖析,并采取了相应的预防措施,取得了显著的效果。     

消除Cr20Ni80合金“蜂窝状气泡”的试验研究

高电阻电热合金Cr20Ni80合金,采用非真空感应炉和电渣重熔双联工艺生产时,电渣锭出现气孔,锻造时产生严重裂口,未能加工成材。查其原因,在非真空感应炉生产浇注的电极棒中有较严重的“蜂窝状气泡”。经研究分析和计算,确定是由于液态合金中含氮量较高,浇注后,随着温度的下降,氮的溶解度降低,部分氮析出的缘     

刀剪材料9Cr14Mo电渣锭尾夹杂物的分析

研究了刀剪材料9Cr14Mo电渣锭尾夹杂物类型、尺寸及含量.结果表明:电渣前及电渣后锭尾的夹杂物主要是含钛的复合夹杂物,电渣后锭尾有内生夹杂物的形成,导致复合夹杂物中Si、Mn、Cr含量升高,电渣后锭尾夹杂物含量升高,且夹杂物尺寸变大.电渣前钢中夹杂物含量为0.633 mg/kg,电渣后锭尾夹杂物含量为4.38 mg/...     

21世纪电渣冶金的新进展

电渣技术经过46年的发展，已形成“电渣冶金”新学科，包括电渣重熔(ESR)、电渣熔铸(ESC)、电渣转注、电渣浇注、电渣离心浇铸、电渣热封顶、电渣焊接和电渣复合等。目前世界电渣钢年生产能力120万t，用于生产低合金高强度钢、轴承钢、工模具钢、不锈耐热钢和高温合金。最大电渣锭重200t，正在设计建造360t电渣重熔炉。高压电渣重熔(PESR)和真空电渣重熔(VacESR)使重熔金属质量达到高纯水平。电渣热封顶生产的大型电渣锭成本是普通电渣锭生产成本的1／4，具有技术和经济上的潜在优势。述评了优质大型电渣锭制备，真空电渣重熔、高压电渣重熔，快速电渣重熔技术的进展和电渣重熔炉型的发展趋势。     

电渣冶炼高氮钢气泡产生的机理及控制

针对高氮钢电渣重熔冶炼过程中出现的气泡缺陷,从气泡产生的位置、宏观形貌及生产现场条件等方面进行了分析,并提出了相应的控制措施。认为材料成分体系及烟罩的气密性是造成电渣锭气泡缺陷的主要原因。通过优化成分体系、改善设备的气密性等措施,有效解决了高氮钢气泡溢出的问题,获得了质量良好的电渣锭。     

工艺参数对电渣重熔锭质量和电耗的影响

针对热作模具钢电渣重熔锭生产过程中存在的质量不稳定、电耗大、成品率不高的问题,分析了电渣重熔过程中几个重要技术参数对电渣重熔钢质量和电耗的影响.通过试验和生产实践,提出了工艺改进措施并取得了良好的效果.     

Electroslag remelting technologies and equipment—modern achievements and trends of development

More than 50 years have passed since the ESR commercialization.Main steps of the ESR technology and appropriate equipment,developing until now,will be outlined.The trends in development of ESR technology and equipment will be also discussed.A special attention will be paid to such applications as ESR of slab ingots for soknown "z-steel" manufacturing,hollow ingots and bimetal steel production.     

GH901合金采用电渣重熔工艺时Ti含量的控制研究

主要讨论了GH901合金采用电渣重熔工艺时，不同Ti含量的母材在电渣重熔过程中经过脱氧荆添加量的调整冶炼出合格的电渣锭，进而得出该合金采用电渣重熔工艺时根据母材Ti含量的不同，添加合理的脱氧剂量。     

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

 A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe Cr Mn Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.     

第二代电渣冶金技术与重大装备制造

2010年是我国电渣重熔技术工业化50周年.论述了电渣冶金技术的分类,发展历史的"分期",第二代电渣冶金技术特征.超大型电渣重熔锭及第二代液态金属浇注大型电渣锭与核电等重大装备制造业发展的关系.指出:中国在电渣重熔锭大型化发展方面,一直处于世界电渣强国地位.随着我国重大装备制造技术的迅速发展,特别是我国核电工业的迅速发展,大型锭电渣冶金技术将不断完善与发展,反过来它又必将促进我国在核电技术方面迅速赶上国际先进水平.     

Novelty in the ESR process of making large hollow ingots

The development of the formation of hollow ingots is briefly reviewed. The reasonability of application of large electroslag remelting hollow ingots, including the replacement of the forged and rolled metal of shells and rings by the low-deformed or even as-cast ESR metal, is shown. Data are presented on ESR of commercial hollow ingots produced by the remelting of short consumable electrodes exchanged in remelting.     

