基于视线角度的人眼视线检测研究

文中主要研究使用普通的摄像头进行人眼视线方向的估计.在综合介绍了各种人眼视线检测方法的基础上提出了一种新的图像处理的方法来检测人眼视线方向.所采用的方法是先通过Hough变换计算出在低分辨率的情况下,人眼的上眼睑圆周及内外角点、虹膜中心后,然后在检测视线方向上采取了分部处理的方法.首先判断视角,再计算眼睛的视线方向.试验表明,此法比传统的虹膜检测法要精确得多.由于采取了分部处理,极大方便了计算机的实现.     

基于透视投影的人眼视线方向估计算法

论文研究了一种利用单目图像估计人眼视线方向的算法。基于透视投影原理的人眼视线定位方法,可从双眼的虹膜轮廓中有效地估算出人眼视线方法,但其估计精度依赖于虹膜轮廓的定位精度。在此方法的基础上,引入Retmex算法以及基于椭圆匹配的迭代算法,从双眼的边缘图像中获得虹膜轮廓的精确位置,实现了人眼视线方向的准确估计。实验结果表明,所提算法对于实际拍摄的人脸图像,能准确地估计出人眼视线方向。     

驾驶员疲劳驾驶中的眼睛定位创新算法

通过人眼图像来检测驾驶员疲劳驾驶是目前的主流方向,面部及眼睛定位是其中关键的环节。提出了一种新颖的精确定位眼睛的方法。该方法由两部分组成：第一部分,通过肤色聚类分割算法将人脸区域分割,对分割图进行几何过滤,对得到的候选人脸区域中的孔洞计算质心点找到可能的人眼对;第二部分,在检测到人脸区域和眼睛大致位置的基础上,结合提出的眼睛模型,采用新的Hough变换椭圆检测算法精确定位人眼的位置。实验证明所提出的算法是快速可靠的。     

基于表观的归一化坐标系分类视线估计方法

视线估计能够反映人的关注焦点,对理解人类的情感、兴趣等主观意识有重要作用。但目前用于视线估计的单目眼睛图像容易因头部姿态的变化而失真,导致视线估计的准确性下降。提出一种新型分类视线估计方法,利用三维人脸模型与单目相机的内在参数,通过人脸的眼睛与嘴巴中心的三维坐标形成头部姿态坐标系,从而合成相机坐标系与头部姿态坐标系,并建立归一化坐标系,实现相机坐标系的校正。复原并放大归一化得到的灰度眼部图像,建立基于表观的卷积神经网络模型分类方法以估计视线方向,并利用黄金分割法优化搜索,进一步降低误差。在MPIIGaze数据集上的实验结果表明,相比已公开的同类算法,该方法能降低约7.4%的平均角度误差。     

嵌入式驾驶员状态检测算法的实现与优化

提出了一种可以在嵌入式平台上实时运行的驾驶员状态检测算法. 状态检测采用了基于统计学习的Adaboost算法与动态建模算法. 与传统的采用主动红外光的方法相比, 本系统采用对人眼更为安全的被动式方法, 且对光线的变化有更好的鲁棒性. 算法的主要创新点是: 1) 提出了检测区域自适应调整的单双眼检测相结合的Adaboost人眼检测算法, 提高了人眼检测的准确性与速度; 2)提出基于高斯混合模型的人眼动态建模跟踪算法, 自动提取驾驶员眼睛区域灰度分布的信息, 实现了对不同驾驶员人眼的建模与跟踪定位. 在多个公共数据集以及实车采集的视频上进行的实验表明, 该算法能够准确判断驾驶员的状态, 满足实时处理的要求.     

一种新的挖掘眼部结构特征的人眼精定位方法

针对眼镜框对眼睛定位的干扰问题,充分挖掘眼部类圆形的结构信息,并结合眼镜框的固有特征,提出了一种新的人眼精确定位方法。它在AdaBoost检测算法已经得到的眼部区域的基础上,在眼部矩形区域内利用灰度投影法分割眉眼条形区域,运用自适应二值化圆拟合对眉眼条形区域实现二值化处理,通过二值化图像圆拟合的圆心来确定人眼精确位置。该方法充分利用了眼部类圆形的结构特征,有效地避免了眼镜框对人眼定位的影响。实验结果表明,该算法在有眼镜框和无眼镜框的情况下都具有很好的定位效果。     

基于KLT算法的驾驶员疲劳检测方法

为了有效解决驾驶员过度疲劳引发交通事故的问题,提出了一种基于KLT(kanade-lucas-tomasi)算法的驾驶员视觉疲劳检测算法.首先在驾驶员眼睛周围选取若干个特征点,用KIT算法对这些特征点进行跟踪,从而来定位人眼,然后将定位到的人眼与模板进行比较,采用阈值的方法,计算二者的相似度,从而判断眼睛的状态.针对该方法受光照影响较大的问题,又提出背景模型对该算法作了较大改进.通过对采集到的视频流的处理,结果表明该方法有较好的实用性.     

基于Kinect传感器的瞳孔定位算法

传统算法通常需在头部稳定或光线明亮的情况下进行,较难在自然条件下对多姿态头部运动时的人眼进行跟踪。针对该问题,提出基于Kinect传感器的瞳孔定位算法,使用三维主动表观模型（ AAM）对眼轮廓匹配得到眼部特征点,粗定位分割出眼睛,再对瞳孔进行精确定位。实验表明：在多姿态与头部带有遮挡物的情况下仍能较好地跟踪和定位人眼。     

一种联合的人眼精确定位算法

眼睛定位在人脸识别中占有重要地位.为达到高效精确的人眼定位,提出一种联合的眼睛定位方法,该方法先用基于AdaBoost算法的分类器对眼睛对区域进行粗定位,同时使用灰度极小值区域(MER)快速地检测出图像中的单眼候选.通过联合眼睛对位置与单眼候选进行处理,判决并给出最终人眼精确位置.为提高算法的性能文中引入了边缘方向直方图(EOH)特征作为AdaBoost分类器特征,并采用了单眼及眼睛对定位校验模式.该算法能有效地压缩训练样本集规模,并能快速精确地对人眼进进行定位.本算法在CAS-PEAL 人脸数据库、JAFFE 数据库等数据集上均有良好表现.     

视线追踪系统眼部特征检测及视线方向计算方法研究

基于单视觉主动红外光源系统,提出了一种视线检测方法．在眼部特征检测阶段,采用投影法定位人脸;根据人脸对称性和五官分布的先验知识,确定瞳孔潜在区域;最后进行人眼特征的精确分割．在视线方向建模阶段,首先在头部静止的情况下采用非线性多项式建立从平面视线参数到视线落点的映射模型;然后采用广义回归神经网络对不同头部位置造成的视线偏差进行补偿,使非线性映射函数扩展到任何头部位置．实验结果及在交互式图形界面系统中的应用验证了该方法的有效性．     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.