示准化学科行为互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性定律的族系,研究了非训练行为不准确现象,讨论了行为互换性的需求,推论了行为互换性定律的存在,建立了行为互换性的概念,创建了行为互换性定律的命题及其数学模型,详述了定律的内涵,分析了行为互换性与其他互换性的关系,讨论了行为互换性定律的对象范围、互换类型、自身特点和作用意义,对行为互换性定律进行了验证分析,讨论了行为互换性定律的应用,并给出了应用例子。     

社团活动对大学生心理成长的作用

健康有益的社团活动不仅丰富了校园文化，培养了学生的兴趣爱好，扩大了学生的求知领域，使大学生活丰富多彩，而且对大学生的心理成长具有积极的作用。即社团活动使大学生获得了归属感，丰富了情感体验，提高了交往能力，增强了合作意识，提升了自信心，促进了大学生社会化的进程。     

从《互联网时代》看纪录片与社会的关系

《互联网时代》是以全球背景下的视野,聚焦了历史、聚焦了文化、聚焦了社会功能,通过十集的影像表达,缔造了一个时代所呈现的互联网巨大变革,满足了受众,创造了经济效益,开创了中国纪录片史上的又一个里程碑,同时创造了较高的社会现实意义。完成了近乎完美的中国映像,为中国纪录片占有国际地位奠定了社会基础。     

小壳体零件的工艺研究

本文简述了小壳体零件的特点,提出了以往生产中产品由于壁薄而废品率高的问题,由于零件设计和铸件毛料入手作以具体分析,改进了工艺方法,增加了加工余量,更改了毛料,实践证明,改进后的工艺方法,大幅度降低了加工中的废品率,提高了劳动生产率,满足了该零件的设计要求,为公司节省了大量生产成本。     

基于3D Gerstner水波的实时模拟研究

简述了模拟水波的原理,使用面向对象方法对水波3D实时模拟系统进行了结构设计,给出了设计模式的结构图,提出了一个可复用的系统框架.详细介绍了使用HLSL对Gerstner水波进行编程的方法,实现了水波实时渲染的模拟并给出了关键的程序代码.最后分析了使用Gerstner波进行水波模拟存在的不足并提出了改进建议.     

湖北建设机械股份有限公司“八五”技术改造工程设计

该企业“八五”技改肾以开发新产品，提高产品制造水平，提高产品产量和质量，提高经济效益为目的，调整了生产布局，理顺了工艺流程，新建了铸钢等厂房，引起了先进的工艺装备，淘汰和改造了部分老设备，组成了产品装配线，建立了油漆生产线，增强了产品测试手段，组建了计算机工作站，技改后，产品品种、产量及经济效益都有了较大幅度的增长。     

矢网在测量传输线特性阻抗中的应用

本文介绍了如何使用矢量网络分析仪测量非50n的同轴传输线的特性阻抗,从理论入手,提出了测量方法,然后建立了模型并进行了仿真,最后用矢量网络分析仪进行了测量,得出了卖际测量曲线,分析了测量曲线,得出了正确的测量方法和测量结果。     

食品安全呼唤技术进步

中国人在食品中完成了化学扫盲：从大米里我们认识了石蜡,从火腿里我们认识了敌敌畏,从成鸭蛋、辣椒酱里我们认识了苏丹红,从火锅里我们认识了福尔马林,从银耳、蜜枣里我们认识了硫磺,从木耳里我们认识了硫酸铜,从保鲜膜中我们认识了DEHA（己二酸二异辛酯）,从有毒奶瓶中我们认识了双酚A,今天,从奶粉中又让我们知道了三聚氰胺,     

标准化性质的研究

本文论述了研究标准化性质的意义,阐述了4个性质的内涵,分别研究了其理论关系和特点,提出了4个性质的证明方法,并作了相应证明,论述了4个性质的应用关系,给出了部分代表性的应用领域。     

日汉塑料工业词汇(18)

么为协分甘试验筛析了夕卜一之沙夕’厂费霜了夕卜,夕7才一夕卜F一卫布鲁克菲尔德粘度计枯度计犷夕卜,f夕夕机构〔医延辊〕后拉装置,方7于一,卜树脂林醛树脂,夕卜7于了卜型又夕,二全螺线螺杆了卜一力少卜一卜勺、流板,多孔板了卜一卜7少卜结垢了卜一卜7一夕压板印,卜才夕板里昂夕沙牛夕了夕卜千一夕卜F软模具了卜又压机了卜,沙十,刃少F传压垫了卜,夕卞口一夕卜工玉实辊了卜夕夕渗混机了卜夕了才夕犷渗混7-口一7少了比次旅比了口一成形吹塑了口一成形机吹塑机7口一于才夕夕又夕少“滚主复螺杆7口一于才夕夕,刃沙手活络阳模7口一于了夕犷了…     