Characteristics of AlN inclusions in low carbon Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steel produced by AOD-ESR method

Argon oxygen decarburisation–electroslag remelting (AOD-ESR) process has been well used to produce the Fe–Mn–Si–Al twinning induced plasticity steel (TWIP) steels. The characteristics of AlN inclusions formed in TWIP steels after AOD refining, ESR and forging process were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry. An automated program called ‘INCAFeature’ was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Great differences on the amount, distribution and morphologies of AlN inclusions were observed in AOD ingots, ESR ingots and forgings. The dominating inclusions in AOD ingots are mainly single Al(O)N and MnS(Se)–Al(O)N aggregate, accounting for 66.7% of the total inclusions. After the ESR process, AlN inclusions in all size range significantly decreased, which were rarely observed in ESR ingots. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions can precipitate in the liquid Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steels, which is different from the viewpoint of literatures that the precipitation of AlN inclusions took place at solidifying front or solid phase. Furthermore, the thermodynamic calculation result has been verified by high temperature laser scanning confocal microscope experiments.     

Effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining process on the properties of AISI M41 steel

Nitrogen produces very beneficial effects in high-speed steel and can therefore be regarded as a significant alloying element in ferrous materials. In order to attain the goal of this study, to investigate the effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining (ESR) process on the properties of AISI M41 steel, two high-speed steels were melted in an air induction furnace (IF). The first one is a standard AISI M41 high-speed steel. The second one is nitrogen-alloyed M41. The produced ingots were used as consumable electrodes in ESR under three different CaF₂-based fluxes. The steel produced from the IF and ESR was heat treated. Hardness, secondary hardness, and microstructure were also studied. It was concluded that both ESR and nitrogen alloying improve the hardness profile of the quenched-tempered high-speed steels. The highest secondary hardness and highest softening resistance were attained by ESR of high-nitrogen high-speed steel (M41N) under CaF₂/CaO/Al₂O₃: 55/30/15 slag. The ESR improves the shape, size, and distribution of precipitates in the produced ingot. Quenching and tempering treatment conditions the retained austenite that is present in the as-cast steel by precipitation of carbide and forming martensite on cooling to room temperature.     

电渣重熔对FeCrAl不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

应用扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)对真空感应炉熔炼(VIM)和电渣重熔炉熔炼(ESR)的FeCrAl不锈钢中夹杂物的成分、形貌、数量、大小进行统计分析。结果表明,AlN是2个钢锭的主要夹杂物,电渣重熔过程中产生的高熔点稀土化合物可作为AlN析出的异质核心。电渣重熔使自耗电极中尺寸大于10μm的夹杂物基本消失,ESR锭中尺寸小于5μm的夹杂物达到86.7%。电渣重熔减小了AlN的平均尺寸,去除了大尺寸的AlN,使AlN的总面积明显减小。热力学计算结果表明,VIM锭中AlN可以直接在液相中析出;ESR锭中氮含量的降低造成AlN不能直接在液相中析出,随着凝固的进行,[Al]和[N]在残余液相中富集,当凝固分率大于0.615后,AlN才能在凝固前沿的残余液相中析出。     

Flux Entrapment and Titanium Nitride Defects in Electroslag Remelting of INCOLOY Alloys 800 and 825

Electroslag remelted (ESR) ingots of INCOLOY alloys 800 and 825 are particularly prone to macroscale slag inclusions and microscale cleanliness issues. Formation of these structures near the ingot surface can cause significant production yield losses (~10 pct) due to the necessity of extensive surface grinding. Slag inclusions from near the outer radius of the toe end of alloy 800 and 825 ingots were found to be approximately 1 to 3 mm in size and have a multiphase microstructure consisting of CaF₂, CaTiO₃, MgAl₂O₄, MgO, and some combination of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂F₂ and/or Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃. These inclusions were often surrounded by fields of 1- to 10-μm cuboidal TiN particles. A large number of TiN cuboids were observed in the ESR electrode with similar size and morphology to those observed surrounding slag inclusions in the ESR ingots, suggesting that the TiN particles are relics from the ESR electrode production process. Samples taken sequentially throughout the AOD processes showed that the TiN cuboidals that are found in ESR ingots form between tapping the AOD vessel into the AOD ladle and the casting of ESR electrodes.     

Control of Hydrogen During ESR Process

Experimental and numerical studies were carried out for the behavior of hydrogen in a three-phase electroslag furnace using double electrode series technique during electroslag remelting (ESR) process. The effect of water vapor content of furnace gas on the hydrogen content of ingots was studied through the “gas-slag-metal” osmosis experiment. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model was set up for the behavior of hydrogen pick-up during ESR process. Then the flow of furnace gas during ESR process was studied through a commercial code FLUENT, and the relationship between the water vapor content of furnace gas and argon gas flux in practical production was derived. Finally, the desired reasonable argon gas flow for controlling the hydrogen content of ingots below 2×10^?6 in practice was obtained.