Thermoelastic contact of a retaining ring with a cylinder under the conditions of frictional heat generation

We give the mathematical statement and construct the solution of the static thermoelastic problem of contact interaction of an elastic retaining ring with a circular hollow cylinder inserted in it. The bodies are compressed by a load varying along the axis of the system under the conditions of load-free contact on the surface of the ring or along an arc of the circle. In the case where radial displacements of the contact surface of the retaining ring are approximated by displacements of the surface of a long circular hollow cylinder and the process of stationary frictional heat generation is taken into account, we reduce the posed problem to systems of integral equations whose structure is determined by the type of conditions of thermal contact. We propose a numerical algorithm for the solution of these systems and study the influence of the input parameters of the problem on the distributions of contact pressure and temperature. On the basis of these results, we make a conclusion that the influence of the character of variation of the compressive load along the axis on the distribution of contact pressure is significant in the case where the kinematic conditions of interaction of the bodies are described by the Hertz theory. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 36. No. 3. pp. 42–52, May-June, 2000.     

Plane problem for a piecewise-homogeneous anisotropic body with elastic inclusion in the form of a strip

A plane problem of the theory of elasticity for a piecewise-homogeneous anisotropic plane with elastic inclusions in the form of strips is solved by the method of jump functions. Inclusions are simulated by the jumps of the vector of stresses and the derivative of the vector of displacements on the median surfaces. By using complex potentials, we obtain the dependences of the components of the stress tensor and the vector of displacements on the load and unknown jump functions. In view of the conditions of interaction of a thin inclusion with an anisotropic medium, the problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations for the jump functions. In the general case, this system is solved by the collocation method. For the cases of a slot and a perfectly rigid inclusion, we deduce the dependences of the generalized stress intensity factors on the concentrated forces and edge dislocations. Franko L'viv University, L'viv; Pidstryhach Institute of Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics. Ukranian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 7–16. November–December, 1999.     

Graphite-fibre/carbide-matrix composites—II: Structure and electrical properties

The measurement of electrical properties of ceramic-matrix composites supplies data which can be used directly with information about the structure of the composites. The structures of graphite-fibre/carbide-matrix composites may be varied within large intervals of appropriate parameters, as shown in a previous publication. A corresponding variety of behaviour patterns of such materials in the electrical field had been expected and was actually observed. The matrices of the composites were boron, niobium, and tantalum carbides, and the fibres were Kulon and VMN-4. The electrical conductivity of graphite-fibre/carbide-matrix composites has been determined, including that at cryogenic temperatures. A preliminary series of experiments gives the characteristics of piezo-resistance of the C/NbC composites. The experimental data yield a set of characteristics of the fibre, matrix, and composite structure. The conductivity characteristics of the graphite fibres and carbide matrices obtained in this way correspond to the expected ones. That also includes a type of conductivity behaviour revealed by the temperature dependence of the conductivity. Graphite fibre behaviour is of the metallic type, while boron carbide is a semiconductor-type material. The conductivity of pure matrices differs essentially from that of the matrices obtained as an extrapolation of the conductivity versus fibre volume fraction dependence to zero fibre content. Active diffusion of carbon from the fibre/matrix interface makes the stoichiometry of a carbide better and its conductivity higher. But a distinctive dependence of the piezo-resistance of the C/NbC composites on the fibre volume fraction may lead to an assumption about the possibility of the existence of another mode of influence of the carbon fibres on the conductive properties of carbides. Calculation of the ineffective length of a fibre (from the viewpoint of conductivity) yields an estimate of the conductivity of the interface. It is clearly connected to the structure of the interface.     

Relaxation methods for the investigation of the influence of surfactants on the rate of corrosion

We develop a theory of the application of low-level relaxation methods (basic and pulse potentiostatic methods, basic and pulse galvanostatic methods, and the method of electrode impedance) to the investigation of the influence of surfactants on the rate of corrosion. To evaluate the possibilities of this theory. we consider an example of a corrosion model characterized by the adsorption of surfactants which affects the rates of both cathodic and anodic processes. The cathodic process includes the adsorption of hydrogen atoms and the anodic process includes the adsorption of subions of the metal. We deduce equations for the calculation of the electrode parameters of the model on the basis of the experimental data and show that the complexity of the proposed model is maximum for all relaxation methods, except the method of electrode impedance. Dneprodzerzhinsk State Technical University, Dneprodzerzhinsk. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 75–80, July–August, 1996.     

Probabilistic models and statistical methods for the analysis of vibrational signals in the problems of diagnostics of machines and structures

We consider probabilistic models of vibrations of machines in the form of periodically correlated random processes and almost periodically correlated random processes. The problem of selection of diagnostic symptoms from the entire set of the experimental data is formulated on the basis of the developed methods for the analysis of the probabilistic characteristics of periodically correlated random processes and almost periodically correlatted random processes. Within the framework of the spectral correlation theory of the indicated classes of nonstationary random processes, we check the validity of the general approaches to the investigation of stochastically amplitude- and phase-modulated signals. We propose new methods for the assessment of the probabilistic characteristics of periodically correlated random processes and their generalizations. The problem of finding hidden periodicities in vibrational signals is solved in a new statement. On the basis of the developed methods, we designed a computerized information-measuring system for the vibrodiagnostics of machines and structures. The possibility of inspection of the technical state of a bearing unit of an electric motor is illustrated on the basis of the analysis of its vibrations. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 61–74, September-October, 1997.     

Special Features in the Realization of Film Boiling on Wire Heaters. Distilled Water

The existence of a region of self-oscillatory instability of heat transfer is revealed under conditions of film boiling of water subcooled to the saturation temperature. In the case of short heaters, whose length is commensurable with the Taylor instability wavelength, the process is regular. For heaters of the same length, the form of oscillations and their characteristics are fully reproducible. An increase in the heater length results in the emergence of spatially distributed oscillations. It is found that an increase in subcooling on the interface between the modes of boiling is accompanied by the formation of a structure consisting of a system of single domains of continuously decreasing size. The formation of this structure causes a significant change in the temperature distribution in the zone adjoining that of nucleate boiling, which considerably reduces the film stability. A single domain of the film mode of boiling was stable at any temperature of the liquid. The singularities of realization of minimal-size domains of the film mode of boiling under conditions of stabilization of the integral mean temperature of the heater are investigated. It is found that the minimal zone of the film mode of boiling is a system of three elementary domains.     

The initial section of a plane nonisothermal jet developing under asymmetric conditions with and without combustion

A solution of the problem obtained with the method of integral relations is given here. It is obtained in the form of simple algebraic formulas for the boundaries of the mixing zones on both sides of the jet, the position of the flame front, and the axis of the jet at the end of the initial section. It is found that asymmetry of the boundary conditions has a substantial effect on the characteristics of the jet: the position of the axis of the jet at the end of the initial section can change its sign, depending on the temperature ratio at the boundaries of the jet and for given ratios of the velocity at the boundaries of the jet to the velocity of the jet outflow, the length of the initial section can change several fold.Moscow State Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 372–379, May–June, 1995.     

OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR NON-STEADY-STATE METAL FORMING PROCESSES—II. APPLICATION OF SHAPE OPTIMIZATION IN FORGING

This paper is the second part of a two-part article about shape optimization of metal forming processes. This part is focused on numerical applications of the optimization method which has been described in the first paper. The main feature of this work is the analytical calculations of the derivatives of the objective function for a non-linear, non-steady-state problem with large deformations. The calculations are based on the differentiation of the discrete objective function and on the differentiation of the discrete equations of the forging problem. Our aim here is to show the feasibility and the efficiency of such a method with numerical examples. We recall the formulation and the resolution of the direct problem of hot axisymmetrical forging. Then, a first type of shape optimization problem is considered: the optimization of the shape of the initial part for a one-step forging operation. Two academic problems allow for checking the accuracy of the analytical derivatives, and for studying the convergence rate of the optimization procedure. Both constrained and unconstrained problems are considered. Afterwards, a second type of inverse problem of design is considered: the shape optimization of the preforming tool, for a two-step forging process. A satisfactory shape is obtained after few iterations of the optimization procedure.     

On the effective constitutive properties of a thin adhesive layer loaded in peel

An experimental method to determine the complete stress-elongation relation for a structural adhesive loaded in peel is presented. Experiments are performed on the double cantilever beam specimen, which facilitates a more stable experimental set-up as compared with conventional methods like the butt-joint test. The method is based on the concept of equilibrium of the energetic forces acting on the specimen. Two sources of energetic forces are identified: the start of the adhesive layer and the positions of the two acting loads. By use of the concept of equilibrium of energetic forces, it is possible to measure the energy release rate of the adhesive layer instantaneously during an experiment. The complete stress-elongation relation is found to be the derivative of the energy release rate with respect to the elongation of the adhesive layer at its start. By this procedure, an effective property of the adhesive layer is measured. That is, the fields are assumed to be constant through the thickness of the layer and only vary along the layer. To investigate the validity of this approach, experiments are performed on five different groups of specimens with different dimensions. This leads to large variations in the length of the damage zone at the start of the adhesive layer. Four of the experimental groups are used to determine the stress-elongation relation. This is found to be independent of the geometry. For the remaining experimental group, the adherends deform plastically and simulations are performed with the stress-elongation relation determined from the four elastic groups. It is found that the relation cannot be used to accurately predict the behaviour of the experiments where the adherends deform plastically. This indicates that the stress-elongation relation has limited applicability.